Why patients with Alzheimer's disease may show increased sensitivity to tropicamide eye drops: Role of locus coeruleus

Psychopharmacology

Volumn 184, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 95-106

  Hou, R H ^a   Samuels, E R ^a   Raisi, M ^a   Langley, R W ^a   Szabadi, E ^a   Bradshaw, C M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Clonidine; Miosis; Mydriasis; Pupil; Tropicamide

Indexed keywords

CLONIDINE; TROPICAMIDE;

ADULT; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMPLITUDE MODULATION; ARTICLE; AUTONOMIC NERVE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; LOCUS CERULEUS; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPIL; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT;

ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS; ADULT; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CLONIDINE; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DRUG SYNERGISM; HUMANS; LOCUS COERULEUS; MALE; MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS; MYDRIATICS; OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS; PUPIL; TROPICAMIDE;

EID: 29344471449     PISSN: 00333158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0227-9     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Abduljawad KA, Langley RW, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (1997) Effects of clonidine and diazepam on the acoustic startle response and on its inhibition by 'prepulses' in man. J Psychopharmacol 11:29-34
2. Abduljawad KA, Langley RW, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (2001) Effects of clonidine and diazepam on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and the N1/P2 auditory evoked potential in man. J Psychopharmacol 15:237-242
3. Arai H (1996) Biological markers for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Tohoku J Exp Med 179:65-79
4. Ariëns EJ, Simonis AM (1964) Functional interaction. In: Ariëns EJ (Ed) Molecular pharmacology, volume I. Academic, New York, pp 329-340
5. Arya DK, Langley RW, Szabadi E (1997) Comparison of the effects of high ambient temperature and clonidine on autonomic functions in man. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 355:376-383
6. Bitsios P, Prettyman R, Szabadi E (1996a) Changes in autonomic function with age: a study of pupillary kinetics in healthy young and old people. Age Ageing 25:432-438
7. Bitsios P, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (1996b) Comparison of the effects of psychological threat and clonidine on the kinetics of the pupillary light reflex in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 42:269-270
8. Bitsios P, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (1998) The effects of clonidine on the fear-inhibited light reflex. J Psychopharmacol 12:137-145
9. Bitsios P, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (1999) Comparison of the effects of venlafaxine, paroxetine and desipramine on the pupillary light reflex in man. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 143:286-292
10. Bitsios P, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (2004) The fear-inhibited light reflex: importance of the anticipation of an aversive event. Int J Psychophysiol 52:87-95
11. Bond AJ, Lader MH (1974) The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. Br J Med Psychol 47:211-218
12. Bourne PR, Smith SA, Smith SE (1979) Dynamics of the light reflex and the influence of age on the human pupil measured by television pupillometry. J Physiol 293:1
13. Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82:239-259
14. Busse A, Bischkopf J, Riedel-Heller SG, Angermeyer MC (2003) Mild cognitive impairment: prevalence and predictive validity according to current approaches. Acta Neurol Scand 108:71-81
15. Chan-Palay V, Asan E (1989) Quantitation of catecholamine neurons in the locus coeruleus in human brains of normal young and older adults and in depression. J Comp Neurol 287:357-372
16. Craven RM, Priddle TH, Crow TJ, Esiri MM (2005) The locus coeruleus in schizophrenia: a post-mortem study of noradrenergic neurones. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 31:115-126
17. Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RAI, Bohl JRE, Braak H (2002) Where does Parkinson disease pathology begin in the brain? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 61:413-426
18. Dollery C (1999) Therapeutic drugs, 2nd edition. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
19. Emre M (2003) Dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2:229-237
20. Ferrario E, Molaschi M, Villa L, Varetto O, Bogetto C, Nuzzi R (1998) Is video-pupillography useful in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease? Neurology 50:642-644
21. FitzSimon JS, Waring SC, Kokmen E, McLaren JW, Brubaker RF (1997) Response of the pupil to tropicamide is not a reliable test for Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 54:155-159
22. Geula C, Mesulam MM (1995) Cholinesterases and the pathology of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2:23-28
23. Gomez-Tortosa E, del Barrio A, Jimenez-Alfaro I (1996) Pupil response to tropicamide in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 94:104-109
24. Granholm E, Morris S, Galasko D, Shults C, Rogers E, Vukov B (2003) Tropicamide effects on pupil size and pupillary light reflexes in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Int J Psychophysiol 47:95-115
25. Higuchi S, Matsushita S, Hasegawa Y, Muramatsu T, Arai H (1997) Pupillary response to tropicamide in Japanese patients with alcoholic dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. Exp Neurol 144:199-201
26. Hou RH, Freeman C, Langley RW, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (2005) Does modafinil activate the locus coeruleus in man? Comparison of modafinil and clonidine on arousal and autonomic functions in human volunteers. Psychopharmacology 101:537-549
27. Kalman J, Kanka A, Magloczky E, Szoke A, Jardanhazy T, Janka Z (1997) Increased mydriatic response to tropicamide is a sign of cholinergic hypersensitivity but not specific to late-onset sporadic type of Alzheimer's dementia. Biol Psychiatry 41:909-911
28. Kardon RH (1998) Drop the Alzheimer's drop test. Neurology 50:588-591
29. Kenakin TP (1987) Pharmacologic analysis of drug-receptor interaction. Raven, New York, pp 245-257
30. Kono K, Miyao M, Ishihara S, Takagi A, Ikari H, Suzuki Y, Iguchi A (1996) Hypersensitivity in the pupil dilation response to a cholinergic antagonist in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 33:829-834
31. Loewenfeld IE (1979) Age changes in pupillary diameter and reactions. In: Thompson SH, Daroff R, Frisen L, Glaser JS, Saunders MD (eds) Topics in neuro-ophthalmology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 124-150
32. Loewenfeld IE (1993) The pupil: anatomy, physiology, and clinical applications (volume I). Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI, pp 291-294, 407-479, 488-517, 726-727, 1131-1187 and 1200-1203
33. Lohr JB, Jeste DV (1988) Locus coeruleus morphometry in aging and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77:689-697
34. Longmore J, Theofilopoulos, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (1987) Modification of the pupillary light reflex by miotic and mydriatic drugs: applicability of model of functional interaction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 23:610-611
35. Lowenthal DT, Matzek KM, Macgregor TR (1988) Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine. Clin Pharmacokinet 14:287-310
36. Lyness SA, Zarow C, Chui HC (2003) Neuron loss in key cholinergic and aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 24:1-23
37. Mackay D (1981) An analysis of functional antagonism and synergism. Br J Pharmacol 73:127-134
38. Manaye KF, McIntire DD, Mann DM, German DC (1995) Locus coeruleus cell loss in the aging human brain: a non-random process. J Comp Neurol 358:79-87
39. Marien MR, Colpaert FC, Rosenquist AC (2004) Noradrenergic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases: a theory. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 45:38-78
40. Matthews KL, Chen CP, Esiri MM, Keene J, Minger SL, Francis PT (2002) Noradrenergic changes, aggressive behavior, and cognition in patients with dementia. Biol Psychiatry 51:407-416
41. McKeith I, Mintzer J, Aarsland D, Burn D, Chiu H, Cohen-Mansfield J, Dickson D, Dubois B, Duda JE, Feldman H, Gauthier S, Halliday G, Lawlor B, Lippa C, Lopez OL, Machado JC, O'Brien J, Playfer J, Reid W (2004) Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet Neurol 3:19-28
42. Morley MJ, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E (1991) Effects of clonidine and yohimbine on the pupillary light reflex and carbachol-evoked sweating in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 31:99-101
43. Moroi SE and Lichter PR (2001) Ocular pharmacology. In: Hardman JG, Limberd LE (eds) Goodman and Gillman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 10th edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 1821-1848
44. Norris H (1971) The action of sedatives on brain stem oculomotor systems in man. Neuropharmacology 10:181-189
45. O'Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B, Roman G, Sawada T, Pantoni L, Bowler JV, Ballard C, DeCarli C, Gorelick PB, Rockwood K, Burns A, Gauthier S, DeKosky ST (2003) Vascular cognitive dementia. Lancet Neurol 2:89-98
46. Parvizi J, Van Hoesen GW, Damasio A (2001) The selective vulnerability of brainstem nuclei to Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 49:53-66
47. Patil PN (1984) Some factors which affect the ocular drug responses. TIPS 5:201-204
48. Patil PN (1992) Reactivity of human iris-sphincter to muscarinic drugs in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 346:614-619
49. Peck RE (1959) The SHP test - an aid in the detection and measurement of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1:35-40
50. Phillips MA, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (2000) Comparison of the effects of clonidine and yohimbine on pupillary diameter at different illumination levels. Br J Clin Pharmacol 50:65-68
51. Prettyman R, Bitsios P, Szabadi E (1997) Altered pupillary size and darkness and light reflexes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62:665-668
52. Reid JL (1981) The clinical pharmacology of clonidine and related central antihypertensive agents. Br J Clin Pharmacol 12:295-302
53. Robles A, Tourino R, Gude F, Noya M (1999) The tropicamide test in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and frontotemporal dementia. Funct Neurol 14:203-207
54. Rye D, DeLong MR (2003) Time to focus on the locus. Arch Neurol 60:320
55. Rüb U, del Tredici K, Schultz C, Thal DR, Braak E, Braak H (2001a) The autonomic higher order processing nuclei of the lower brain stem are among the early targets of the Alzheimer's disease-related cytoskeletal pathology. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101:555-564
56. Rüb U, del Tredici K, Schultz C, Braak H (2001b) Early involvement of the tegmentopontine reticular nucleus during the evolution of Alzheimer's disease-related cytoskeletal pathology. Brain Res 908:107-112
57. Salazar M, Shimada K, Patil PN (1976) Iris pigmentation and atropine mydriasis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 197:79-88
58. Scinto LF, Daffner KR, Dressler D, Ransil BI, Rentz D, Weintraub S, Mesulam M, Potter H (1994) A potential noninvasive neurobiological test for Alzheimer's disease. Science 266:1051-1054
59. Scinto LF, Wu CK, Firla KM, Daffner KR, Saroff D, Geula C (1999a) Focal pathology in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus explains pupillary hypersensitivity in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 97:557-564
60. Scinto LF, Rentz DM, Potter H, Daffner KR (1999b) Pupil assay and Alzheimer's disease: a critical analysis. Neurology 52:673-674
61. Scinto LF, Frosch M, Wu CK, Daffner KR, Gedi N, Geula C (2001) Selective cell loss in Edinger-Westphal in asymptomatic elders and Alzheimer's patients. Neurobiol Aging 22:729-736
62. Smith JM, Misiak H (1976) Critical flicker frequency (CFF) and psychotropic drugs in normal human subjects - a review. Psychopharmacologia 47:175-182
63. Smith SA (1992) Pupil function: tests and disorders. In: Bannister R, Mathias CJ (eds) Autonomic failure, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp393-412
64. Szabadi E (1977) The influence of the baseline on the size of pharmacological responses: a theoretical model. Br J Pharmacol 61:492-493
65. 2-adrenoceptors. J Psychopharmacol 10 (Suppl 3): 6-18
66. Szabadi E, Tavernor S (1999) Hypo- and hypersalivation induced by psychoactive drugs. CNS Drugs 11:449-466
67. Theofilopoulos N, McDade G, Szabadi E, Bradshaw CM (1995) Effects of reboxetine and desipramine on the kinetics of the pupillary light reflex. Br J Clin Pharmacol 39:251-255
68. Tomlinson BE, Irving D, Blessed G (1981) Cell loss in the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. J Neurol Sci 49:419-428
69. Treloar AJ, Assin M, Macdonald AJ (1996) Pupillary response to topical tropicamide as a marker for Alzheimer's disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 41:256-257
70. Vijayashankar N, Brody H (1979) A quantitative study of the pigmented neurons in the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus in man as related to aging. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 38:490-497
71. Winer BJ, Brown DR, Michels KM (1991) Statistical principles in experimental design, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston
72. Zarow C, Lyness SA, Mortimer JA, Chui HC (2003) Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Arch Neurol 60:337-341