메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5886, Issue , 2005, Pages 1-17

Health impacts of ultraviolet radiation in urban ecosystems: A review

Author keywords

Human health; Ozone depletion; Skin cancer; Urban climate; UVB radiation; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

HUMAN HEALTH; OZONE DEPLETION; SKIN CANCER; URBAN CLIMATE; UVB RADIATION; VITAMIN D;

EID: 29344466701     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.620941     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (5)

References (137)
  • 2
    • 0000549038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar ultraviolet-B and photosynthetically active irradiance in the urban sub-canopy: A survey of influences
    • R. H. Grant and G. M. Heisler, "Solar ultraviolet-B and photosynthetically active irradiance in the urban sub-canopy: a survey of influences", International Journal of Biometeorology 39, pp. 201-212, 1996.
    • (1996) International Journal of Biometeorology , vol.39 , pp. 201-212
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2
  • 3
    • 0347996158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual- And scattered-tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance
    • G. M. Heisler, R. H. Grant, and W. Gao, "Individual- and scattered-tree influences on ultraviolet irradiance", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 120, pp. 113-126, 2003.
    • (2003) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.120 , pp. 113-126
    • Heisler, G.M.1    Grant, R.H.2    Gao, W.3
  • 4
    • 29344471943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness
    • In press
    • O. Engelsen, M. Brustad, L. Aksnes, and E. Lund, "Daily duration of vitamin D synthesis in human skin with relation to latitude, total ozone, altitude, ground cover, aerosols and cloud thickness", Photochemistry Photobiology In press, 2005.
    • (2005) Photochemistry Photobiology
    • Engelsen, O.1    Brustad, M.2    Aksnes, L.3    Lund, E.4
  • 6
    • 0141726720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultraviola radiation in urban ecosystems with consideration of effects on human health
    • G. M. Heisler and R. H. Grant, "Ultraviola radiation in urban ecosystems with consideration of effects on human health", Urban Ecosystems 4, pp. 193-229, 2000.
    • (2000) Urban Ecosystems , vol.4 , pp. 193-229
    • Heisler, G.M.1    Grant, R.H.2
  • 7
    • 0003411790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet radiation, human health, and the urban forest
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Newtown Square, PA
    • G. M. Heisler and R. H. Grant, Ultraviolet Radiation, Human Health, and the Urban Forest, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-268, 35 p., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Newtown Square, PA, 2000.
    • (2000) Gen. Tech. Rep. , vol.NE-268 , pp. 35
    • Heisler, G.M.1    Grant, R.H.2
  • 9
    • 0037086547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the US due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation
    • W. B. Grant, "An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the US due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation." Cancer 94, pp. 1867-1875, 2002.
    • (2002) Cancer , vol.94 , pp. 1867-1875
    • Grant, W.B.1
  • 10
    • 0036395023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health benefits of solar UV-B radiation: Cancer risk reduction
    • J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE
    • W. B. Grant, "Health benefits of solar UV-B radiation: cancer risk reduction", in UV Ground- and Space-Based Measurements, Models, and Effects, J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., 324-334 pp., The International Society for Optical Engineering, SPIE, 2002.
    • (2002) UV Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects
    • Grant, W.B.1
  • 11
    • 0642367252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecologic studies of solar UV-B radiation and cancer mortality rates
    • W. B. Grant, "Ecologic studies of solar UV-B radiation and cancer mortality rates", Recent Results in Cancer Research 164, pp. 371-377, 2003.
    • (2003) Recent Results in Cancer Research , vol.164 , pp. 371-377
    • Grant, W.B.1
  • 12
    • 9144244873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurements of the solar UVR protection provided by shade structures in New Zealand primary schools
    • P. Gies and C. Mackay, "Measurements of the solar UVR protection provided by shade structures in New Zealand primary schools", Photochemistry and Photobiology 80, pp. 334-339, 2004.
    • (2004) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.80 , pp. 334-339
    • Gies, P.1    Mackay, C.2
  • 14
    • 0002630089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: Quantifying urban forest structure and functions
    • M. Hansen and T. Burk eds., General Technical Report NC-212, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN
    • D. J. Nowak and D. E. Crane, "The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: quantifying urban forest structure and functions", in Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century, M. Hansen and T. Burk eds., General Technical Report NC-212, pp. 714-720, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN, 1998.
    • (1998) Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century , pp. 714-720
    • Nowak, D.J.1    Crane, D.E.2
  • 17
    • 20444484139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends evolution of ozone between 1980 and 2000 at midlatitudes over the Southern Hemisphere: Decadal differences in trends
    • no. D05102, doi:10.1029/2004JD004977
    • F. E. Malanca, P. O. Canziani, and G. A. Argüello, "Trends evolution of ozone between 1980 and 2000 at midlatitudes over the Southern Hemisphere: Decadal differences in trends", Journal of Geophysical Research 110, no. D05102, doi:10.1029/2004JD004977, 2005.
    • (2005) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.110
    • Malanca, F.E.1    Canziani, P.O.2    Argüello, G.A.3
  • 18
    • 2342549531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An undeclared epidemic of skin cancer
    • American Meteorological Society
    • P. Weary, "An undeclared epidemic of skin cancer", in Symposium on Environmental Applications, p. 96., American Meteorological Society, 1996.
    • (1996) Symposium on Environmental Applications , pp. 96
    • Weary, P.1
  • 20
    • 0021910430 scopus 로고
    • Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: A 19-year prospective study in men
    • C. Garland, R. B. Shekelle, E. Barrett-Connor, A. H. Rossof, P. Oglesby, and M. H. Criqui, "Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: a 19-year prospective study in men", The Lancet pp. 307-309, 1985.
    • (1985) The Lancet , pp. 307-309
    • Garland, C.1    Shekelle, R.B.2    Barrett-Connor, E.3    Rossof, A.H.4    Oglesby, P.5    Criqui, M.H.6
  • 21
    • 0024406978 scopus 로고
    • Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer mortality in 20 Canadian cities
    • E. D. Gorham, C. F. Garland, and F. C. Garland, "Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer mortality in 20 Canadian cities", Canadian Journal of Public Health 80, pp. 96-100, 1989.
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Public Health , vol.80 , pp. 96-100
    • Gorham, E.D.1    Garland, C.F.2    Garland, F.C.3
  • 22
    • 0036142208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet-B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates
    • W. B. Grant, "An ecologic study of dietary and solar ultraviolet-B links to breast carcinoma mortality rates", Cancer 94, pp. 272-281, 2002.
    • (2002) Cancer , vol.94 , pp. 272-281
    • Grant, W.B.1
  • 23
    • 0020320242 scopus 로고
    • Erythema and melanogenesis action spectra of normal human skin
    • J. A. Parrish, K. F. Jaenicke, and R. R. Anderson, "Erythema and melanogenesis action spectra of normal human skin", Photochemistry and Photobiology 36, no. 2, pp. 187-191, 1982.
    • (1982) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.36 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-191
    • Parrish, J.A.1    Jaenicke, K.F.2    Anderson, R.R.3
  • 26
    • 31144449796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last accessed August 10, 2005
    • Cancer Research UK, SunSmart, 2005, Last accessed August 10, 2005, available from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/sunsmart/.
    • (2005) SunSmart
  • 27
    • 0042862327 scopus 로고
    • Impacts of a projected depletion of the ozone layer
    • F. R. de Gruijl, "Impacts of a projected depletion of the ozone layer", Consequences 1, no. 2, pp. 1-10 [www.grcio.org/CONSEQUENCES/ summer95/impacts.html], 1995.
    • (1995) Consequences , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-10
    • De Gruijl, F.R.1
  • 29
    • 2342667923 scopus 로고
    • Effects of UV-B radiation on human and animal health
    • R. H. Biggs and M. E. B. Joyner eds., Springer-Verlag, New York
    • E. C. De Fabo, "Effects of UV-B radiation on human and animal health", in Stratospheric ozone depletion/UV-B radiation in the biosphere, R. H. Biggs and M. E. B. Joyner eds., pp. 197-198, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.
    • (1994) Stratospheric Ozone Depletion/UV-B Radiation in the Biosphere , pp. 197-198
    • De Fabo, E.C.1
  • 30
    • 2342492205 scopus 로고
    • Effect of solar UV radiation on the risk of infectious disease in humans: Epidemiologic considerations
    • R. S. Chapman, "Effect of solar UV radiation on the risk of infectious disease in humans: epidemiologic considerations", Photochemistry and Photobiology 61, no. 3, pp. 243-246, 1995.
    • (1995) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 243-246
    • Chapman, R.S.1
  • 31
    • 0031080462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation and processing of UV photoproducts: Effects of DNA sequence and chromatin environment
    • G. P. Pfeifer, "Formation and processing of UV photoproducts: Effects of DNA sequence and chromatin environment", Photochemistry and Photobiology 65, no. 2, pp. 270-283, 1997.
    • (1997) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.65 , Issue.2 , pp. 270-283
    • Pfeifer, G.P.1
  • 33
    • 0003057080 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: Epidemiological data from the United States and Canada
    • A. R. Young, L. O. Bjom, J. Moan, and W. Nultsch eds., Plenum Press, New York
    • M. A. Weinstock, "Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: Epidemiological data from the United States and Canada", in Environmental UV Photobiology, A. R. Young, L. O. Bjom, J. Moan, and W. Nultsch eds., pp. 295-343, Plenum Press, New York, 1993.
    • (1993) Environmental UV Photobiology , pp. 295-343
    • Weinstock, M.A.1
  • 34
    • 8844258803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions to prevent skin cancer by reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation
    • M. Saraiya and others, "Interventions to prevent skin cancer by reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation", American Journal of Preventive Medicine 27, no. 5, pp. 422-466, 2004.
    • (2004) American Journal of Preventive Medicine , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 422-466
    • Saraiya, M.1
  • 35
    • 0030187873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sunlight and skin cancer
    • D. J. Leffell and D. E. Brash, "Sunlight and skin cancer", Scientific American 275, no. 1, pp. 52-59, 1996.
    • (1996) Scientific American , vol.275 , Issue.1 , pp. 52-59
    • Leffell, D.J.1    Brash, D.E.2
  • 38
    • 0019184772 scopus 로고
    • Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer
    • C. F. Garland and F. C. Garland, "Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer", International Journal of Epidemiology 9, no. 3, pp. 227-231, 1980.
    • (1980) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-231
    • Garland, C.F.1    Garland, F.C.2
  • 40
    • 13744258994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of malignant lymphomas
    • K. E. Smedby and others, "Ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of malignant lymphomas", Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97, no. 3, pp. 199-209, 2005.
    • (2005) Journal of the National Cancer Institute , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 199-209
    • Smedby, K.E.1
  • 42
    • 84858515550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last accessed June 17, 2005
    • G. Goldman, Squamous cell carcinoma, eMedicine, 2005, Last accessed June 17, 2005, available from http://www.emedicine.com/DERM/topic401.htm.
    • (2005) Squamous Cell Carcinoma, EMedicine
    • Goldman, G.1
  • 44
    • 20144370114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last accessed June 17, 2004
    • R. S. Bader, Basal cell carcinoma, 2004, Last accessed June 17, 2004, available from http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic214.htm.
    • (2004) Basal Cell Carcinoma
    • Bader, R.S.1
  • 45
    • 29344463481 scopus 로고
    • IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans
    • World Health Organization
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer, "IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans", in Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation, 316pp., World Health Organization, 1992.
    • (1992) Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation
  • 49
    • 22144474957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applications of a human thermal comfort model
    • American Meteorological Society
    • G. M. Heisler and Y. Wang, "Applications of a human thermal comfort model", in Fourth Symposium on the Urban Environment, 70-71 pp., American Meteorological Society, 2002.
    • (2002) Fourth Symposium on the Urban Environment
    • Heisler, G.M.1    Wang, Y.2
  • 51
    • 0028776377 scopus 로고
    • Sunscreens and melanoma: Implications for prevention
    • H. K. Koh and R. A. Lew, "Sunscreens and melanoma: implications for prevention", Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86, no. 2, pp. 78-79, 1994.
    • (1994) Journal of the National Cancer Institute , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 78-79
    • Koh, H.K.1    Lew, R.A.2
  • 52
    • 13744255127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sunlight and reduced risk of cancer: Is the real story vitamin D?
    • K. M. Egan, J. A. Sosman, and W. J. Blot, "Sunlight and reduced risk of cancer: Is the real story vitamin D?" Journal of the National Cancer Institute 97, no. 3, pp. 161-163, 2005.
    • (2005) Journal of the National Cancer Institute , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 161-163
    • Egan, K.M.1    Sosman, J.A.2    Blot, W.J.3
  • 53
  • 54
    • 0016299016 scopus 로고
    • The wavelengths in sunlight effective in producing skin cancer: A theoretical analysis
    • R. B. Setlow, "The wavelengths in sunlight effective in producing skin cancer: A theoretical analysis", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 71, no. 9, pp. 3363-3366, 1974.
    • (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , vol.71 , Issue.9 , pp. 3363-3366
    • Setlow, R.B.1
  • 56
    • 0035241586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-waveband solar irradiance on tree-shaded vertical and horizontal surfaces: Cloud-free and partly cloudy skies
    • R. H. Grant and G. M. Heisler, "Multi-waveband solar irradiance on tree-shaded vertical and horizontal surfaces: cloud-free and partly cloudy skies", Photochemistry and Photobiology 73, no. 1, pp. 24-31, 2001.
    • (2001) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.73 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-31
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2
  • 57
    • 0027358755 scopus 로고
    • Skin cancer and UV radiation
    • S. Madronich and F. R. De Gruiji, "Skin cancer and UV radiation", Nature 366, pp. 23, 1993.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.366 , pp. 23
    • Madronich, S.1    De Gruiji, F.R.2
  • 58
    • 0029959697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence to examine the Vienna Convention achievements
    • H. Slaper, G. J. M. Velders, J. S. Daniel, F. R. de Gruiji, and J. C. van der Leun, "Estimates of ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence to examine the Vienna Convention achievements", Nature Vol. 384, pp. pgs.256-pgs.258, 1996.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.384 , pp. 256-258
    • Slaper, H.1    Velders, G.J.M.2    Daniel, J.S.3    De Gruiji, F.R.4    Van Der Leun, J.C.5
  • 59
    • 0028729861 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet eye damage - The epidemiological evidence
    • M. Belkin, "Ultraviolet eye damage - the epidemiological evidence", Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards 2134B, pp. 13-18, 1994.
    • (1994) Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards , vol.2134 B , pp. 13-18
    • Belkin, M.1
  • 60
    • 0026001450 scopus 로고
    • Ocular and facial skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight: A personal exposure model with application to a worker population
    • F. S. Rosenthal, S. K. West, B. Munoz, E. A. Emmett, P. T. Strickland, and H. R. Taylor, "Ocular and Facial Skin Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation in Sunlight: A Personal Exposure Model with Application to a Worker Population", Health Physics 61, no.1, pp. 77-86, 1991.
    • (1991) Health Physics , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-86
    • Rosenthal, F.S.1    West, S.K.2    Munoz, B.3    Emmett, E.A.4    Strickland, P.T.5    Taylor, H.R.6
  • 61
    • 0035263213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffuse solar UV radiation and implications for preventing human eye damage
    • A. V. Parisi, A. Green, and M. G. Kimlin, "Diffuse solar UV radiation and implications for preventing human eye damage", Photochemistry and Photobiology 73, no. 2, pp. 135-139, 2001.
    • (2001) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 135-139
    • Parisi, A.V.1    Green, A.2    Kimlin, M.G.3
  • 62
    • 0036299805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summer sunburn and sun exposure among U.S. youths ages 11-18: National prevalence and associated factors
    • K. J. Davis, V. E. Cokkinides, M. A. Weinstock, M. C. O'Connell, and P. A. Wingo, "Summer sunburn and sun exposure among U.S. youths ages 11-18: national prevalence and associated factors." Pediatrics 110, pp. 27-35, 2002.
    • (2002) Pediatrics , vol.110 , pp. 27-35
    • Davis, K.J.1    Cokkinides, V.E.2    Weinstock, M.A.3    O'Connell, M.C.4    Wingo, P.A.5
  • 64
    • 29344440579 scopus 로고
    • Does sunscreen save your skin?
    • May
    • C. Gorman, "Does sunscreen save your skin?" Time May 24, pp. 69, 1993.
    • (1993) Time , vol.24 , pp. 69
    • Gorman, C.1
  • 65
    • 0030198721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sunscreens protect from UV-promoted squamous cell carcinoma in mice chronically irradiated with doses of UV radiation insufficient to cause edema
    • R. Bestak and G. M. Halliday, "Sunscreens protect from UV-promoted squamous cell carcinoma in mice chronically irradiated with doses of UV radiation insufficient to cause edema", Photochemistry and Photobiology 64, no. 1, pp. 188-193, 1996.
    • (1996) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.64 , Issue.1 , pp. 188-193
    • Bestak, R.1    Halliday, G.M.2
  • 66
    • 29344453219 scopus 로고
    • Sunscreens and the protection racket
    • B. Wright, "Sunscreens and the protection racket", New Scientist pp. 21-22, 1994.
    • (1994) New Scientist , pp. 21-22
    • Wright, B.1
  • 67
    • 0002084765 scopus 로고
    • Influences of ozone depletion on human and animal health
    • M. Tevini ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida
    • J. C. van der Leun and F. R. de Gruijl, "Influences of ozone depletion on human and animal health", in UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion, M. Tevini ed. pp. 95-123, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 1993.
    • (1993) UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion , pp. 95-123
    • Van Der Leun, J.C.1    De Gruijl, F.R.2
  • 69
    • 1642275424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D's New day in the sun
    • Harvard Women's Health Watch, "Vitamin D's New day in the sun", Harvard Women's Health Watch 11, no. 6, pp. 6-7, 2004.
    • (2004) Harvard Women's Health Watch , vol.11 , Issue.6 , pp. 6-7
  • 70
    • 0025964183 scopus 로고
    • Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems
    • B. L. Diffey, "Solar ultraviolet radiation effects on biological systems." Physics in Medicine and Biology 36, no. 3, pp. 299-328, 1991.
    • (1991) Physics in Medicine and Biology , vol.36 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-328
    • Diffey, B.L.1
  • 71
    • 0002906334 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D synthesis under changing UV spectra
    • A. R. Young, L. O. Bjorn, J. Moan, and W. Nultsch eds., Plenum, New York
    • A. R. Webb, "Vitamin D synthesis under changing UV spectra", in Environmental UV Photobiology, A. R. Young, L. O. Bjorn, J. Moan, and W. Nultsch eds., pp. 185-202, Plenum, New York, 1993.
    • (1993) Environmental UV Photobiology , pp. 185-202
    • Webb, A.R.1
  • 73
    • 84858526778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last accessed June 29, 2005
    • W. B. Grant, Ask SUNARC, SUNARC, 2004, Last accessed June 29, 2005, available from http://www.sunarc.org/ask.htm.
    • (2004) Ask SUNARC
    • Grant, W.B.1
  • 74
    • 0026331489 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D deficiency and cancer of the breast: An unprovocative ecological hypothesis
    • A. Simard, J. Vobecky, and J. S. Vobecky, "Vitamin D deficiency and cancer of the breast: an unprovocative ecological hypothesis", Canadian Journal of Public Health 82, pp. 300-303, 1991.
    • (1991) Canadian Journal of Public Health , vol.82 , pp. 300-303
    • Simard, A.1    Vobecky, J.2    Vobecky, J.S.3
  • 75
    • 0012702535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Last accessed June 28, 2005.
    • K. S. Scanlon, editor, Vitamin D Expert Panel Meeting, Final Report, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2001, Last accessed June 28, 2005.
    • (2001) Vitamin D Expert Panel Meeting, Final Report
    • Scanlon, K.S.1
  • 78
    • 18844409137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: A review (United States)
    • E. Giovannucci, "The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: A review (United States)", Cancer Causes and Control 16, pp. 83-95, 2005.
    • (2005) Cancer Causes and Control , vol.16 , pp. 83-95
    • Giovannucci, E.1
  • 81
    • 3042554093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The climatology of vitamin D producing ultraviolet radiation over the United States
    • M. G. Kimlin, "The climatology of vitamin D producing ultraviolet radiation over the United States", Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 89-90, pp. 479-483, 2004.
    • (2004) Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , vol.89-90 , pp. 479-483
    • Kimlin, M.G.1
  • 82
    • 0001452590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biologically active radiation in the vicinity of a single tree
    • R. H. Grant, "Biologically active radiation in the vicinity of a single tree", Photochemistry and Photobiology 65, no. 6, pp. 974-982, 1997.
    • (1997) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.65 , Issue.6 , pp. 974-982
    • Grant, R.H.1
  • 83
    • 21344463548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: A review
    • W. B. Grant and M. F. Holick, "Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review", Alternative Medicine Review 10, no. 2, pp. 94-111, 2005.
    • (2005) Alternative Medicine Review , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 94-111
    • Grant, W.B.1    Holick, M.F.2
  • 84
    • 0025204408 scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: A hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation
    • F. C. Garland, C. F. Garland, E. D. Gorham, and J. F. Young, "Geographic Variation in Breast Cancer Mortality in the United States: A Hypothesis Involving Exposure to Solar Radiation", Preventive Medicine 19, pp. 614-622, 1990.
    • (1990) Preventive Medicine , vol.19 , pp. 614-622
    • Garland, F.C.1    Garland, C.F.2    Gorham, E.D.3    Young, J.F.4
  • 86
    • 0028580071 scopus 로고
    • Sunlight, vitamin D, and ovarian cancer mortality rates in US women
    • E. S. Lefkowitz and C. F. Garland, "Sunlight, vitamin D, and ovarian cancer mortality rates in US women", International Journal of Epidemiology 23, no. 6, pp. 1133-1136, 1994.
    • (1994) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 1133-1136
    • Lefkowitz, E.S.1    Garland, C.F.2
  • 87
    • 0010880236 scopus 로고
    • Can sunshine save your life?
    • December 30
    • G. Cowley, Can sunshine save your life? Newsweek, p. 56, December 30 1991.
    • (1991) Newsweek , pp. 56
    • Cowley, G.1
  • 89
    • 17444420089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UV exposure of elementary school children in five Japanese cities
    • M. Ono, N. Munkata, and S. Watanabe, "UV exposure of elementary school children in five Japanese cities", Photochemistry and Photobiology 81, pp. 437-445, 2005.
    • (2005) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.81 , pp. 437-445
    • Ono, M.1    Munkata, N.2    Watanabe, S.3
  • 91
    • 0003616481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct-sun column ozone retrieval by the ultraviolet multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer and comparison with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers
    • W. Gao, J. Slusser, J. Gibson, G. Scott, D. Bigelow, J. Kerr, and B. McArthur, "Direct-Sun column ozone retrieval by the ultraviolet multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer and comparison with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers", Applied Optics 40, no. 19, pp. 3149-3155, 2001.
    • (2001) Applied Optics , vol.40 , Issue.19 , pp. 3149-3155
    • Gao, W.1    Slusser, J.2    Gibson, J.3    Scott, G.4    Bigelow, D.5    Kerr, J.6    McArthur, B.7
  • 92
    • 0001003378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of column ozone retrievals by use of an UV multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers
    • J. Slusser, J. Gibson, D. Bigelow, D. Kolinski, W. M. G. Koenig, and A. Beaubien, "Comparison of column ozone retrievals by use of an UV multifilter rotating shadow-band radiometer with those from Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers", Applied Optics 38, no. 9, pp. 1543-1551, 1999.
    • (1999) Applied Optics , vol.38 , Issue.9 , pp. 1543-1551
    • Slusser, J.1    Gibson, J.2    Bigelow, D.3    Kolinski, D.4    Koenig, W.M.G.5    Beaubien, A.6
  • 93
    • 27544451211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High UVB exposures in the Continental USA: Towards realistic short term exposure regimes for plant effects research
    • In press
    • R. H. Grant and J. R. Slusser, "High UVB exposures in the Continental USA: towards realistic short term exposure regimes for plant effects research", Photochemistry and Photobiology In press, 2005.
    • (2005) Photochemistry and Photobiology
    • Grant, R.H.1    Slusser, J.R.2
  • 96
    • 9244253541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting the recovery of total column ozone
    • E. C. Weatherhead and others, "Detecting the recovery of total column ozone", Journal of Geophysical Research 105, pp. 22,201-22,210, 2000.
    • (2000) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.105
    • Weatherhead, E.C.1
  • 97
    • 0038036202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2002
    • Geneva, Switzerland
    • World Meteorological Organization, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project 47, 498 p., Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
    • (2003) Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project , vol.47 , pp. 498
  • 98
    • 0035614017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of episodes with extremely low ozone values in the northern middle latitudes 1957-2000
    • R. D. Bojkov and D. S. Bais, "Characteristics of episodes with extremely low ozone values in the northern middle latitudes 1957-2000", Annales Geophysicae 19, pp. 797-807, 2001.
    • (2001) Annales Geophysicae , vol.19 , pp. 797-807
    • Bojkov, R.D.1    Bais, D.S.2
  • 99
    • 0036980211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation on a low ozone episode at the end of November 2000 and its effect on ultraviolet radiation
    • A. M. Siani, G. R. Casale, and A. Galliani, "Investigation on a low ozone episode at the end of November 2000 and its effect on ultraviolet radiation", Optical Engineering 41, pp. 3082-3089, 2002.
    • (2002) Optical Engineering , vol.41 , pp. 3082-3089
    • Siani, A.M.1    Casale, G.R.2    Galliani, A.3
  • 100
    • 0347269096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffuse fraction of UV radiation under partly cloudy skies as defined by the Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS)
    • doi:10.1029.2002JD002201
    • R. H. Grant and W. Gao, "Diffuse fraction of UV radiation under partly cloudy skies as defined by the Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS)", Journal of Geophysical Research 108, no. D2, pp. 4046, doi:10.1029.2002JD002201, 2003.
    • (2003) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.108 , Issue.D2 , pp. 4046
    • Grant, R.H.1    Gao, W.2
  • 101
    • 0031429301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet sky radiance distributions of translucent overcast skies
    • R. H. Grant, G. M. Heisler, and W. Gao, "Ultraviolet sky radiance distributions of translucent overcast skies", Theoretical and Applied Climatology 58, pp. 129-139, 1997.
    • (1997) Theoretical and Applied Climatology , vol.58 , pp. 129-139
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2    Gao, W.3
  • 102
    • 0031432007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clear sky radiance distributions in ultraviolet wavelength bands
    • R. H. Grant, G. M. Heisler, and W. Gao, "Clear sky radiance distributions in ultraviolet wavelength bands", Theoretical and Applied Climatology 56, pp. 123-135, 1997.
    • (1997) Theoretical and Applied Climatology , vol.56 , pp. 123-135
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2    Gao, W.3
  • 103
    • 0031251723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obscured overcast sky radiance distributions for the UV and PAR wavebands
    • R. H. Grant and G. M. Heisler, "Obscured overcast sky radiance distributions for the UV and PAR wavebands", Journal of Applied Meteorology 56, no. 10, pp. 1336-1345, 1997.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Meteorology , vol.56 , Issue.10 , pp. 1336-1345
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2
  • 104
    • 0002260993 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the sky radiance distribution on the flux density in the shadow of a tree crown
    • R. H. Grant, "The influence of the sky radiance distribution on the flux density in the shadow of a tree crown", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 35, pp. 59-70, 1985.
    • (1985) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.35 , pp. 59-70
    • Grant, R.H.1
  • 105
    • 0347365845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet leaf reflectance of common urban trees and the prediction of reflectance from leaf surface characteristics
    • R. H. Grant, G. M. Heisler, W. Gao, and M. Jenks, "Ultraviolet leaf reflectance of common urban trees and the prediction of reflectance from leaf surface characteristics", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 120, pp. 127-139, 2003.
    • (2003) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.120 , pp. 127-139
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2    Gao, W.3    Jenks, M.4
  • 107
    • 0030434855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Photosynthetically-active radiation: Sky radiance distributions under clear and overcast conditions
    • R. H. Grant, G. M. Heisler, and W. Gao, "Photosynthetically-active radiation: sky radiance distributions under clear and overcast conditions", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 82, pp. 267-292, 1996.
    • (1996) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.82 , pp. 267-292
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2    Gao, W.3
  • 109
    • 0022453364 scopus 로고
    • Physical factors in cataractogenesis: Ambient ultraviolet radiation and temperature
    • D. H. Sliney, "Physical factors in cataractogenesis: ambient ultraviolet radiation and temperature", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 27, no. 5, pp. 781-790, 1986.
    • (1986) Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 781-790
    • Sliney, D.H.1
  • 111
    • 0001192348 scopus 로고
    • Summer heat islands, urban trees and white surfaces
    • H. Akbari, A. H. Rosenfeld, and H. Taha, "Summer heat islands, urban trees and white surfaces", ASHRAE Transactions 96, no. Parti, pp. 1381-1388, 1990.
    • (1990) ASHRAE Transactions , vol.96 , Issue.1 PART , pp. 1381-1388
    • Akbari, H.1    Rosenfeld, A.H.2    Taha, H.3
  • 113
    • 0346104920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in ultraviolet-B and visible optical properties and absorbing pigment concentrations in pecan leaves during a growing season
    • Y. Qi, S. Bai, and G. M. Heisler, "Changes in ultraviolet-B and visible optical properties and absorbing pigment concentrations in pecan leaves during a growing season", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 120, pp. 229-240, 2003.
    • (2003) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.120 , pp. 229-240
    • Qi, Y.1    Bai, S.2    Heisler, G.M.3
  • 114
    • 0036395024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodology for comprehensive evaluation of UV-B tolerance in trees
    • J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
    • Y. Qi, S. Bai, T. C. Vogelmann, G. M. Heisler, and J. Qin, "Methodology for comprehensive evaluation of UV-B tolerance in trees", in Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects, J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., 367-380 pp., SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2002.
    • (2002) Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects
    • Qi, Y.1    Bai, S.2    Vogelmann, T.C.3    Heisler, G.M.4    Qin, J.5
  • 115
    • 2342451982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penetration of UV-A, UV-B blue and red light into leaf tissues of pecan measured by a fiber optic microprobe system
    • J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., SPIE
    • Y. Qi, S. Bai, T. C. Vogelmann, and G. M. Heisler, "Penetration of UV-A, UV-B blue and red light into leaf tissues of pecan measured by a fiber optic microprobe system", in Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects, J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., 281-290 pp., SPIE, 2003.
    • (2003) Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects
    • Qi, Y.1    Bai, S.2    Vogelmann, T.C.3    Heisler, G.M.4
  • 118
    • 0010868959 scopus 로고
    • EPA 430-F-003, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
    • Environmental Protection Agency, Health effects of overexposure to the sun, EPA 430-F-003, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1995.
    • (1995) Health Effects of Overexposure to the Sun
  • 119
    • 0032769442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the spectral biologically effective solar ultraviolet in adjacent tree shade and sun
    • A. V. Parisi and M. G. Kimlin, "Comparison of the spectral biologically effective solar ultraviolet in adjacent tree shade and sun", Physics in Medicine and Biology 44, pp. 2071-2080, 1999.
    • (1999) Physics in Medicine and Biology , vol.44 , pp. 2071-2080
    • Parisi, A.V.1    Kimlin, M.G.2
  • 120
    • 0033217306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambient ultraviolet radiation levels in public shade settings
    • A. F. Moise and R. Aynsley, "Ambient ultraviolet radiation levels in public shade settings", International Journal of Biometeorology 43, pp. 128-138, 1999.
    • (1999) International Journal of Biometeorology , vol.43 , pp. 128-138
    • Moise, A.F.1    Aynsley, R.2
  • 121
    • 0028814081 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D
    • D. R. Fraser, "Vitamin D", The Lancet 345, pp. 104-107, 1995.
    • (1995) The Lancet , vol.345 , pp. 104-107
    • Fraser, D.R.1
  • 123
    • 0026180531 scopus 로고
    • The spectral distribution of biologically active solar radiation at Miami, Florida,USA
    • D. W. Lee and K. R. Downum, "The spectral distribution of biologically active solar radiation at Miami, Florida,USA", International Journal of Biometeorology 35, pp. 48-54, 1991.
    • (1991) International Journal of Biometeorology , vol.35 , pp. 48-54
    • Lee, D.W.1    Downum, K.R.2
  • 124
    • 0028165726 scopus 로고
    • A survey of ultraviolet-B radiation in forests
    • M. J. Brown, G. G. Parker, and N. E. Posner, "A survey of ultraviolet-B radiation in forests", Journal of Ecology 82, pp. 843-854, 1994.
    • (1994) Journal of Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 843-854
    • Brown, M.J.1    Parker, G.G.2    Posner, N.E.3
  • 125
    • 0027144203 scopus 로고
    • Vertical distributions of canopy foliage and biologically active radiation in a defoliated/refoliated hardwood forest
    • X. Yang, D. R. Miller, and M. E. Montgomery, "Vertical distributions of canopy foliage and biologically active radiation in a defoliated/refoliated hardwood forest", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 67, pp. 129-146, 1993.
    • (1993) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.67 , pp. 129-146
    • Yang, X.1    Miller, D.R.2    Montgomery, M.E.3
  • 127
    • 15844374056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality rates and tree population projections in Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • D. J. Nowak, M. Kuroda, and D. E. Crane, "Tree mortality rates and tree population projections in Baltimore, Maryland, USA", Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1, pp. 139-147, 2004.
    • (2004) Urban Forestry & Urban Greening , vol.1 , pp. 139-147
    • Nowak, D.J.1    Kuroda, M.2    Crane, D.E.3
  • 128
    • 4243485949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The adaptation of UV forecasts to typical human environments: The UV shade index [Abstract]
    • R. H. Grant and G. M. Heisler, "The adaptation of UV forecasts to typical human environments: the UV shade index [Abstract]", Photochemistry and Photobiology 69, no. Special Issue, pp. 56s, 1999.
    • (1999) Photochemistry and Photobiology , vol.69 , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2
  • 129
    • 0036094924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A geometric ultraviolet-B radiation transfer model applied to vegetation canopies
    • W. Gao, R. H. Grant, G. M. Heisler, and J. R. Slusser, "A geometric ultraviolet-B radiation transfer model applied to vegetation canopies", Agronomy Journal 94, pp. 475-482, 2002.
    • (2002) Agronomy Journal , vol.94 , pp. 475-482
    • Gao, W.1    Grant, R.H.2    Heisler, G.M.3    Slusser, J.R.4
  • 130
    • 29344432715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of cloud cover on erythemal UV-B exposure under vegetation canopies
    • J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., pp., SPIE, Bellingham,WA
    • R. H. Grant, G. M. Heisler, and W. Gao, "Impact of cloud cover on erythemal UV-B exposure under vegetation canopies", in Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects IV, J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., pp., SPIE, Bellingham,WA, 2004.
    • (2004) Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects IV , vol.4
    • Grant, R.H.1    Heisler, G.M.2    Gao, W.3
  • 131
    • 22144433033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of sky conditions on erythemal UV-B exposure under tree canopies
    • American Meteorological Society
    • G. M. Heisler, R. H. Grant, and W. Gao, "Impact of sky conditions on erythemal UV-B exposure under tree canopies", in 16th Conf. on Biometeorology and Aerobiology, pp., American Meteorological Society, 2004.
    • (2004) 16th Conf. on Biometeorology and Aerobiology
    • Heisler, G.M.1    Grant, R.H.2    Gao, W.3
  • 132
    • 2342616273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inclusion of an ultraviolet radiation transfer component in an urban forest effects model for predicting tree influences on potential below-canopy exposure to UVB radiation
    • J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., SPIE
    • G. M. Heisler, R. H. Grant, D. J. Nowak, W. Gao, D. E. Crane, and J. T. Walton, "Inclusion of an ultraviolet radiation transfer component in an urban forest effects model for predicting tree influences on potential below-canopy exposure to UVB radiation", in Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects III, J. R. Slusser, J. R. Herman, and W. Gao eds., 228-235 pp., SPIE, 2003.
    • (2003) Ultraviolet Ground- and Space-based Measurements, Models, and Effects III , vol.3
    • Heisler, G.M.1    Grant, R.H.2    Nowak, D.J.3    Gao, W.4    Crane, D.E.5    Walton, J.T.6
  • 134
    • 84858523796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last accessed August 10, 2005
    • The Cancer Council Australia, All About Skin Cancer, 2004, Last accessed August 10, 2005, available from http://www.cancer.org.au/content.cfm?randids= 960742.
    • (2004) All about Skin Cancer
  • 135
    • 84858527364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Last accessed August 10, 2005
    • U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Skin Cancer Primary Prevention and Education Initiative, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2005, Last accessed August 10, 2005, available from http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nscpep/index.htm.
    • (2005) Skin Cancer Primary Prevention and Education Initiative
  • 136
    • 84858519514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Last accessed August 10, 2005
    • U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Sunwise Program, 2005, Last accessed August 10, 2005, available from http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/.
    • (2005) Sunwise Program
  • 137
    • 84989718580 scopus 로고
    • Solar ultraviolet radiation in southeast England: The case for spectral measurements
    • A. R. Webb, "Solar ultraviolet radiation in southeast England: The case for spectral measurements", Photochem. Photobiol. 54, no. 5, pp. 789-794, 1991.
    • (1991) Photochem. Photobiol. , vol.54 , Issue.5 , pp. 789-794
    • Webb, A.R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.