Anticoagulant treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 113-134

  Tran, Huyen ^a   McRae, Simon ^a   Ginsberg, Jeffrey ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACENOCOUMAROL; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; COUMARIN DERIVATIVE; DALTEPARIN; ENOXAPARIN; FONDAPARINUX; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; NADROPARIN; THROMBIN INHIBITOR; TINZAPARIN; WARFARIN; XIMELAGATRAN;

ABNORMALLY HIGH SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; LUNG EMBOLISM; RISK ASSESSMENT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VEIN THROMBOSIS; VENA CAVA FILTER;

EID: 29244450815     PISSN: 07490690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2005.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. R.H. White The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism Circulation 107 Suppl 1 2003 I4 I8
2. D.W. Barritt, and S.C. Jordan Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism: a controlled trial Lancet 1 1960 1309 1312
3. F.A. Anderson Jr, H.B. Wheeler, and R.J. Goldberg A population-based perspective of the hospital incidence and case-fatality rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The Worcester DVT Study Arch Intern Med 151 1991 933 938
4. J.A. Heit, M.D. Silverstein, and D.N. Mohr The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community Thromb Haemost 86 2001 452 463
5. A. Kierkegaard Incidence of acute deep vein thrombosis in two districts: a phlebographic study Acta Chir Scand 146 1980 267 269
6. E. Oger Incidence of venous thromboembolism: a community-based study in Western France. EPI-GETBP Study Group. Groupe d'Etude de la Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale Thromb Haemost 83 2000 657 660
7. F.A. Anderson Jr, and F.A. Spencer Risk factors for venous thromboembolism Circulation 107 Suppl 1 2003 9 16
8. W.D. Kniffin Jr, J.A. Baron, and J. Barrett The epidemiology of diagnosed pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in the elderly Arch Intern Med 154 1994 861 866
9. R. Alikhan, A.T. Cohen, and S. Combe Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: analysis of the MEDENOX Study Arch Intern Med 164 9 2004 963 968
10. E. Oger, L. Bressollette, and M. Nonent High prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis on admission in a medical unit among elderly patients Thromb Haemost 88 2002 592 597
11. M.V. Huisman, H.R. Buller, and J.W. ten Cate Unexpected high prevalence of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis Chest 95 1989 498 502
12. D.J. Doyle, A.G. Turpie, and J. Hirsh Adjusted subcutaneous heparin or continuous intravenous heparin in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 107 1987 441 445
13. P. Girard, D. Musset, and F. Parent High prevalence of detectable deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism Chest 116 1999 903 908
14. R.D. Hull, J. Hirsh, and C.J. Carter Pulmonary angiography, ventilation lung scanning, and venography for clinically suspected pulmonary embolism with abnormal perfusion lung scan Ann Intern Med 98 1983 891 899
15. R.D. Hull, G.E. Raskob, and J. Hirsh Continuous intravenous heparin compared with intermittent subcutaneous heparin in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis N Engl J Med 315 1986 1109 1114
16. C.I. Lagerstedt, C.G. Olsson, and B.O. Fagher Need for long-term anticoagulant treatment in symptomatic calf-vein thrombosis Lancet 2 1985 515 518
17. D.P. Brandjes, H. Heijboer, and H.R. Buller Acenocoumarol and heparin compared with acenocoumarol alone in the initial treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis N Engl J Med 327 1992 1485 1489
18. J. Hirsh, and R. Raschke Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest 126 3 Suppl 2004 188S 203S
19. D.W. Hommes, A. Bura, and L. Mazzolai Subcutaneous heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin administration in the initial treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis Ann Intern Med 116 1992 279 284
20. D. Basu, A. Gallus, and J. Hirsh A prospective study of the value of monitoring heparin treatment with the activated partial thromboplastin time N Engl J Med 287 1972 324 327
21. P. Brill-Edwards, J.S. Ginsberg, and M. Johnston Establishing a therapeutic range for heparin therapy Ann Intern Med 119 1993 104 109
22. R.A. Raschke, B.M. Reilly, and J.R. Guidry The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a "standard care" nomogram: a randomized controlled trial Ann Intern Med 119 1993 874 881
23. H.M. Chiu, J. Hirsh, and W.L. Yung Relationship between the anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects of heparin in experimental venous thrombosis Blood 49 1977 171 184
24. M.N. Levine, J. Hirsh, and M. Gent A randomized trial comparing activated thromboplastin time with heparin assay in patients with acute venous thromboembolism requiring large daily doses of heparin Arch Intern Med 154 1994 49 56
25. M.K. Cruickshank, M.N. Levine, and J. Hirsh A standard heparin nomogram for the management of heparin therapy Arch Intern Med 151 1991 333 337
26. R.D. Hull, G.E. Raskob, and D. Rosenbloom Heparin for 5 days as compared with 10 days in the initial treatment of proximal venous thrombosis N Engl J Med 322 1990 1260 1264
27. R.D. Hull, G.E. Raskob, and R.F. Brant Relation between the time to achieve the lower limit of the APTT therapeutic range and recurrent venous thromboembolism during heparin treatment for deep vein thrombosis Arch Intern Med 157 1997 2562 2568
28. S.S. Anand, S. Bates, and J.S. Ginsberg Recurrent venous thrombosis and heparin therapy: an evaluation of the importance of early activated partial thromboplastin times Arch Intern Med 159 1999 2029 2032
29. S. Anand, J.S. Ginsberg, and C. Kearon The relation between the activated partial thromboplastin time response and recurrence in patients with venous thrombosis treated with continuous intravenous heparin Arch Intern Med 156 1996 1677 1681
30. M.N. Levine, G. Raskob, and R.J. Beyth Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest 126 3 Suppl 2004 287S 310S
31. S.S. Anand, S. Yusuf, and J. Pogue Relationship of activated partial thromboplastin time to coronary events and bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes who receive heparin Circulation 107 2003 2884 2888
32. R.J. Beyth, and C.S. Landefeld Anticoagulants in older patients: a safety perspective Drugs Aging 6 1995 45 54
33. H. Jick, D. Slone, and I.T. Borda Efficacy and toxicity of heparin in relation to age and sex N Engl J Med 279 1968 284 286
34. A.M. Walker, and H. Jick Predictors of bleeding during heparin therapy JAMA 244 1980 1209 1212
35. W.V. Vieweg, R.L. Piscatelli, and J.J. Houser Complications of intravenous administration of heparin in elderly women JAMA 213 1970 1303 1306
36. R.L. Glazier, and E.B. Crowell Randomized prospective trial of continuous vs intermittent heparin therapy JAMA 236 1976 1365 1367
37. P.H. Nelson, K.M. Moser, and C. Stoner Risk of complications during intravenous heparin therapy West J Med 136 1982 189 197
38. H.A. Holm, U. Abildgaard, and S. Kalvenes Heparin assays and bleeding complications in treatment of deep venous thrombosis with particular reference to retroperitoneal bleeding Thromb Haemost 53 1985 278 281
39. M.J. Mant, B.D. O'Brien, and K.L. Thong Haemorrhagic complications of heparin therapy Lancet 1 1977 1133 1135
40. N.R. Campbell, R.D. Hull, and R. Brant Aging and heparin-related bleeding Arch Intern Med 156 1996 857 860
41. J.I. Weitz Low-molecular-weight heparins N Engl J Med 337 1997 688 698
42. L.R. Dolovich, J.S. Ginsberg, and J.D. Douketis A meta-analysis comparing low-molecular-weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolism: examining some unanswered questions regarding location of treatment, product type, and dosing frequency Arch Intern Med 160 2000 181 188
43. R.H. White, and J.S. Ginsberg Low-molecular-weight heparins: are they all the same? Br J Haematol 121 2003 12 20
44. J.F. van der Heijden, M.H. Prins, and H.R. Buller For the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism: are all low-molecular-weight heparin compounds the same? Thromb Res 100 2000 V121 V130
45. F. Couturaud, J.A. Julian, and C. Kearon Low molecular weight heparin administered once versus twice daily in patients with venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis Thromb Haemost 86 2001 980 984
46. M. Greaves Limitations of the laboratory monitoring of heparin therapy. Scientific and Standardization Committee Communications: on behalf of the Control of Anticoagulation Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Thromb Haemost 87 2002 163 164
47. J. Nagge, M. Crowther, and J. Hirsh Is impaired renal function a contraindication to the use of low-molecular-weight heparin? Arch Intern Med 162 2002 2605 2609
48. I. Gouin-Thibault, E. Pautas, and V. Siguret Safety profile of different low-molecular weight heparins used at therapeutic dose Drug Saf 28 2005 333 349
49. M.K. Gould, A.D. Dembitzer, and R.L. Doyle Low-molecular-weight heparins compared with unfractionated heparin for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials Ann Intern Med 130 1999 800 809
50. P. Mismetti, S. Laporte-Simitsidis, and C. Navarro Aging and venous thromboembolism influence the pharmacodynamics of the anti-factor Xa and anti-thrombin activities of a low molecular weight heparin (nadroparin) Thromb Haemost 79 1998 1162 1165
51. S.L. Chow, K. Zammit, and K. West Correlation of antifactor Xa concentrations with renal function in patients on enoxaparin J Clin Pharmacol 43 2003 586 590
52. V. Siguret, E. Pautas, and M. Fevrier Elderly patients treated with tinzaparin (Innohep) administered once daily (175 anti-Xa IU/kg): anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities over 10 days Thromb Haemost 84 2000 800 804
53. E. Pautas, I. Gouin, and O. Bellot Safety profile of tinzaparin administered once daily at a standard curative dose in two hundred very elderly patients Drug Saf 25 2002 725 733
54. P. Cestac, H. Bagheri, and M. Lapeyre-Mestre Utilisation and safety of low molecular weight heparins: prospective observational study in medical inpatients Drug Saf 26 2003 197 207
55. V. Siguret, E. Pautas, and I. Gouin Low molecular weight heparin treatment in elderly subjects with or without renal insufficiency: new insights between June 2002 and March 2004 Curr Opin Pulm Med 10 2004 366 370
56. J.M. Walenga, W.P. Jeske, and L. Bara Biochemical and pharmacologic rationale for the development of a synthetic heparin pentasaccharide Thromb Res 86 1997 1 36
57. J. Choay, J.C. Lormeau, and M. Petitou Structural studies on a biologically active hexasaccharide obtained from heparin Ann N Y Acad Sci 370 1981 644 649
58. F. Donat, J.P. Duret, and A. Santoni The pharmacokinetics of fondaparinux sodium in healthy volunteers Clin Pharmacokinet 41 Suppl 2 2002 1 9
59. B. Boneu, J. Necciari, and R. Cariou Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of the natural pentasaccharide (SR90107/Org31540) with high affinity to antithrombin III in man Thromb Haemost 74 1995 1468 1473
60. H.R. Buller, B.L. Davidson, and H. Decousus Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 140 2004 867 873
61. H.R. Buller, B.L. Davidson, and H. Decousus Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism N Engl J Med 349 2003 1695 1702
62. T.E. Warkentin Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management Br J Haematol 121 2003 535 555
63. T.E. Warkentin, and A. Greinacher Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest 126 3 Suppl 2004 311S 337S
64. A.J. Forster, and P.S. Wells The rationale and evidence for the treatment of lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis with thrombolytic agents Curr Opin Hematol 9 2002 437 442
65. J.E. Dalen, J.S. Alpert, and J. Hirsh Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism: is it effective? Is it safe? When is it indicated? Arch Intern Med 157 1997 2550 2556
66. C. Jerjes-Sanchez, A. Ramirez-Rivera, and M. de Lourdes Garcia Streptokinase and heparin versus heparin alone in massive pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial J Thromb Thrombolysis 2 1995 227 229
67. N. Meneveau, J.P. Bassand, and F. Schiele Safety of thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with massive pulmonary embolism: a comparison with nonelderly patients J Am Coll Cardiol 22 1993 1075 1079
68. M. Gisselbrecht, J.L. Diehl, and G. Meyer Clinical presentation and results of thrombolytic therapy in older patients with massive pulmonary embolism: a comparison with non-elderly patients J Am Geriatr Soc 44 1996 189 193
69. K.M. Mikkola, S.R. Patel, and J.A. Parker Increasing age is a major risk factor for hemorrhagic complications after pulmonary embolism thrombolysis Am Heart J 134 1997 69 72
70. J. Ansell, J. Hirsh, and L. Poller The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest 126 3 Suppl 2004 204S 233S
71. M.H. Prins, B.A. Hutten, and M.M. Koopman Long-term treatment of venous thromboembolic disease Thromb Haemost 82 1999 892 898
72. R. Hull, J. Hirsh, and R. Jay Different intensities of oral anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis N Engl J Med 307 1982 1676 1681
73. M.A. Khamashta, M.J. Cuadrado, and F. Mujic The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome N Engl J Med 332 1995 993 997
74. M.H. Rosove, and P.M. Brewer Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients Ann Intern Med 117 1992 303 308
75. M.A. Crowther, J.S. Ginsberg, and J. Julian A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome N Engl J Med 349 2003 1133 1138
76. G. Finazzi, R. Marchioli, and V. Brancaccio A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS) J Thromb Haemost 3 2005 848 853
77. C. Kearon, J.S. Ginsberg, and M.J. Kovacs Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional-intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism N Engl J Med 349 2003 631 639
78. L. Harrison, M. Johnston, and M.P. Massicotte Comparison of 5-mg and 10-mg loading doses in initiation of warfarin therapy Ann Intern Med 126 1997 133 136
79. M.A. Crowther, J.B. Ginsberg, and C. Kearon A randomized trial comparing 5-mg and 10-mg warfarin loading doses Arch Intern Med 159 1999 46 48
80. M.J. Kovacs, M. Rodger, and D.R. Anderson Comparison of 10-mg and 5-mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low-molecular-weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 138 2003 714 719
81. M.J. Kovacs, M. Cruickshank, and P.S. Wells Randomized assessment of a warfarin nomogram for initial oral anticoagulation after venous thromboembolic disease Haemostasis 28 1998 62 69
82. M.B. O'Connell, P.R. Kowal, and C.J. Allivato Evaluation of warfarin initiation regimens in elderly inpatients Pharmacotherapy 20 2000 923 930
83. B.F. Gage, S.D. Fihn, and R.H. White Management and dosing of warfarin therapy Am J Med 109 2000 481 488
84. C.S. Landefeld, and L. Goldman Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy Am J Med 87 1989 144 152
85. R.J. Beyth, L.M. Quinn, and C.S. Landefeld Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin Am J Med 105 1998 91 99
86. W. Ageno, and A.G. Turpie Exaggerated initial response to warfarin following heart valve replacement Am J Cardiol 84 1999 905 908
87. D. Mungall, and R. White Aging and warfarin therapy Ann Intern Med 117 1992 878 879
88. C. Kearon, M. Gent, and J. Hirsh A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism N Engl J Med 340 1999 901 907
89. G. Agnelli, P. Prandoni, and M.G. Santamaria Three months versus one year of oral anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic deep venous thrombosis. Warfarin Optimal Duration Italian Trial Investigators N Engl J Med 345 2001 165 169
90. G. Palareti, N. Leali, and S. Coccheri Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: an inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy Lancet 348 1996 423 428
91. C.S. Landefeld, and R.J. Beyth Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention Am J Med 95 1993 315 328
92. R.H. White, R.J. Beyth, and H. Zhou Major bleeding after hospitalization for deep-venous thrombosis Am J Med 107 1999 414 424
93. L.A. Linkins, P.T. Choi, and J.D. Douketis Clinical impact of bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis Ann Intern Med 139 2003 893 900
94. V. Pengo, C. Legnani, and F. Noventa Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and risk of bleeding. A Multicenter Inception Cohort Study Thromb Haemost 85 2001 418 422
95. J.H. Gurwitz, R.J. Goldberg, and A. Holden Age-related risks of long-term oral anticoagulant therapy Arch Intern Med 148 1988 1733 1736
96. L.S. Wickramasinghe, S.K. Basu, and S.K. Bansal Long-term oral anticoagulant therapy in elderly patients Age Ageing 17 1988 388 396
97. J.C. Forfar Prediction of hemorrhage by during long-term oral coumarin anticoagulation by excessive prothrombin ratio Am Heart J 103 1982 445 446
98. J. Launbjerg, H. Egeblad, and J. Heaf Bleeding complications to oral anticoagulant therapy: multivariate analysis of 1010 treatment years in 551 outpatients J Intern Med 229 1991 351 355
99. A.K. Wittkowsky, K.S. Whitely, and E.B. Devine Effect of age on international normalized ratio at the time of major bleeding in patients treated with warfarin Pharmacotherapy 24 2004 600 605
100. D. McCormick, J.H. Gurwitz, and R.J. Goldberg Long-term anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation in elderly patients: efficacy, risk, and current patterns of use J Thromb Thrombolysis 7 1999 157 163
101. P.J. Ryan, M. Gilbert, and P.E. Rose Computer control of anticoagulant dose for therapeutic management BMJ 299 1989 1207 1209
102. P.J. Wyld, D. West, and T.H. Wilson Computer dosing in anticoagulant clinics: the way forward? Clin Lab Haematol 10 1988 235 236
103. P.J. Ryan, M. Gilbert, and P.E. Rose Computer control of anticoagulant dose for therapeutic management BMJ 299 1989 1207 1209
104. L. Poller, D. Wright, and M. Rowlands Prospective comparative study of computer programs used for management of warfarin J Clin Pathol 46 1993 299 303
105. L. Poller, C.R. Shiach, and P.K. MacCallum Multicentre randomised study of computerised anticoagulant dosage. European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation Lancet 352 1998 1505 1509
106. M.E. Cromheecke, M. Levi, and L.P. Colly Oral anticoagulation self-management and management by a specialist anticoagulation clinic: a randomised cross-over comparison Lancet 356 2000 97 102
107. J. Ansell, J. Hirsh, and J. Dalen Managing oral anticoagulant therapy Chest 119 1 Suppl 2001 22S 38S
108. P.M. Kuijer, B.A. Hutten, and M.H. Prins Prediction of the risk of bleeding during anticoagulant treatment for venous thromboembolism Arch Intern Med 159 1999 457 460
109. A.Y. Lee, M.N. Levine, and R.I. Baker Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer N Engl J Med 349 2003 146 153
110. R. Hull, G.F. Pineo, and A. Mah A randomized trial evaluating long-term low-molecular-weight heparin therapy for three months versus intravenous heparin followed by warfarin sodium [abstract] Blood 100 2002 148a
111. M.H. van der Heijden, B.A. Hutten, and H. Buller Vitamin K antagonists or low-molecular-weight heparin for the long term treatment of systematic venous thromboembolism Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 2001 CD002001
112. F. Veiga, A. Escriba, and M.P. Maluenda Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus oral anticoagulant therapy (acenocoumarol) in the long-term treatment of deep venous thrombosis in the elderly: a randomized trial Thromb Haemost 84 2000 559 564
113. C. Luk, P.S. Wells, and D. Anderson Extended outpatient therapy with low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of recurrent venous thromboembolism despite warfarin therapy Am J Med 111 2001 270 273
114. H. Decousus, A. Leizorovicz, and F. Parent A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group N Engl J Med 338 1998 409 415
115. S. Schulman, K. Wahlander, and T. Lundstrom Secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran N Engl J Med 349 2003 1713 1721
116. J.N. Fiessinger, M.V. Huisman, and B.L. Davidson Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial JAMA 293 2005 681 689
117. D.P. Brandjes, H.R. Buller, and H. Heijboer Randomised trial of effect of compression stockings in patients with symptomatic proximal-vein thrombosis Lancet 349 1997 759 762
118. P. Prandoni Below-knee compression stockings for prevention of the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized study [abstract] Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 32 Suppl 2 2002 72
119. P. Prandoni, A.W. Lensing, and M.H. Prins Below-knee elastic compression stockings to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial Ann Intern Med 141 2004 249 256
120. C. Kearon, J.S. Ginsberg, and D.R. Anderson Comparison of 1 month with 3 months of anticoagulation for a first episode of venous thromboembolism associated with a transient risk factor J Thromb Haemost 2 2004 743 749
121. M.F. Sudlow, I.A. Campbell, and J.H. Angel Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society Lancet 340 1992 873 876
122. M.N. Levine, J. Hirsh, and M. Gent Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis Thromb Haemost 74 1995 606 611
123. L. Pinede, J. Ninet, and P. Duhaut Comparison of 3 and 6 months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and comparison of 6 and 12 weeks of therapy after isolated calf deep vein thrombosis Circulation 103 2001 2453 2460
124. T. Baglin, R. Luddington, and K. Brown Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study Lancet 362 2003 523 526
125. G. Agnelli, P. Prandoni, and C. Becattini Extended oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of pulmonary embolism Ann Intern Med 139 2003 19 25
126. S. Schulman, E. Svenungsson, and S. Granqvist Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group Am J Med 104 1998 332 338
127. S. Schulman, S. Granqvist, and M. Holmstrom The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. The Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group N Engl J Med 336 1997 393 398
128. J.S. Levine, D.W. Branch, and J. Rauch The antiphospholipid syndrome N Engl J Med 346 2002 752 763
129. P. Prandoni, A.W. Lensing, and A. Cogo The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis Ann Intern Med 125 1996 1 7
130. C. Kearon, M. Crowther, and J. Hirsh Management of patients with hereditary hypercoagulable disorders Annu Rev Med 51 2000 169 185
131. P. Lindmarker, S. Schulman, and M. Sten-Linder The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in carriers and non-carriers of the G1691A allele in the coagulation factor V gene and the G20210A allele in the prothrombin gene. DURAC Trial Study Group. Duration of Anticoagulation Thromb Haemost 81 1999 684 689
132. S. Eichinger, A. Stumpflen, and M. Hirschl Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism Thromb Haemost 80 1998 566 569
133. R.H. White, H. Zhou, and P.S. Romano Length of hospital stay for treatment of deep venous thrombosis and the incidence of recurrent thromboembolism Arch Intern Med 158 1998 1005 1010
134. J.A. Heit, D.N. Mohr, and M.D. Silverstein Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study Arch Intern Med 160 2000 761 768
135. C. Kearon Long-term management of patients after venous thromboembolism Circulation 110 Suppl 1 2004 I10 I18
136. P.M. Ridker, S.Z. Goldhaber, and E. Danielson Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism N Engl J Med 348 2003 1425 1434
137. J.D. Douketis, C. Kearon, and S. Bates Risk of fatal pulmonary embolism in patients with treated venous thromboembolism JAMA 279 1998 458 462
138. P. Simioni, P. Prandoni, and A.W. Lensing Risk for subsequent venous thromboembolic complications in carriers of the prothrombin or the factor V gene mutation with a first episode of deep-vein thrombosis Blood 96 2000 3329 3333