Cellular prostatic acid phosphatase: A protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in androgen-independent proliferation of prostate cancer

Endocrine-Related Cancer

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 805-822

  Veeramani, Suresh ^a   Yuan, Ta Chun ^a   Chen, Siu Ju ^a   Lin, Fen Fen ^a   Petersen, Juliette E ^a   Shaheduzzaman, Syed ^b   Srivastava, Shiv ^b   MacDonald, Richard G ^a,c   Lin, Ming Fong ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACID PHOSPHATASE PROSTATE ISOENZYME; ANDROGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHOTYROSINE; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN; TYROSINE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER CELL; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENICITY; CELL PROLIFERATION; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENCY; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FUNCTIONAL PROTEOMICS; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; NONHUMAN; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN DEPHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANDROGENS; CELL PROLIFERATION; EPITHELIUM; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN-TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASE; RECEPTOR, ERBB-2; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS;

EID: 29144502951     PISSN: 13510088     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.00950     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Abrahamsson PA, Lilja H, Falkmer S & Wadstrom LB 1988 Immunohistochemical distribution of the three predominant secretory proteins in the parenchyma of hyperplastic and neoplastic prostate glands. Prostate 12 39-46.
2. Bastola DR, Pahwa GS, Lin MF & Cheng PW 2002 Downregulation of PTEN/MMAC/TEP1 expression in human prostate cancer cell line DU145 by growth stimuli. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 236 75-81.
3. Blutt SE, Polek TC, Stewart LV, Kattan MW & Weigel NL 2000 A calcitriol analogue, EB1089, inhibits the growth of LNCaP tumors in nude mice. Cancer Research 60 779-782.
4. Boissonneault M, Chapdelaine A & Chevalier S 1995 The enhancement by pervanadate of tyrosine phosphorylation on prostatic proteins occurs through the inhibition of membrane-associated tyrosine phosphatases. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 153 139-144.
5. Bourassa C, Nguyen LT, Durocher Y, Roberts KD & Chevalier S 1991 Prostatic epithelial cells in culture: phosphorylation of protein tyrosyl residues and tyrosine protein kinase activity. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 46 291-301.
6. Burch PA, Croghan GA, Gastineau DA, Jones LA, Kaur JS, Kylstra JW, Richardson RL, Valone FH & Vuk-Pavlovic S 2004 Immunotherapy (APC8015, Pro venge) targeting prostatic acid phosphatase can induce durable remission of metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer: a Phase 2 trial. Prostate 60 197-204.
7. Busch C, Hanssen TA, Wagener C & OBrink B 2002 Down-regulation of CEACAM1 in human prostate cancer: correlation with loss of cell polarity, increased proliferation rate, and Gleason grade 3 to 4 transition. Human Pathology 33 290-298.
8. Chevalier S, Bleau G, Roberts KD & Chapdelaine A 1981 Proliferation and differentiation of canine prostatic epithelial cells in culture. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 24 195-208.
9. Chevalier S, Landry D & Chapdelaine A 1988 Phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity of human and canine acid phosphatases of prostatic origin. Prostate 12 209-219.
10. Chu TM & Lin MF 1998 PSA and acid phosphatase in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal of Clinical Ligand Assay 21 24-34.
11. Chu TM, Wang MC, Merrin C, Valenzuela L & Murphy GP 1978 Isoenzymes of human prostate acid phosphatase. Oncology 35 198-200.
12. Cirri P, Fiaschi T, Chiarugi P, Camici G, Manao G, Raugei G & Ramponi G 1996 The molecular basis of the differing kinetic behavior of the two low molecular mass phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase isoforms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 2604-2607.
13. Craft N, Shostak Y, Carey M & Sawyers CL 1999 Mechanism for hormone-independent prostate cancer through modulation of androgen receptor signaling by the HER-2/neu tyrosine kinase. Nature Medicine 5 280-285.
14. Debes JD & Tindall DJ 2002 The role of androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Cancer Letters 187 1-7.
15. Denmeade SR, Sokoll LJ, Dalrymple S, Rosen DM, Gady AM, Bruzek D, Ricklis RM & Isaacs JT 2003 Dissociation between androgen responsiveness for malignant growth vs. expression of prostate specific differentiation markers PSA, hK2, and PSMA in human prostate cancer models. Prostate 54 249-257.
16. Dionne FT, Chevalier S, Bleau G, Roberts KD & Chapdelaine A 1983 Induction of acid phosphatase synthesis in canine prostatic epithelial cells in vitro. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 33 113-126.
17. Fong L & Small EJ 2003 Immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Seminars in Oncology 30 649-658.
18. Fong L, Brockstedt D, Benike C, Breen JK, Strang G, Ruegg CL & Engleman EG 2001 Dendritic cell-based xenoantigen vaccination for prostate cancer immunotherapy. Journal of Immunology 167 7150-7156.
19. Foti AG, Cooper JF, Herschman H & Malvaez RR 1977 Detection of prostatic cancer by solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum prostatic acid phosphatase. New England Journal of Medicine 297 1357-1361.
20. Ghosh PM, Malik S, Bedolla R & Kreisberg JI 2003 Akt in prostate cancer: possible role in androgen-independence. Current Drug Metabolism 4 487-496.
21. Gioeli D, Mandell JW, Petroni GR, Frierson HF Jr & Weber MJ 1999 Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase associated with prostate cancer progression. Cancer Research 59 279-284.
22. Goldfarb DA, Stein BS, Shamszadeh M & Petersen RO 1986 Age-related changes in tissue levels of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen. Journal of Urology 136 1266-1269.
23. Grossmann ME, Huang H & Tindall DJ 2001 Androgen receptor signaling in androgen-refractory prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 93 1687-1697.
24. Gutman EB, Sproul EE & Gutman AB 1936 Significance of increased phosphatase activity at the site of osteoplastic metastases secondary to carcinoma of the prostate gland. American Journal of Cancer 28 485-495.
25. Hakalahti L, Vihko P, Henttu P, Autio-Harmainen H, Soini Y & Vihko R 1993 Evaluation of PAP and PSA gene expression in prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma using northern-blot analyses, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical stainings with monoclonal and bispecific antibodies. International Journal of Cancer 55 590-597.
26. Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Kawinski E, Karr JP, Rosenthal H, Chu TM, Mirand EA & Murphy GP 1983 LNCaP model of human prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Research 43 1809-1818.
27. Hsieh TY, Ng CY, Mallouh C, Tazaki H & Wu JM 1996 Regulation of growth, PSA/PAP and androgen receptor expression by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 223 141-146.
28. Huang H & Tindall DJ 2002 The role of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression 12 193-207.
29. Huggins C & Hodges CV 1941 Studies on prostatic cancer: the effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Research 1 293-297.
30. Igawa T, Lin FF, Lee MS, Karan D, Batra SK & Lin MF 2002 Establishment and characterization of androgen-independent human prostate cancer LNCaP cell model. Prostate 50 222-235.
31. Igawa T, Lin FF, Rao P & Lin MF 2003 Suppression of LNCaP prostate cancer xenograft tumors by a prostate-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase. Prostate 55 247-258.
32. Isaacs JT 1983 Prostatic structure and function in relation to the etiology of prostatic cancer. Prostate 4 351-366.
33. Jackson MD & Denu JM 2001 Molecular reactions of protein phosphatases - insights from structure and chemistry. Chemical Reviews 101 2313-2340.
34. Kaighn ME, Narayan KS, Ohnuki Y, Lechner JF & Jones LW 1979 Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Investigative Urology 17 16-23.
35. Lad PM, Learn DB, Cooper JF & Reisinger DM 1984 Distribution of prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzymes in normal and cancerous states. Clinica Chimica Acta 141 51-65.
36. Landry F, Chapdelaine A, Begin LR & Chevalier S 1996 Phosphotyrosine antibodies preferentially react with basal epithelial cells in the dog prostate. Journal of Urology 155 386-390.
37. Lee H, Chu TM & Lee CL 1991 Endogenous protein substrates for prostatic acid phosphatase in human prostate. Prostate 19 251-263.
38. Lee MS, Igawa T, Yuan TC, Zhang XQ, Lin FF & Lin MF 2003 ErbB-2 signaling is involved in regulating PSA secretion in androgen-independent human prostate cancer LNCaP C-81 cells. Oncogene 22 781-796.
39. Shc mediates androgen-stimulated proliferation signals in human prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 23 3048-3058.
40. Li HC, Chernoff J, Chen LB & Kirschonbaum A 1984 A phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity associated with acid phosphatase from human prostate gland. European Journal of Biochemistry 138 45-51.
41. Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI, Pue J, Miliaresis C, Rodgers L, McCombie R et al. 1997 PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275 1943-1947.
42. Li P, Nicosia SV & Bai W 2001 Antagonism between PTEN/ M MAC1/TEP-1 and androgen receptor in growth and apoptosis of prostatic cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 20444-20450.
43. Lin HK, Hu YC, Yang L, Altuwaijri S, Chen YT, Kang HY & Chang C 2003 Suppression versus induction of androgen receptor functions by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in prostate cancer LNCaP cells with different passage numbers. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 50902-50907.
44. Lin MF 1991 The cellular form of human prostatic acid phosphatase may function as a phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase in cells. In Molecular and Cellular Biology of Prostate Cancer, pp. 281-284. Eds JP Karr, DS Coffey, RG Smith & DJ Tindall. New York: Plenum Press.
45. Lin MF & Clinton GM 1986 Human prostatic acid phosphatase has phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase activity. Biochemical Journal 235 351-357.
46. Lin MF & Clinton GM 1987 Human prostatic acid phosphatase and its phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity. Advanced Protein Phosphatases 4 199-228.
47. Lin MF & Clinton GM 1988 The epidermal growth factor receptor from prostate cells is dephosphorylated by a prostate-specific phosphotyrosyl phosphatase. Molecular and Cellular Biology 8 5477-5485.
48. Lin MF & Meng TC 1996 Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 185 kDa phosphoprotein (pp185) inversely correlates with the cellular activity of human prostatic acid phosphatase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 226 206-213.
49. Lin MF, Lee CL, Wojcieszyn JW, Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP & Chu TM 1980 Fundamental biochemical and immunological aspects of prostatic acid phosphatase. Prostate 1 415-425.
50. Lin MF, Lee CL, Li SS & Chu TM 1983 Purification and characterization of a new human prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme. Biochemistry 22 1055-1062.
51. Lin MF, Lee CL & Clinton GM 1986 Tyrosyl kinase activity is inversely related to prostatic acid phosphatase activity in two human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Molecular and Cellular Biology 6 4753-4757.
52. Lin MF, DaVolio J & Garcia-Arenas R 1992 Expression of human prostatic acid phosphatase activity and the growth of prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Research 52 4600-4607.
53. Lin MF, DaVolio J & Garcia R 1993a Cationic liposome-mediated incorporation of prostatic acid phosphatase protein into human prostate carcinoma cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 192 413-419.
54. Lin MF, Garcia-Arenas R, Chao YC, Lai MM, Patel PC & Xia XZ 1993b Regulation of prostatic acid phosphatase expression and secretion by androgen in LNCaP human prostate carcinoma cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 300 384-390.
55. Lin MF, Garcia-Arenas R, Xia XZ, Biela B & Lin FF 1994 The cellular level of prostatic acid phosphatase and the growth of human prostate carcinoma cells. Differentiation 51 143-149.
56. Lin MF, Meng TC, Rao PS, Chang C, Schonthal AH & Lin FF 1998 Expression of human prostatic acid phosphatase correlates with androgen-stimulated cell proliferation in prostate cancer cell lines. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 5939-5947.
57. Lin MF, Lee MS, Zhou XW, Andressen JC, Meng TC, Johansson SL, West WW, Taylor RJ, Anderson JR & Lin FF 2001 Decreased expression of cellular prostatic acid phosphatase increases tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells. Journal of Urology 166 1943-1950.
58. Liu Y, Majumder S, McCall W, Sartor CI, Mohler JL, Gregory CW, Earp HS & Whang YE 2005 Inhibition of HER-2/neu kinase impairs androgen receptor recruitment to the androgen responsive enhancer. Cancer Research 65 3404-3409.
59. Loor R, Wang MC, Valenzuela L & Chu TM 1981 Expression of prostatic acid phosphatase in human prostate cancer. Cancer Letters 14 63-69.
60. McNeel DG, Nguyen LD, Ellis WJ, Higano CS, Lange PH & Disis ML 2001 Naturally occurring prostate cancer antigen-specific T cell responses of a Th1 phenotype can be detected in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate 47 222-229.
61. Meden H & Kuhn W 1997 Overexpression of the oncogene c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) in ovarian cancer: a new prognostic factor. European Journal Of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 71 173-179.
62. Mellinghoff IK, Vivanco I, Kwon A, Tran C, Wongvipat J & Sawyers CL 2004 HER2/neu kinase-dependent modulation of androgen receptor function through effects on DNA binding and stability. Cancer Cell 6 517-527.
63. Menard S, Fortis S, Castiglioni F, Agresti R & Balsari A 2001 HER2 as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. Oncology 61 67-72.
64. Meng TC & Lin MF 1998 Tyrosine phosphorylation of c-ErbB-2 is regulated by the cellular form of prostatic acid phosphatase in human prostate cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 22096-22104.
65. Meng TC, Lee MS & Lin MF 2000 Interaction between protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein tyrosine kinase is involved in androgen-promoted growth of human prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 19 2664-2677.
66. Murthy S, Agoulnik IU & Weigel NL 2005 Androgen receptor signaling and vitamin D receptor action in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 64 362-372.
67. Navone NM, Olive M, Ozen M, Davis R, Troncoso P, Tu SM, Johnston D, Pollack A, Pathak S, von Eschenbach AC et al. 1997 Establishment of two human prostate cancer cell lines derived from a single bone metastasis. Clinical Cancer Research 3 2493-2500.
68. Osman I, Scher HI, Drobnjak M, Verbel D, Morris M, Agus D, Ross JS & Cordon-Cardo C 2001 HER-2/neu (p185neu) protein expression in the natural or treated history of prostate cancer. Clinical Cancer Research 1 2643-2647.
69. Ostanin K, Saeed A & Van Etten RL 1994 Heterologous expression of human prostatic acid phosphatase and site-directed mutagenesis of the enzyme active site. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 8971-8978.
70. Papsidero LD, Wojcieszyn JW, Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Murphy GP & Chu TM 1980 Isolation of prostatic acid phosphatase-binding immunoglobulin G from human sera and its potential for use as a tumor-localizing reagent. Cancer Research 40 3032-3035.
71. Pontes JE, Rose NR, Ercole C & Pierce JM Jr 1981 Immunofluorescence for prostatic acid phosphatase: clinical applications. Journal of Urology 126 187-189.
72. Porvari KS, Herrala AM, Kurkela RM, Taavitsainen PA, Lindqvist Y, Schneider G & Vihko PT 1994 Site-directed mutagenesis of prostatic acid phosphatase. Catalytically important aspartic acid 258, substrate specificity, and oligomerization. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 22642-22646.
73. Press MF, Jones LA, Godolphin W, Edwards CL & Slamon DJ 1990 HER-2/neu oncogene amplification and expression in breast and ovarian cancers. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 354 209-221.
74. Press MF, Bernstein L, Thomas PA, Meisner LF, Zhou JY, Ma Y, Hung G, Robinson RA, Harris C, El-Naggar A et al. 1997 HER-2/neu gene amplification characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization: poor prognosis in node-negative breast carcinomas. Journal of Clinical Oncology 15 2894-2904.
75. Price DT, Rocca GD, Guo C, Ballo MS, Schwinn DA & Luttrell LM 1999 Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in human prostate cancer. Journal of Urology 162 1537-1542.
76. Qiu Y, Ravi L & Kung HJ 1998 Requirement of ErbB2 for signalling by interleukin-6 in prostate carcinoma cells. Nature 393 83-85.
77. Reif AE, Schlesinger RM, Fish CA & Robinson CM 1973 Acid phosphatase isozymes in cancer of the prostate. Cancer 31 689-699.
78. Reiss K, Wang JY, Romano G, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK, Morrione A, Tu X & Baserga R 2000 IGF-I receptor signaling in a prostatic cancer cell line with a PTEN mutation. Oncogene 19 2687-2694.
79. Roiko K, Janne OA & Vihko P 1990 Primary structure of rat secretory acid phosphatase and comparison to other acid phosphatases. Gene 89 223-229.
80. Ronnberg L, Vihko P, Sajanti E & Vihko R 1981 Clomiphene citrate administration to normogonadotropic subfertile men: blood hormone changes and activation of acid phosphatase in seminal fluid. International Journal of Andrology 4 372-378.
81. Rudolph J 2002 Catalytic mechanism of Cdc25. Biochemistry 41 14613-14623.
82. Sadi MV, Walsh PC & Barrack ER 1991 Immunohistochemical study of androgen receptors in metastatic prostate cancer. Comparison of receptor content and response to hormonal therapy. Cancer 67 3057-3064.
83. Sakai H, Shiraishi K, Minami Y, Yushita Y, Kanetake H & Saito Y 1991 Immunohistochemical prostatic acid phosphatase level as a prognostic factor of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate 19 265-272.
84. Sakai H, Igawa T, Saha PK, Nomata K, Yushita Y, Kanetake H & Saito Y 1992 [A case of prostatic carcinoma presenting as a metastatic orbital tumor]. Hinyokika Kiyo. Acta Urologica Japonica (Kyoto) 38 77-80.
85. Sakai H, Yogi Y, Minami Y, Yushita Y, Kanetake H & Saito Y 1993 Prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase immunoreactivity as prognostic indicators of advanced prostatic carcinoma. Journal of Urology 149 1020-1023.
86. Schneider G, Lindqvist Y & Vihko P 1993 Three-dimensional structure of rat acid phosphatase. EMBO Journal 12 2609-2615.
87. Shan J, Porvari K, Kivinen A, Patrikainen L, Halmekyto M, Janne J & Vihko P 2003 Tissue-specific expression of the prostatic acid phosphatase promoter constructs. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 311 864-869.
88. Sharma S, Pirila P, Kaija H, Porvari K, Vihko P & Juffer AH 2005 Theoretical investigations of prostatic acid phosphatase. Proteins 58 295-308.
89. Sherwood ER, Van Dongen JL, Wood CG, Liao S, Kozlowski JM & Lee C 1998 Epidermal growth factor receptor activation in androgen-independent but not androgen-stimulated growth of human prostatic carcinoma cells. British Journal of Cancer 77 855-861.
90. Signoretti S, Montironi R, Manola J, Altimari A, Tam C, Bubley G, Balk S, Thomas G, Kaplan I, Hlatky L et al. 2000 Her-2-neu expression and progression toward androgen independence in human prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 92 1918-1925.
91. Sinha AA, Gleason DF, Wilson MJ, Wick MR, Reddy PK & Blackard CE 1988 Relationship of prostatic acid phosphatase localization in human prostate by a monoclonal antibody with the Gleason grading system. Prostate 13 1-15.
92. Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM, Strang G, Laus R, Peshwa MV & Valone FH 2000 Immunotherapy of hormone-refractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. Journal of Clinical Oncology 18 3894-3903.
93. Solin T, Kontturi M, Pohlmann R & Vihko P 1990 Gene expression and prostate specificity of human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP): evaluation by RNA blot analyses. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1048 72-77.
94. Stewart LV, Lin MF & Weigel NL 2004 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces expression of prostatic acid phosphatase and decreases Her-2 activation in androgen-independent C-81 LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Proceedings of the AACR, 95th Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, USA. Abstract 1481.
95. Stone KR, Mickey DD, Wunderli H, Mickey GH & Paulson DF 1978 Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU 145). International Journal of Cancer 21 274-281.
96. Swamy N, Chen TC, Peleg S, Dhawan P, Christakos S, Stewart LV, Weigel NL, Mehta RG, Holick MF & Ray R 2004 Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by 25hydroxyvitamin D3-3beta-(2)-Bromoacetate, a nontoxic and vitamin D receptor-alkylating analog of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in prostate cancer cells. Clinical Cancer Research 10 8018-8027.
97. Tanaka M, Kishi Y, Takanezawa Y, Kakehi Y, Aoki J & Arai H 2004 Prostatic acid phosphatase degrades lysophosphatidic acid in seminal plasma. FEBS Letters 571 197-204.
98. Tessier S, Chapdelaine A & Chevalier S 1989 Effect of vanadate on protein phosphorylation and on acid phosphatase activity in the canine prostate. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 64 87-94.
99. Unni E, Sun S, Nan B, McPhaul MJ, Cheskis B, Mancini MA & Marcelli M 2004 Changes in androgen receptor nongenotropic signaling correlate with transition of LNCaP cells to androgen independence. Cancer Research 64 7156-7168.
100. Valencia AM, Oliva JL, Bodega G, Chiloeches A, Lopez-Ruiz P, Prieto JC, Susini C & Colas B 1997 Identification of a protein-tyrosine phosphatase (SHP1) different from that associated with acid phosphatase in rat prostate. FEBS Letters 406 42-48.
101. van der Kwast TH, Schalken J, Ruizeveld de Winter JA, van Vroonhoven CC, Mulder E, Boersma W & Trapman J 1991 Androgen receptors in endocrine-therapy-resistant human prostate cancer. International Journal of Cancer 48 189-193.
102. Van Etten RL 1982 Human prostatic acid phosphatase: a histidine phosphatase. Annals of The New York Academy of Sciences 390 27-51.
103. Van Etten RL, Davidson R, Stevis PE, MacArthur H & Moore DL 1991 Covalent structure, disulfide bonding, and identification of reactive surface and active site residues of human prostatic acid phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 2313-2319.
104. Shc protein correlates with proliferation of human prostate cancer cells. Oncogene (In Press).
105. Vihko P 1979 Human prostatic acid phosphatases: purification of a minor enzyme and comparisons of the enzymes. Investigative Urology 16 349-352.
106. Vihko P, Kostama A, Janne O, Sajanti E & Vihko R 1980 Rapid radioimmunoassay for prostate-specific acid phosphatase in human serum. Clinical Chemistry 26 1544-1547.
107. Vihko P, Lukkarinen O, Kontturi M & Vihko R 1981 Effectiveness of radioimmunoassay of human prostate-specific acid phosphatase in the diagnosis and follow-up of therapy in prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Research 41 1180-1183.
108. Vihko P, Virkkunen P, Henttu P, Roiko K, Solin T & Huhtala ML 1988 Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding human prostatic acid phosphatase. FEBS Letters 236 275-281.
109. Vihko P, Kurkela R, Porvari K, Herrala A, Lindfors A, Lindqvist Y & Schneider G 1993 Rat acid phosphatase: overexpression of active, secreted enzyme by recombinant baculovirus infected insect cells, molecular properties, and crystallization. PNAS 90 799-803.
110. Vihko PT, Quintero I, Ronka AE, Herrala A, Jantti P, Porvari K, Lindqvist Y, Kaija H, Pulkka A, Vuoristo J et al. 2005 Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) is PI(3)P-phosphatase and its inactivation leads to change of cell polarity and invasive prostate cancer. Proceedings of the AACR, 96th Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, USA. Abstract 5239.
111. Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP & Chu TM 1979 Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Investigative Urology 17 159-163.
112. Wang MC, Papsidero LD, Kuriyama M, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP & Chu TM 1981 Prostate antigen: a new potential marker for prostatic cancer. Prostate 2 89-96.
113. Wasylewska E, Czubak J & Ostrowski WS 1983 Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity of human prostate acid phosphatase. Acta Biochimica Polonica 30 175-184.
114. Wasylewska LE, Wasylewski M & Rohm KH 2003 Concentration-dependent dissociation/association of human prostatic acid phosphatase. Journal of Protein Chemistry 22 243-247.
115. Wen Y, Hu MC, Makino K, Spohn B, Bartholomeusz G, Yan DH & Hung MC 2000 HER-2/neu promotes androgen-independent survival and growth of prostate cancer cells through the Akt pathway. Cancer Research 60 6841-6845.
116. Wishart MJ, Denu JM, Williams JA & Dixon JE 1995 A single mutation converts a novel phosphotyrosine binding domain into a dual-specificity phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 26782-26785.
117. Yam LT 1974 Clinical significance of the human acid phosphatases: a review. American Journal of Medicine 56 604-616.
118. Yeh S, Lin HK, Kang HY, Thin TH, Lin MF & Chang C 1999 From HER2/Neu signal cascade to androgen receptor and its coactivators: a novel pathway by induction of androgen target genes through MAP kinase in prostate cancer cells. PNAS 96 5458-5463.
119. Zegarra-Moro OL, Schmidt LJ, Huang H & Tindall DJ 2002 Disruption of androgen receptor function inhibits proliferation of androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells. Cancer Research 62 1008-1013.
120. Zelivianski S, Comeau D & Lin MF 1998 Cloning and analysis of the promoter activity of the human prostatic acid phosphatase gene. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 245 108-112.
121. Zelivianski S, Igawa T, Lim S, Taylor R & Lin MF 2002 Identification and characterization of regulatory elements of the human prostatic acid phosphatase promoter. Oncogene 21 3696-3705.
122. Zelivianski S, Glowacki R & Lin MF 2004 Transcriptional activation of the human prostatic acid phosphatase gene by NF-kappaB via a novel hexanucleotide-binding site. Nucleic Acids Research 32 3566-3580.
123. Zhang XQ, Lee MS, Zelivianski S & Lin MF 2001 Characterization of a prostate-specific tyrosine phosphatase by mutagenesis and expression in human prostate cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 2544-2550.
124. Zhang Z, Harms E & Van Etten RL 1994 Asp 129 of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase is involved in leaving group protonation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 25947-25950.