Explaining age and gender effects on attitudes toward sexist language

Journal of Language and Social Psychology

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 401-411

  Parks, Janet B ^a   Roberton, Mary Ann ^a  

^a BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attitudes toward women; Empathic concern; Neosexism; Perspective taking; Sexist language

Indexed keywords

EID: 29144448832     PISSN: 0261927X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0261927X05281427     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Alterman, A. I., McDermott, P. A., Cacciola, J. S., & Rutherford, M. J. (2003). Latent structure of the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index in methadone maintenance patients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25, 257-265.
2. American Heritage Book of English Usage: A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English. (1996). Sexist language and assumptions. Retrieved September 29, 2005, from http://www.bartleby.com/64/5.html
3. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4. Briere, J., & Lanktree, C. (1983). Sex-role related effects of sex bias in language. Sex Roles, 9, 625-632.
5. Campbell, B., Schellenberg, E. G., & Senn, C. Y. (1997). Evaluating measures of contemporary sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 89-102.
6. Carter, A. (1980). The language of the sisterhood. In L. Michaels & C. Ricks (Eds.), The state of the language (pp. 226-234). Berkeley: University of California Press.
7. Cliffordson, C. (2002). The hierarchical structure of empathy: Dimensional organization and relations to social functioning. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 49-59.
8. Constantine, M. G., & Gainor, K. A. (2001). Emotional intelligence and empathy: Their relation to multicultural counseling knowledge and awareness. Professional School Counseling, 5, 131-137.
9. Davis, M. H. (1979). Individual differences in empathy: A multidimensional approach. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
10. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multi-dimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
11. Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview.
12. Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. L. (1991). Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 70-87.
13. Davis, M. H., & Oathout, H. A. (1987). Maintenance of satisfaction in romantic relationships: Empathy and relational competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 397-410.
14. Dayhoff, S. A. (1983). Sexist language and person perception: Evaluation of candidates from newspaper articles. Sex Roles, 9, 527-539.
15. Graglia, F. C. (1998). Domestic tranquility: A brief against feminism. Dallas, TX: Spence Publishing.
16. Hamilton, M. C. (1991). Masculine bias in the attribution of personhood. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 393-402.
17. Hyde, J. S. (1984). Children's understanding of sexist language. Developmental Psychology, 20, 697-706.
18. Kingston, A. J., & Loveless, T. L. (1977). Guidelines for authors: Anew form of censorship? Journal of Reading Behavior, 9, 89-93.
19. Kleinman, S. (2002). Why sexist language matters. Qualitative Sociology, 25, 299-304.
20. Loudin, J. L., Loukas, A., & Robinson, S. (2003). Relational aggression in college students: Examining the roles of social anxiety and empathy. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 430-439.
21. Matheson, K., & Kristiansen, C. M. (1987). The effect of sexist attitudes and social structure on the use of sex-biased pronouns. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 395-398.
22. McConnell, A. R., & Fazio, R. H. (1996). Women as men and people: Effects of gender-marked language. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1004-1013.
23. McMinn, M. R., Lindsay, S. F., Hannum, L. E., & Troyer, P. K. (1990). Does sexist language reflect personal characteristics? Sex Roles, 23, 389-396.
24. McMinn, M. R., Troyer, P. K., Hannum, L. E., & Foster, J. D. (1991). Teaching nonsexist language to college students. Journal of Experimental Education, 59, 153-161.
25. Merritt, R. D., & Kok, C. J. (1995). Attribution of gender to a gender-unspecified individual: An evaluation of the people = male hypothesis. Sex Roles, 33, 145-157.
26. Miller, C., & Swift, K. (1988). The handbook of nonsexist writing (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
27. Ng, S. H. (1990). Androcentric coding of man and his in memory by language users. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 455-464.
28. Parks, J. B., & Roberton, M. A. (1998a). Contemporary arguments against nonsexist language: Blaubergs (1980) revisited. Sex Roles, 39, 445-461.
29. Parks, J. B., & Roberton, M. A. (1998b). Influence of age, gender, and context on attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language: Is sport a special case? Sex Roles, 38, 477-494.
30. Parks, J. B., & Roberton, M. A. (2000). Development and validation of an instrument to measure attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language. Sex Roles, 42, 415-438.
31. Parks, J. B., & Roberton, M. A. (2001). Erratum: Inventory of Attitudes Toward Sexist/ Nonsexist Language-General (IASNL-G): A correction in scoring procedures. Sex Roles, 44, 253.
32. Parks, J. B., & Roberton, M. A. (2002). The gender gap in student attitudes toward sexist/ nonsexist language: Implications for sport management education. Journal of Sport Management, 16, 190-208.
33. Parks, J. B., & Roberton, M. A. (2004). Attitudes toward women mediate the gender effect on attitudes toward sexist language. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 233-239.
34. Perez-Albeniz, A., & de Paul, J. (2003). Dispositional empathy in high- and low-risk parents for child physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 769-780.
35. Peterson, E. E. (1994). Nonsexist language reform and "political correctness" [electronic version]. Women and Language, 17, 6-10.
36. Preacher, K. J., & Leonardelli, G. J. (2004). Calculation for the Sobel test: An interactive calculation tool for mediation tests. Retrieved September 29, 2005, from http:// www.une.edu/~preacher/sobel/sobel.htm
37. Pulos, S., Elison, J., & Lennon, R. (2004). The hierarchical structure of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Social Behavior and Personality, 32, 355-360.
38. Ravitch, D. (2004). The language police: How pressure groups restrict what students learn. New York: Vintage.
39. Rubin, D. L., & Greene, K. L. (1991). Effects of biological and psychological gender, age cohort, and interviewer gender on attitudes toward gender-inclusive/exclusive language. Sex Roles, 24, 391-412.
40. Schau, C. G., & Scott, K. P. (1984). Impact of gender characteristics of instructional materials: An integration of the research literature. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 183-193.
41. Shaw, S., & Hoeber, L. (2003). "A strong man is direct and a direct woman is a bitch": Gendered discourses and their influence on employment roles in sport organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 17, 347-375.
42. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models [electronic version]. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312.
43. Spender, D. (1990). Man made language (2nd ed.). London: Pandora.
44. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
45. Tougas, F., Brown, R., Beaton, A. M., & Joly, S. (1995). Neosexism: Plus ça change, plus c'est pareil. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 842-849.
46. Unger, L. S., & Thumuluri, L. K. (1997). Trait empathy and continuous helping: The case of voluntarism. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 785-800.