Affirmative reaction: The influence of type of justification on nonbeneficiary attitudes toward affirmative action plans in higher education

Journal of Social Issues

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 547-568

  Knight, Jennifer L ^a,b   Hebl, Michelle R ^a  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OMNI Research and Training

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION POLICY; HIGHER EDUCATION; IDEOLOGY;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 29144447858     PISSN: 00224537     EISSN: 15404560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00420.x     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Ajzen, I.,&Fishbein,M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2. Arredondo, P. (1996). Successful diversity management initiatives: A blueprint for planning and implementation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
3. Barnes-Nacoste, R. (1990). Sources of stigma: Analyzing the psychology of affirmative action. Law & Policy, 12, 175-195.
4. Barnes-Nacoste, R. (1994). If empowerment is the goal...: Affirmative action and social interaction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 87-112.
5. Bell, M. P. (1996). Attitudes toward affirmative action: Tests of a comprehensive framework. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
6. Bell, M. P., Harrison, D. A., & McLaughlin, M. E. (2000). Forming, changing, and acting on attitude toward affirmative action programs in employment: A theory-driven approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 784-798.
7. Belliveau, M. A. (1996). Understanding employee reactions to affirmative action implementation: Identity versus interest effects on procedural fairness judgments. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley). Dissertation Abstracts International, 57, 2194.
8. Bobo, L., & Kluegel, J. R. (1993). Opposition to race-targeting: Self-interest, stratification, or racial attitudes? American Sociological Review, 58, 443-464.
9. Bobocel, D. R., & Farrell, A. (1996). Sex-based promotion decisions and interactional fairness: Investigating the influence of managerial accounts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 22-35.
10. Bowen, W. G., & Bok, D. (1998). The shape of the river: The long-term consequences of considering race in college and university admissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. Cialdini, R., & Rhodes, K. (1997). Influence at work: The psychology of persuasion [On-line]. (http://www.workingpsychology.com/whatfram.html).
12. Clayton, S. D., & Tangri, S. S. (1989). The justice of affirmative action. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.
13. Combs, M. W. (1986). Affirmative action: Theory, analysis, and prospects. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
14. Cox, T., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Executive, 5, 45-56.
15. De Vries, S., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1994). A comparative perspective on affirmative action: Positieve Aktie in the Netherlands. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 179-199.
16. Doverspike, D., Taylor, M. A., Arthur, W. (2000). Affirmative action: A psychological perspective. Huntington, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
17. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Affirmative action, unintentional racial biases, and intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 51-75.
18. Dovidio, J. F., Mann, J., & Gaertner, S. L. (1989). Resistance to affirmative action: The implications of aversive racism. In F. A. Blanchard & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.
19. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735-754.
20. Eberhardt, J. L., & Fiske, S. T. (1994). Affirmative action in theory and practice: Issues of power, ambiguity, and gender versus race. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 201-220.
21. Fernandez, J. P. (1993). The diversity advantage: How American business can out-perform Japanese and European companies in the global marketplace. New York: Lexington Books.
22. Fine, T. S. (1992). The impact of issue framing on public opinion: Toward affirmative action programs. Social Science Journal, 29, 323-334.
23. Fletcher, J. F., & Chalmers, M. C. (1991). Attitudes of Canadians toward affirmative action: Opposition, value pluralism, and nonattitudes. Political Behavior, 13, 67-95.
24. Goldstein, W. M., & Weber, E. U. (1997). Content and discontent: Indications and implications of domain specificity in preferential decision making. In W. M. Goldstein & R. M. Hogarth (Eds.), Research on judgment and decision making. New York: Cambridge University Press.
25. Griggs, L. B., & Louw, L. L. (1995). Valuing diversity: New tools for a new reality. New York: McGraw-Hill.
26. Gurin, P. (1999). The compelling need for diversity in higher education, expert report for University of Michigan pending lawsuit Gratz & Harnacher v. Bollinger et al. [On-line]. (http://www.umich.edu/~urel/admissions/legal/ expert/summ.html).
27. Guttman, A. (1993). EEO law and personnel practices. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
28. Hegtvedt, K. A., & Cook, K. S. (2001). Distributive justice: Recent theoretical developments and applications. In J. Sanders & V. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of justice research in law (pp. 93-132). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
29. Heilman, M. E., & Blader, S. L. (2001). Assuming preferential selection when the admissions policy is unknown: The effects of gender rarity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 188-193.
30. Heilman, M. E., McCullough, W. F., & Gilbert, D. (1996). The other side of affirmative action : Reactions of nonbeneficiaries to sex-based preferential selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 346-357.
31. Herriot, P., & Pemberton, C. (1995). Competitive advantage through diversity. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
32. Hobbes, T. (1960). Leviathian. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (Original work published 1651).
33. Johnston, W. B., & Packer, A. E. (1987). Workforce 2000: Work and workers for the twenty-first century. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
34. Jones, J. M. (1994). Our similarities are different: Toward a psychology of affirmative diversity. In E. J. Trickett, R. J. Watts, & J. Roderick (Eds.), Human diversity: Perspectives on people in context. The Jossey-Bass social and behavioral science series. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.
35. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 4, 362-377.
36. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choice, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341-350.
37. Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1983). Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on Whites' views. Social Forces, 61, 797-824.
38. Kravitz, D. A. (1995). Attitudes toward affirmative action plans directed at Blacks: Effects of plan and individual differences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 2191-2220.
39. Kravitz, D. A., Harrison, D. A., Turner, M. E., Levine, E. L., Chaves, W., Brannick, M. T., Denning, D. L., Russell, C. J., & Conard, M. A. (1997). Affirmative action: Review of psychological and behavioral research. Bowling Green, OH: Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
40. Kravitz, D. A., & Klineberg, S. L. (2000). Reactions to two versions of affirmative action among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 597-611.
41. Kravitz, D. A., Klineberg, S. L., Avery, D. R., Nguyen, A. K., Lund, C., & Fu, E. J. (2000). Attitudes toward affirmative action: Correlations with demographic variables and with beliefs about targets, actions, and economic effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1109-1136.
42. Kravitz, D. A., & Platania, J. (1992, May). Attitudes and beliefs about rare-based affirmative action. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Montreal, Canada.
43. Kravitz, D. A., & Platania, J. (1993). Attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action: Effects of target and of respondent sex and ethnicity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 928-938.
44. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
45. Machiavelli, N. (1999). The prince (G. Bull, Trans.). New York: Penguin. (Original work published 1513).
46. Mandeville, B. (1988). An enquiry into the origin of moral virtue: The fable of the bees. (F.B. Kaye, Trans.). New York: Liberty Fund. (Original work published 1714).
47. Marino, K. E. (1980). A preliminary investigation into behavioral dimensions of affirmative action compliance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 346-350.
48. Matheson, K., Echenberg, A., Taylor, D. M., Rivers, D., & Chow, I. (1994). Women's attitudes toward affirmative action: Putting actions in context. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 2075-2096.
49. Meyerowitz, B. E., & Chaiken, S. (1987). The effect of message framing on breast self-exam attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 500-510.
50. Milem, J. F. (2002). The educational benefits of diversity : Evidence from multiple sectors. American Educational Research Association. [On-line], (http://www.stanford.edu/~hakuta/racialdynamics/Chapter5.pdf).
51. Murrell, A. J., Dietz-Uhler, B. L., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Drout, C. (1994). Aversive racism and resistance to affirmative action: Perceptions of justice are not necessarily color blind. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 71-86.
52. Nacoste, R. W. (1985). Selection procedure and responses to affirmative action: The case of favorable treatment. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 225-242.
53. Nacoste, R. W. (1987a). Social psychology and affirmative action: The importance of process in policy analysis. Journal of Social Issues, 43, 127-132.
54. Nacoste, R. W. (1987b). But do they care about fairness? The dynamics of preferential treatment and minority interest. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 177-191.
55. Niemann, Y. F., & Dovidio, J. F. (1998). Tenure, race/ethnicity and attitudes toward affirmative action: A matter of self-interest? Sociological Perspectives, 41, 783-796.
56. Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC): A computerized text analysis program. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Publishers.
57. Perloff, R., & Bryant, R B. (2000). Identifying and measuring diversity's payoffs: Light at the end of the affirmative action tunnel. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 101-111.
58. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
59. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Spring-Verlag.
60. Pratkanis, A. R., & Aaronson, E. (2000). Age of propaganda: The everyday use and abuse of persuasion. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
61. Shafir, E., Simonson, I., & Tversky, A. (1997). Reason-based choice. In W. M. Goldstein & R. M. Hogarth (Eds.), Research on judgment and decision making. New York: Cambridge University Press.
62. Smith, A. (1776). The wealth of nations. Bibliomania [On-line], (http://www.bibliomania.com/2/l/65/112/frameset.html).
63. Spears, H. (1996). Preferential treatment, self-interest, and resource allocation: Effects of equity and equality norms of justice and instructions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Princeton University.
64. Taylor-Carter, M. A., Doverspike, D., & Alexander, R. (1995). Message effects on the perceptions of the fairness of gender-based affirmative action: A cognitive response theory-based analysis. Social Justice Research, 8, 285-303.
65. Thomas, R. R. (1990, March/April). From affirmative action to affirming diversity. Harvard Business Review, 90, 107-117.
66. Thucydides. (1972). History of the Peloponnesian War (R. Warner, Trans.). New York: Penguin. (Original work published 431 B.C.).
67. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453-458.
68. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational choice and the framing of decisions. Journal of Business, 59, 251-278.
69. Tyler, T. R., & Bies, R. J. (1990). Beyond formal procedures: The interpersonal context of procedural justice. In J. Carroll (Ed.), Advances in applied social psychology: Business settings. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
70. Tyler, T. R., & Dawes, R. M. (1993). Fairness in groups: Comparing the self-interest and social identity perspectives. In B. A. Mellers & J. Baron (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on justice: Theory and applications (pp. 87-108). London: Cambridge University Press.
71. "Utilitarianism." (2003). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia [On-line], (http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=406968)
72. Will, G. F. (1983). Statecraft as soulcraft: What government does. New York: Simon and Schuster.