Experiential avoidance and forgiveness as mediators in the relation between traumatic interpersonal events and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 1003-1029

  Orcutt, Holly K ^a   Pickett, Scott M ^a   Brooke Pope, E ^a  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 29144442036     PISSN: 07367236     EISSN: 07367236     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2005.24.7.1003     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Ahadi, S. & Diener, E. (1989). Multiple determinants and effect size. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 398-406.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (rev. 4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 user's guide. Chicago: Smallwaters.
4. Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D.A. & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32.
5. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
6. Blanchard, E.B., Hickling,EJ., Barton, K.A., Taylor, A.E., Loos, W.R. & Jones-Alexander, J. (1996). One-year prospective follow-up of motor vehicle accident victims. Behaviour Therapy and Research, 34(10), 775-786.
7. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766.
8. Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670-686.
9. Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 759-771.
10. Brown, R. P. (2004). Vengeance is mine: Narcissism, vengeance, and the tendency to forgive. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 585-592.
11. Brown, R. B., & Philips, A. (2004). Letting bygones be bygones: Further evidence for the Tendency To Forgive Scale. Manuscript under review.
12. Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A, G. (1995). Avoidant coping style and posttraumatic stress following motor vehicle accidents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 326-336.
13. Cloitre, M., Scarvalone, P., & Difede, J. (1997). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, self- and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually retraumatized women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 437-452.
14. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
15. DeShea, L. (2003). A scenario-based scale of willingness to forgive. Individual Differences Research, 1, 201-217.
16. Ehlers, A., & Clark, D.M. (2000). A cognitive model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345.
17. Ehlers, A., Mayou, R.A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(3), 508-519.
18. Enright, R.D. (2001). Forgiveness is a choice: A step-by-step process for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
19. Enright, R.D., & Fitzgibbons, R.P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide to resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Exline, J. J., Worthington, E. L., Hill, P., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Forgiveness and justice: A research agenda for social and personality psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 337-348
21. Fincham, F.D. (2000). The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving. Personal Relationships, 7, 1-23.
22. Foa, E.B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 155-176.
23. Freedman, S. R., & Enright, R. D. (1996). Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 983-992.
24. Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2003). Evidence for bivariate systems: An empirical test of appetition and aversion across domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 349-372.
25. Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D., & Wilson, K.G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: The Guilford Press.
26. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D. et al., (2004). The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) as a measure of experiential avoidance. Manuscript submitted for publication.
27. Hayes, S.C., Wilson, K.G., Gifford, E.V., Follette, V.M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168.
28. Jacobsen, P. B, Sadler, I. J., Booth-Jones, M., Soety, E., Weitzner, M.A., & Fields, K. K. (2002). Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptomatology following bone marrow transplantation for cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 235-240.
29. Jeffress, R. (2000). When forgiveness doesn't make sense. Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbrook.
30. Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A.O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L.G., Fletcher, K., Pbert, L., Linderking, W., & Santorelli, S. F. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 936-943.
31. Kearns, J. N., & Fincham, F. D. (2004). A prototype analysis of forgiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
32. Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048-1060.
33. Koren, D., Aron, I., & Klein, E. (1999). Acute stress response and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in traffic accident victims: A one-year prospective, follow-up study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(3), 367-373.
34. Kubany, E. S., Haynes, S. N., Leisen, M. B., Owens, J. A., Kaplan, A. S., Watson, S. B., & Burns, K. (2000). Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The traumatic life events questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 12, 210-224.
35. Kubany, E.S., Leisen, M.B., Kaplan, A.S., & Kelly, M.P. (2000). Validation of a brief measure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Distressing Event Questionnaire (DEQ). Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 197-209.
36. Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Billington, E., Jobe, R., Edmondson, K., & Jones, W. H. (2003). A change of heart: Cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to interpersonal conflict. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26, 373-393.
37. Linehan, M.M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press.
38. Luskin, F. (2002). Forgive for good: A proven prescription for health and happiness. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
39. MacKinnon, D.P., Warsi, G., & Dwyer, J.H. (1995). A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30, 41-62.
40. McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376-390.
41. McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J. A. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540-557.
42. McCullough, M. E., Hoyt, W. T., & Rachal, K. C. (2000). What we know (and need to know) about assessing forgiveness constructs. In M. E. McCullough & K. I. Pargament (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 65-88). New York: The Guilford Press.
43. McCullough, M.E., Pargament, K.I., & Thoresen, C.E. (Eds.). (2000). Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. New York: The Guilford Press.
44. McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586-1603.
45. McCullough, M. E., & Witvliet, C. V. O., (2002). The psychology of forgiveness. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 446-458). London: Oxford University Press.
46. Ozer, E.J., Best, S.R., Lipsey, T.L. & Weiss, D.S. (2003). Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 52-73.
47. Purdon, C. (1999). Thought suppression and psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 1029-1054.
48. Schwarzer, R., & Schwarzer, C. (1996). A critical survey of coping instruments. In M. Zeidner & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications (pp. 107-132). New York: Wiley.
49. Shalev, A.Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S.P. & Pitman, R.K. (1998). Prospective study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(5), 630-637.
50. Sharkansky, E. J, King, D.W., King, L.A., Wolfe, J., Erickson, D. J., & Stokes, L. R. (2000) Coping with Gulf War combat stress: Mediating and moderating effects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(2), 188-197.
51. Steil, R., & Ehlers, A. (2000). Dsyfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 537-558.
52. Teasdale, J.D., Segal, Z.V., Williams, J.M.G., Ridgeway, V.A., Soulsby, J.M., & Lau, M.A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in Major Depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615-623.
53. Touissant, L.L., Williams, D.R., Musick, M.A., & Everson, S.A. (2001) Forgiveness and health: Age differences in a U.S. population sample. Journal of Adult Development, 8(4), 249-257.
54. Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E. L. (2003). Overcoming interpersonal offenses: Is forgiveness the only way to deal with unforgiveness? Journal of Counseling & Development, 81, 343-353.
55. Wegner, D.M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615-640.
56. Witvliet, C. V. O. (2001). Forgiveness and health: Review and reflections on a matter of faith, feelings, and physiology. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29, 212-224.
57. Witvliet, C.V., Ludwig, T.E., & Vander Laan, K.L. (2001). Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. Psychological Science, 22(2), 117-123.
58. Witvliet, C. V. O., Phipps, K. A., Feldman, M. E., & Beckham, J. C. (2004). Posttraumatic mental and physical health correlates of forgiveness and religious coping in military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 269-273.
59. Worthington, E. L. (2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving. New York: Crown Publishers.
60. Worthington, E. L., Berry, J., & Parrott, L. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante & A. C. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives (pp. 107-138). New York: The Guilford Press.
61. Worthington, E. L., & Wade, N. G. (1999). The psychology of unforgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 385-418.