The assessment of the energetic compound 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10,12-Hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) degradability in soil

Environmental Pollution

Volumn 139, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 353-361

  Strigul, Nikolay ^a,c   Braida, Washington ^a   Christodoulatos, Christos ^a   Balas, Wendy ^b   Nicolich, Steven ^b  

^a Stevens Institute of Technology   (United States)

^b US Army ARDEC   (United States)

^c PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation; CL 20; Plant uptake; Soil

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADATION; DETONATION; ECOLOGY; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; STARCH;

AEROBIC AND ANEROBIC BIODEGRADATION; CL-20; PLANT UPTAKE;

EXPLOSIVES;

2,4,6,8,10,12 HEXANITRO 2,4,6,8,10,12 HEXAAZAISOWURTZITANE; CELLULOSE; EXPLOSIVE; ORGANIC COMPOUND; STARCH; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOLOGICAL UPTAKE; DEGRADATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; SOIL POLLUTION;

ACCELERATION; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DARKNESS; FOOD CHAIN; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; NONHUMAN; PLANT; SOIL MICROFLORA; SOIL POLLUTION; SOIL QUALITY; SOLUBILITY; SPILLAGE; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT;

AEROBIOSIS; ANAEROBIOSIS; BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; BRIDGED COMPOUNDS; ECOSYSTEM; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; NITRO COMPOUNDS; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY; SOIL MICROBIOLOGY; SOIL POLLUTANTS; TIME FACTORS;

BIODEGRADATION; ECOLOGY; EXPLOSIVES; IGNITION; STARCH;

EID: 28844460568     PISSN: 02697491     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.002     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. V.K. Balakrishnan, A. Halasz, and J. Hawari Alkaline hydrolysis of the cyclic nitramine explosives RDX, HIVIX, and CL-20: New insights into degradation pathways obtained by the observation of novel intermediates Environmental Science & Technology 37 9 2003 1838 1843
2. V.K. Balakrishnan, F. Monteil-Rivera, M.A. Gautier, and J. Hawari Sorption and stability of the polycyclic nitramine explosive CL-20 in soil Journal of Environmental Quality 33 4 2004 1362 1368
3. B. Bhushan, L. Paquet, J.C. Spain, and J. Hawari Biotransformation of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) by denitrifying Pseudomonas sp. strain FA1 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 9 2003 5216 5221
4. B. Bhushan, A. Halasz, S. Thiboutot, G. Ampleman, and J. Hawari Chemotaxis-mediated biodegradation of cyclic nitramine explosives RDX9 HMX, and CL-20 by Clostridium sp. EDB2 Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 316 3 2004 816 821
5. R. Boopathy, C.F. Kulpa, and J. Manning Anaerobic biodegradation of explosives and related compounds by sulfate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria: a review Bioresource Technology 63 1 1998 81 89
6. M. Geetha, U.R. Nair, D.B. Sarwade, G.M. Gore, S.N. Asthana, and H. Singh Studies on CL-20: the most powerful high energy material Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 73 3 2003 913 922
7. P. Gong, G.I. Sunahara, S. Rocheleau, S.G. Dodard, P.Y. Robidoux, and J. Hawari Preliminary ecotoxicological characterization of a new energetic substance, CL-20 Chemosphere 56 7 2004 653 658
8. T. Gorontzy, O. Drzyzga, M.W. Kahl, D. Bruns-Nagel, J. Breitung, E. von Loew, and K.H. Blotevogel Microbial degradation of explosives and related compounds Critical Reviews in Microbiology 20 4 1994 265 284
9. J. Hawari, S. Beaudet, A. Halasz, S. Thiboutot, and G. Ampleman Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 54 5 2000 605 618
10. P. Karakaya, M. Sidhoum, C. Christodoulatos, S. Nicolich, and W. Balas Aqueous solubility and alkaline hydrolysis of the novel high explosive hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) Journal of Hazardous Materials B120 2005 183 191
11. Kuperman, R.G., Checkai, R.T., Simini, M., Philips, C.T., Anthony, J.S., Kurnas, C.W., Kolakowski, J.E., 2003. Toxicity of a new polynitramine energetic material CL-20 to Enchytraeus crypticus in amendment natural soil. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, 9-13 November, Austin, TX, p. 192.
12. S.L. Larson, D.R. Felt, J.L. Davis, and L. Escalon Analysis of CL-20 in environmental matrices. Water and soil Journal of Chromatographic Science 40 4 2002 201 206
13. F. Monteil-Rivera, L. Paquet, S. Deschamps, V.K. Balakrishnan, C. Beaulieu, and J. Hawari Physico-chemical measurements of CL-20 for environmental applications: Comparison with RDX and HMX Journal of Chromatography 1025 1 2004 125 132
14. P.Y. Robidoux, G.I. Sunahara, K. Savard, Y. Berthelot, S. Dodard, M. Martel, P. Gong, and J. Hawari Acute and chronic toxicity of the new explosive CL-20 to the earthworm (Eisenia andrei) exposed to amended natural soils Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23 4 2004 1026 1034
15. Simini, M., Checkai, R.T., Kuperman, R.G., Philips, C.T., Kolakowski, J.E., Kurnas, C.W., Anthony, J.S., 2003. Toxicity of the new energetic material CL-20 to earthworms and plants in a natural soil. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24th Annual Meeting in North America, 9-13 November, Austin, TX, p. 191.
16. R.L. Simpson, P.A. Urtiew, D.L. Ornellas, G.L. Moody, K.F.J. Scribner, and D.M. Hoffman CL-20 performance exceeds that of HMX and its sensitivity is moderate Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics 22 5 1997 249 255
17. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, twentieth ed., 2000.
18. N.S. Strigul, C. Christodoulatos, S.M. Nicolich, and N.S. Panikov The Assessment of Toxicity and Biodegradability Of New Energetic Ingredient Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) In Soil. Abstracts 18th Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soil Sediments and Water, October 21-24 2002 University of Massachusetts Amherst p. 146
19. Strigul, N.S., Christodoulatos, C., Nicolich, S.M., Braida, W., 2003. Biodegradation of a New Energetic Compound CL-20 in Soil under the Different Incubation Conditions. 103rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. May 18-22.
20. J.E. Szecsody, D.C. Girvin, B.J. Devary, and J.A. Campbell Sorption and oxic degradation of the explosive CL-20 during transport in subsurface sediments Chemosphere 56 6 2004 593 610
21. S. Trott, S.F. Nishino, J. Hawari, and J.C. Spain Biodegradation of the nitramine explosive CL-20 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 3 2003 1871 1874
22. E. Vonholtz, D. Ornellas, M.F. Foltz, and J.E. Clarkson The solubility of epsilon-Cl-20 in selected materials Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics 19 4 1994 206 212