δ-Protocadherins: Unique structures and functions

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 62, Issue 23, 2005, Pages 2840-2852

  Redies, C ^a   Vanhalst, K ^b,c   Van Roy, F ^b  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^c EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Alternative splicing; Cell adhesion; Expression pattern; Gene structure; Intracellular signalling; Phylogenetic analysis; Protocadherins

Indexed keywords

CADHERIN; FRIZZLED PROTEIN; PHOSPHATASE;

CELL ADHESION; CELL SELECTION; CHROMOSOME; CYTOPLASM; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; GENE STRUCTURE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENY; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; XENOPUS;

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING; AMINO ACID MOTIFS; ANIMALS; CADHERINS; CELL ADHESION; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 28844435382     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: 15691632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-5320-z     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Nollet F., Kools P. and van Roy F. (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of the cadherin superfamily allows identification of six major subfamilies besides several solitary members. J. Mol. Biol. 299: 551-572
2. Hirano S., Suzuki S. T. and Redies C. (2003) The cadherin superfamily in neural development: diversity, function and interaction with other molecules. Front. Biosci. 8: d306-356
3. Frank M. and Kemler R. (2002) Protocadherins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14: 557-562.
4. Vanhalst K., Kools P., Staes K., van Roy F. and Redies C. (2005) δ-Protocadherins: a gene family expressed differentially in the mouse brain. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62: 1247-1259
5. Wolverton T. and Lalande M. (2001) Identification and characterization of three members of a novel subclass of protocadherins. Genomics 76: 66-72
6. Vanhalst K., Kools P., Vanden Eynde E. and van Roy F. (2001) The human and murine protocadherin-β one-exon gene families show high evolutionary conservation, despite the difference in gene number. FEBS Lett. 495: 120-125
7. Thompson J. D., Gibson T. J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F. and Higgins D. G. (1997) The clustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence. Nucl. Acids Res. 24: 4876-4882
8. Page R. D. M. (1996) Treeview: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computer Applic. Biosc. 12: 357-358
9. Wu Q. and Maniatis T. (1999) A striking organization of a large family of human neural cadherin-like cell adhesion genes. Cell 97: 779-790
10. Nakajima D., Nakayama M., Kikuno R., Hirosawa M., Nagase T. and Ohara O. (2001) Identification of three novel non-classical cadherin genes through comprehensive analysis of large cDNAs. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 94: 85-95
11. Hong J. C., Ivanov N. V., Hodor P., Xia M., Wei N., Blevins R. et al. (2004) Identification of new human cadherin genes using a combination of protein motif search and gene finding methods. J. Mol. Biol. 337: 307-317
12. Yoshida K. and Sugano S. (1999) Identification of a novel protocadherin gene (PCDH11) on the human XY homology region in Xq21.3. Genomics 62: 540-543
13. Blanco P., Sargent C. A., Boucher C. A., Mitchell M. and Affara N. A. (2000) Conservation of PCDHX in mammals; expression of human X/Y genes predominantly in brain. Mamm. Genome 11: 906-914
14. Sugino H., Hamada S., Yasuda R., Tuji A., Matsuda Y., Fujita M. et al. (2000) Genomic organization of the family of CNR cadherin genes in mice and humans. Genomics 63: 75-87
15. Blanco-Arias P., Sargent C. and Affara N. (2004) Protocadherin X (PCDHX) and Y (PCDHY) genes; multiple mRNA isoforms encoding variant signal peptides and cytoplasmic domains. Mamm. Genome 15: 41-52
16. Makarenkova H., Sugiura H., Yamagata K. and Owens G. (2005) Alternatively spliced variants of protocadherin 8 exhibit distinct patterns of expression during mouse development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1681: 150-156
17. Sano K., Tanihara H., Heimark R. L., Obata S., Davidson M., St. John T. et al. (1993) Protocadherins: a large family of cadherin-mediated molecules in central nervous system. EMBO J. 12: 2249-2256
18. Yoshida K. (2003) Fibroblast cell shape and adhesion in vitro is altered by overexpression of the 7a and 7b isoforms of protocadherin 7, but not the 7c isoform. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 8: 735-741
19. Yamagata K., Andreasson K. I., Sugiura H., Maru E., Dominique M., Irie Y. et al. (1999) Arcadlin is a neural activity-regulated cadherin involved in long term potentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 19473-19479
20. Hirano S., Yan Q. and Suzuki S. T. (1999) Expression of a novel protocadherin, OL-protocadherin, in a subset of functional systems of the developing mouse brain. J. Neurosci. 19: 995-1005
21. Kuroda H., Inui M., Sugimoto K., Hayata T. and Asashima M. (2002) Axial protocadherin is a mediator of prenotochord cell sorting in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 244: 267-277
22. Kim S. H., Yamamoto A., Bouwmeester T., Agius E. and Robertis E. M. (1998) The role of paraxial protocadherin in selective adhesion and cell movements of the mesoderm during Xenopus gastrulation. Development 125: 4681-4690
23. Bradley R. S., Espeseth A. and Kintner C. (1998) NF-protocadherin, a novel member of the cadherin superfamily, is required for Xenopus ectodermal differentiation. Curr. Biol. 8: 325-334
24. Egloff M. P., Johnson D. F., Moorhead G., Cohen P. T., Cohen P. and Barford D. (1997) Structural basis for the recognition of regulatory subunits by the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1. EMBO J. 16: 1876-1887
25. Yoshida K., Watanabe M., Kato H., Dutta A. and Sugano S. (1999) BH-protocadherin-c, a member of the cadherin superfamily, interacts with protein phosphatase 1 alpha through its intracellular domain. FEBS Lett. 460: 93-98
26. da Cruz e Silva E. F., Fox C. A., Ouimet C. C., Gustafson E., Watson S. J. and Greengard P. (1995) Differential expression of protein phosphatase 1 isoforms in mammalian brain. J. Neurosci. 15: 3375-3389
27. Ouimet C. C., da Cruz e Silva E. F. and Greengard P. (1995) The alpha and gamma 1 isoforms of protein phosphatase 1 are highly and specifically concentrated in dendritic spines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 3396-3400
28. Terry-Lorenzo R. T., Carmody L. C., Voltz J. W., Connor J. H., Li S., Smith F. D. et al. (2002) The neuronal actin-binding proteins, neurabin I and neurabin II. recruit specific isoforms of protein phosphatase-1 catalytic subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 27716-27724
29. Heggem M. and Bradley R. (2003) The cytoplasmic domain of Xenopus NF-protocadherin interacts with TAF1/set. Dev. Cell 4: 419-429
30. Qu D., Li Q., Lim H. Y., Cheung N. S., Li R., Wang J. H. et al. (2002) The protein SET binds the neuronal Cdk5 activator p35nck5a and modulates Cdk5/p35nck5a activity. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 7324-7332
31. Cervoni N., Detich N., Seo S. B., Chakravarti D. and Szyf M. (2002) The oncoprotein Set/TAF-1beta, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, inhibits active demethylation of DNA, integrating DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 25026-25031
32. Medina A., Swain R., Kuerner K. and Steinbeisser H. (2004) Xenopus paraxial protocadherin has signaling functions and is involved in tissue separation. EMBO J. 23: 3249-3258
33. Unterseher F., Hefele J., Giehl K., De Robertis E., Wedlich D. and Schambony A. (2004) Paraxial protocadherin coordinates cell polarity during convergent extension via Rho A and JNK. EMBO J. 23: 3259-3269
34. Formstone C. J. and Mason I. (2005) Combinatorial activity of Flamingo proteins directs convergence and extension within the early zebrafish embryo via the planar cell polarity pathway. Dev. Biol. 282: 320-335
35. Tissir F., Bar I., Jossin Y. and Goffinet A. M. (2005) Protocadherin Celsr3 is crucial in axonal tract development. Nat. Neurosci. 8: 451-457
36. Kohmura N., Senzaki K., Hamada S., Kai N., Yasuda R., Watanabe N. et al. (1998) Diversity revealed by a novel family of cadherins expressed in neurons at a synaptic complex. Neuron 20: 1137-1151
37. Jossin Y., Ignatova N., Hiesberger T., Herz J., Lambert de Rouvrait C. and Goffinet A. M. (2004) The central fragment of Reelin, generated by proteolytic processing in vivo, is critical to its function during cortical plate development. J. Neurosci. 24: 514-521
38. Bar I., Lambert de Rouvrait C. and Goffinet A. M. (2000) The evolution of cortical development. An hypothesis based on the role of the Reelin signaling pathway. Trends Neurosci. 23: 633-638
39. Senzaki K., Ogawa M. and Yagi T. (1999) Proteins of the CNR family are multiple receptors for Reelin. Cell 99: 635-647
40. Homayouni R., Rice D. S. and Curran T. (2001) Disabled-1 interacts with a novel developmentally regulated protocadherin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 289: 539-547
41. Gayet O., Labella V., Henderson C. E. and Kallenbach S. (2004) The b1 isoform of protocadherin-gamma (Pcdhgamma) interacts with the microtubule-destabilizing protein SCG10. FEBS Lett. 578: 175-179
42. Hambsch B., Grinevich V., Seeburg P. H. and Schwarz M. K. (2005) γ-Protocadherins, presenilin-mediated release of C-terminal fragment promotes locus expression. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 15888-15897
43. Haas I. G., Frank M., Veron N. and Kemler R. (2005) Presenilin-dependent processing and nuclear function of gamma-protocadherins. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 9313-9319
44. Magg T., Schreiner D., Sous G. P., Bade E. G. and Hofer H. W. (2005) Processing of the human protocadherin Fat1 and translocation of its cytoplasmic domain to the nucleus. Exp. Cell Res. 307: 100-108
45. Obata S., Sago H., Mori N., Rochelle J. M., Seldin M. F., Davidson M. et al. (1995) Protocadherin Pcdh2 shows properties similar to, but distinct from, those of classical cadherins. J. Cell Sci. 108: 3765-3773
46. Favre C. J., Mancuso M., Maas K., McLean J. W., Baluk P. and McDonald D. M. (2003) Expression of genes involved in vascular development and angiogenesis in endothelial cells of adult lung. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285: H1917-1938
47. Maxwell S. A. and Davis G. E. (2000) Biological and molecular characterization of an ECV-304-derived cell line resistant to p53-mediated apoptosis. Apoptosis 5: 277-290
48. Fletcher S. T., Baker V. A., Fentem J. H., Basketter D. A. and Kelsell D. P. (2001) Gene expression analysis of EpiDerm following exposure to SLS using cDNA microarrays. Toxicol. In Vitro 15: 393-398
49. Yoshida K., Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K., Seki N., Sasaki M. and Sugano S. (1998) Cloning, expression analysis and chromosomal localization of BH-protocadherin (PCDH7). a novel member of the cadherin superfamily. Genomics 49: 458-461
50. Zondervan P. E., Wink J., Alers J. C., Ijzermans I. N., Schalm S. W., de Man R. A. et al. (2000) Molecular cytogenetic evaluation of virus-associated and non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of 26 carcinomas and 12 concurrent dysplasias. J. Pathol. 192: 207-215
51. Zhang Z. and DuBois R. N. (2001) Detection of differentially expressed genes in human colon carcinoma cells treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Oncogene 20: 4450-4456
52. Li X., Massa P. E., Hanidu A., Peet G. W., Aro P., Savitt A. et al. (2002) IKKalpha, IKKbeta and NEMO/IKKgamma are each required for the NF-kappa B-mediated inflammatory response program. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 45129-45140
53. Yoshida K., Hida M., Watanabe M., Yamaguchi R., Tateyama S. and Sugano S. (1999) cDNA cloning and chromosomal mapping of mouse BH-protocadherin. DNA Seq. 10: 43-17
54. Redies C. (2000) Cadherins in the central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 61: 611-648
55. Strehl S., Glatt K., Liu Q. M., Glatt H. and Lalande M. (1998) Characterization of two novel protocadherins (PCDH8 and PCDH9) localized on human chromosome 13 and mouse chromosome 14. Genomics 53: 81-89
56. Mattar P., Britz O., Johannes C., Nieto M., Ma L., Rebeyka A. et al. (2004) A screen for downstream effectors of Neurogenin2 in the embryonic neocortex. Dev. Biol. 273: 373-389
57. Page D. C., Harper M. E., Love J. and Botstein D. (1984) Occurrence of a transposition from the X-chromosome long arm to the Y-chromosome short arm during human evolution. Nature 311: 119-123
58. Blanco-Arias P., Sargent C. and Affara N. (2004) A comparative analysis of the pig, mouse and human PCDHX genes. Mamm. Genome 15: 296-306
59. Lopes A. M., Calafell F. and Amorim A. (2004) Microsatellite variation and evolutionary history of PCDHX/Y gene pair within the Xq21.3/Yp11.2 hominid-specific homology block. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21: 2092-2101
60. Crow T. J. (2002) Handedness, language lateralisation and anatomical asymmetry: relevance of protocadherin XY to hominid speciation and the aetiology of psychosis. Point of view. Brit. J. Psychiat. 181: 295-297.
61. Giouzeli M., Williams N., Lonie L., DeLisi L. and Crow T. (2004) ProtocadherinX/Y, a candidate gene-pair for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a DHPLC investigation of genomic sequence. Am. J. Med. Genet. 129: 1-9
62. Ross N. L., Mavrogiannis L. A., Sargent C. A., Knight S. J., Wadekar R., DeLisi L. E. et al. (2003) Quantitation of X-Y homologous genes in patients with schizophrenia by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Psych. Genetics 13: 115-119
63. Ji J., Chen X., Leung S. Y., Chi J. T., Chu K. M., Yuen S. T. et al. (2002) Comprehensive analysis of the gene expression profiles in human gastric cancer cell lines. Oncogene 21: 6549-6556
64. Yang X., Chen M. W., Terry S., Vacherot F., Chopin D. K., Bemis D. L. et al. (2005) A human- and male-specific protocadherin that acts through the wnt signaling pathway to induce neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 65: 5263-5271
65. Yamamoto A., Amacher S. L., Kim S. H., Geissert D., Kimmel C. B. and De Robertis E. M. (1998) Zebrafish paraxial protocadherin is a downstream target of spadetail involved in morphogenesis of gastrula mesoderm. Development 125: 3389-3397
66. Yamamoto A., Kemp C., Bachiller D., Geissert D. and De Robertis E. M. (2000) Mouse paraxial protocadherin is expressed in trunk mesoderm and is not essential for mouse development. Genesis 27: 49-57
67. Lee C. H. and Gumbiner B. M. (1995) Disruption of gastrulation movements in Xenopus by a dominant-negative mutant for C-cadherin. Dev. Biol. 171: 363-373
68. Hukriede N. A., Tsang T. E., Habas R., Khoo P. L., Steiner K., Weeks D. L. et al. (2003) Conserved requirement of Lim1 function for cell movements during gastrulation. Dev. Cell 4: 83-94
69. Rhee J., Takahashi Y., Saga Y., Wilson-Rawls J. and Rawls A. (2003) The protocadherin papc is involved in the organization of the epithelium along the segmental border during mouse somitogenesis. Dev. Biol. 254: 248-261
70. Kim S. H., Jen W. C., De Robertis E. M. and Kintner C. (2000) The protocadherin PAPC establishes segmental boundaries during somitogenesis in xenopus embryos. Current Biol. 10: 821-830
71. Bray N. J., Kirov G., Owen R. J., Jacobsen N. J., Georgieva L., Williams H. J. et al. (2002) Screening the human protocadherin 8 (PCDH8) gene in schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav. 1: 187-191
72. Nagase T., Kikuno R., Ishikawa K. I., Hirosawa M. and Ohara O. (2000) Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVI. The complete sequences of 150 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 7: 65-73
73. Müller K., Hirano S., Puelles L. and Redies C. (2004) OL-protocadherin expression in the visual system of the chicken embryo. J. Comp. Neurol. 470: 240-255
74. Luckner R., Obst-Pernberg K., Hirano S., Suzuki S. T. and Redies C. (2001) Granule cell raphes in the developing mouse cerebellum. Cell Tissue Res. 303: 159-172
75. Hirano S., Yan Q. and Suzuki S. T. (1999) Expression of a novel protocadherin, OL-protocadherin, in a subset of functional systems of the developing mouse brain. J. Neurosci. 19: 995-1005
76. Nakao S., Uemura M., Aoki E., Suzuki S. T., Takeichi M. and Hirano S. (2005) Distribution of OL-protocadherin in axon fibers in the developing chick nervous system. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 134: 294-308
77. Aoki E., Kimura R., Suzuki S. T. and Hirano S. (2003) Distribution of OL-protocadherin protein in correlation with specific neural compartments and local circuits in the postnatal mouse brain. Neuroscience 117: 593-614
78. Chen M. W., Vacherot F., De La Taille A., Gil-Diez-De-Medina S., Shen R., Friedman R. A. et al. (2002) The emergence of protocadherin-PC expression during the acquisition of apoptosis-resistance by prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 21: 7861-7871
79. Nagase T., Kikuno R., Nakayama M., Hirosawa M. and Ohara O. (2000) Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVIII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 7: 273-281