메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 299-307

Khat (Catha edulis) - An updated review

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATHA EDULIS EXTRACT;

EID: 28744441405     PISSN: 13556215     EISSN: 13691600     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13556210500353020     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (165)

References (112)
  • 1
    • 0023212243 scopus 로고
    • The influence of khat-chewing on birth-weight in full-term infants
    • Abdul Ghani N, Eriksson M, Kristiansson B, Qirbi A (1987) The influence of khat-chewing on birth-weight in full-term infants. Soc Sci Med 24:625-627.
    • (1987) Soc Sci Med , vol.24 , pp. 625-627
    • Abdul Ghani, N.1    Eriksson, M.2    Kristiansson, B.3    Qirbi, A.4
  • 2
    • 12444272724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cathine and norephedrine, both phenylpropanolamines, accelerate capacitation and then inhibit spontaneous acrosome loss
    • Adeoya-Osiguwa SA, Fraser LR (2005) Cathine and norephedrine, both phenylpropanolamines, accelerate capacitation and then inhibit spontaneous acrosome loss. Hum Reprod 20:198-207.
    • (2005) Hum Reprod , vol.20 , pp. 198-207
    • Adeoya-Osiguwa, S.A.1    Fraser, L.R.2
  • 3
    • 0032609187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of khat-chewing in Butajira, Ethiopia
    • Alem A, Kebede D, Kullgren G (1999) The prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of khat-chewing in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 397:84-91.
    • (1999) Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl , vol.397 , pp. 84-91
    • Alem, A.1    Kebede, D.2    Kullgren, G.3
  • 4
    • 0030801038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Khat induced psychosis and its medico-legal implication: A case report
    • Alem A, Shibre T (1997) Khat induced psychosis and its medico-legal implication: a case report. Ethiop Med J 35:137-139.
    • (1997) Ethiop Med J , vol.35 , pp. 137-139
    • Alem, A.1    Shibre, T.2
  • 5
    • 0036889624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of Catha edulis leaves: A long term feeding experiment in animals
    • Al-Habori M, Al-Aghbari A, Al-Mamary M, Baker M (2002) Toxicological evaluation of Catha edulis leaves: a long term feeding experiment in animals. J Ethnopharmacol 83:209-217.
    • (2002) J Ethnopharmacol , vol.83 , pp. 209-217
    • Al-Habori, M.1    Al-Aghbari, A.2    Al-Mamary, M.3    Baker, M.4
  • 6
    • 10844247376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term feeding effects of Catha edulis leaves on blood constituents in animals
    • Al-Habori M, Al-Mamary M (2004) Long-term feeding effects of Catha edulis leaves on blood constituents in animals. Phytomedicine 11:639-644.
    • (2004) Phytomedicine , vol.11 , pp. 639-644
    • Al-Habori, M.1    Al-Mamary, M.2
  • 7
    • 0034086130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Khat induced hemorrhoidal disease in Yemen
    • Al-Hadrani AM (2000) Khat induced hemorrhoidal disease in Yemen. Saudi Med J 21:475-477.
    • (2000) Saudi Med J , vol.21 , pp. 475-477
    • Al-Hadrani, A.M.1
  • 8
    • 28744444523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-vitro antimicrobial and resistance-modifying activities of aqueous crude khat extracts against oral microorganisms
    • in press
    • Al-hebshi N, Al-haroni M, Skaug N (2005b) In-vitro antimicrobial and resistance-modifying activities of aqueous crude khat extracts against oral microorganisms. Arch Oral Biol (in press).
    • (2005) Arch Oral Biol
    • Al-hebshi, N.1    Al-haroni, M.2    Skaug, N.3
  • 9
    • 20944443146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro effects of crude khat extracts on the growth, colonization and glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans
    • Al-hebshi N, Nilsen Ø, Skaug N (2005a) In vitro effects of crude khat extracts on the growth, colonization and glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans. Acta Odontol Scand 63:136-142.
    • (2005) Acta Odontol Scand , vol.63 , pp. 136-142
    • Al-hebshi, N.1    Nilsen, Ø.2    Skaug, N.3
  • 10
    • 17644426375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of khat-chewing on selected periodontal bacteria in sub- and supragingival plaque of a young male population
    • Al-hebshi N, Skaug N (2005) Effect of khat-chewing on selected periodontal bacteria in sub- and supragingival plaque of a young male population. Oral Microbiol Immunol 20:141-146.
    • (2005) Oral Microbiol Immunol , vol.20 , pp. 141-146
    • Al-hebshi, N.1    Skaug, N.2
  • 11
    • 3142699170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of 342 oral keratotic white lesions induced by qat chewing among 2500 Yemeni
    • Ali AA, Al-Sharabi AK, Aguirre JM, Nahas R (2004) A study of 342 oral keratotic white lesions induced by qat chewing among 2500 Yemeni. J Oral Pathol Med 33:368-372.
    • (2004) J Oral Pathol Med , vol.33 , pp. 368-372
    • Ali, A.A.1    Al-Sharabi, A.K.2    Aguirre, J.M.3    Nahas, R.4
  • 12
    • 0036816614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and experimental evaluation of the effect of Khat-induced myocardial infarction
    • Alkadi HO, Noman MA, Al-Thobhani AK, Al-Mekhlafi FS, Raja'a YA (2002) Clinical and experimental evaluation of the effect of Khat-induced myocardial infarction. Saudi Med J 23:1195-1198.
    • (2002) Saudi Med J , vol.23 , pp. 1195-1198
    • Alkadi, H.O.1    Noman, M.A.2    Al-Thobhani, A.K.3    Al-Mekhlafi, F.S.4    Raja'a, Y.A.5
  • 13
    • 0036218034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation into the toxicological effects of Catha edulis leaves: A short term study in animals
    • Al-Mamary M, Al-Habori M, Al-Aghbari AM, Baker MM (2002) Investigation into the toxicological effects of Catha edulis leaves: a short term study in animals. Phytother Res 16:127-132.
    • (2002) Phytother Res , vol.16 , pp. 127-132
    • Al-Mamary, M.1    Al-Habori, M.2    Al-Aghbari, A.M.3    Baker, M.M.4
  • 15
    • 0036667465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Khat: Pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen
    • Al-Motarreb A, Baker K, Broadley KJ (2002a) Khat: pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen. Phytother Res 16:403-413.
    • (2002) Phytother Res , vol.16 , pp. 403-413
    • Al-Motarreb, A.1    Baker, K.2    Broadley, K.J.3
  • 17
  • 18
    • 28744445534 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the chemical composition of khat: Investigations on the phenylalkylamine fraction
    • Anonymous (1975) Studies on the chemical composition of khat: investigations on the phenylalkylamine fraction. United Nations document MNAR/11/1975.
    • (1975) United Nations Document MNAR/11/1975
  • 19
    • 28744440599 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the chemical composition of khat: On the structure of the polyester alkaloids from khat
    • Anonymous (1977a) Studies on the chemical composition of khat: on the structure of the polyester alkaloids from khat. United Nations document MNAR/2/1977.
    • (1977) United Nations Document MNAR/2/1977
  • 20
    • 28744442870 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the chemical composition of khat: Substances isolated from khat
    • Anonymous (1977b) Studies on the chemical composition of khat: substances isolated from khat. United Nations document MNAR/7/1977.
    • (1977) United Nations Document MNAR/7/1977
  • 21
    • 0019296351 scopus 로고
    • Review of the pharmacology of khat. Report of a WHO advisory group
    • Anonymous (1980) Review of the pharmacology of khat. Report of a WHO advisory group. Bull Narc 32:83-93.
    • (1980) Bull Narc , vol.32 , pp. 83-93
  • 22
    • 0021363360 scopus 로고
    • Khat-induced schizophreniform psychosis in UK
    • Anonymous (1984) Khat-induced schizophreniform psychosis in UK. Lancet 1:455.
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 455
  • 23
    • 0027588646 scopus 로고
    • Oral verrucous carcinoma: Report of two cases and review of literature
    • Awange DO, Onyango JF (1993) Oral verrucous carcinoma: report of two cases and review of literature. East Afr Med J 70:316-318.
    • (1993) East Afr Med J , vol.70 , pp. 316-318
    • Awange, D.O.1    Onyango, J.F.2
  • 24
    • 37049108322 scopus 로고
    • Alkaloids of Catha edulis (khat). Part 1. Isolation and characterisation of eleven new alkaloids with sesquiterpene cores (cathedulins); identification of the quinone-methide root pigments
    • Baxter RL, Crombie L, Simmonds DJ, Whiting DA, Braenden OJ, Szendrei K (1979) Alkaloids of Catha edulis (khat). Part 1. Isolation and characterisation of eleven new alkaloids with sesquiterpene cores (cathedulins); identification of the quinone-methide root pigments. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:2965-2971.
    • (1979) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans , vol.1 , pp. 2965-2971
    • Baxter, R.L.1    Crombie, L.2    Simmonds, D.J.3    Whiting, D.A.4    Braenden, O.J.5    Szendrei, K.6
  • 25
    • 0033648026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socio-economic status
    • Belew M, Kebede D, Kassaye M, Enquoselassie F (2000) The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socio-economic status. Ethiop Med J 38:11-26.
    • (2000) Ethiop Med J , vol.38 , pp. 11-26
    • Belew, M.1    Kebede, D.2    Kassaye, M.3    Enquoselassie, F.4
  • 26
    • 0022651297 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of cathinone to (-)-norephedrine and (-)-norpseudoephedrine
    • Brenneisen R, Geisshusler S, Schorno X (1986) Metabolism of cathinone to (-)-norephedrine and (-)-norpseudoephedrine. J Pharm Pharmacol 38:298-300.
    • (1986) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.38 , pp. 298-300
    • Brenneisen, R.1    Geisshusler, S.2    Schorno, X.3
  • 27
    • 0037672643 scopus 로고
    • Khat (Catha edulis): Its production and trade in the Middle East
    • Brooke C (1960) Khat (Catha edulis): its production and trade in the Middle East. Geogr J 126:52-59.
    • (1960) Geogr J , vol.126 , pp. 52-59
    • Brooke, C.1
  • 28
    • 0025553322 scopus 로고
    • Qat use in New York City
    • Browne DL (1991) Qat use in New York City. NIDA Res Monogr 105:464-465.
    • (1991) NIDA Res Monogr , vol.105 , pp. 464-465
    • Browne, D.L.1
  • 29
    • 28744439715 scopus 로고
    • (edited with an introduction and additional chapters by Gordon Waterfield). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
    • Burton R (1966) First footsteps in East Africa (edited with an introduction and additional chapters by Gordon Waterfield). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    • (1966) First Footsteps in East Africa
    • Burton, R.1
  • 30
    • 0027161642 scopus 로고
    • Place preference for the phycostimulant cathinone is blocked by pretreatment with a dopamine release inhibitor
    • Calcagnetti DJ, Schechter MD (1993) Place preference for the phycostimulant cathinone is blocked by pretreatment with a dopamine release inhibitor. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 17:637-649.
    • (1993) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 637-649
    • Calcagnetti, D.J.1    Schechter, M.D.2
  • 31
    • 0142200410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actions of amphetamine derivatives and cathinone at the noradrenaline transporter
    • Cleary L, Docherty JR (2003) Actions of amphetamine derivatives and cathinone at the noradrenaline transporter. Eur J Pharmacol 476:31-34.
    • (2003) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.476 , pp. 31-34
    • Cleary, L.1    Docherty, J.R.2
  • 32
    • 0023122141 scopus 로고
    • Khat-induced paranoid psychosis
    • Critchlow S, Seifert R (1987) Khat-induced paranoid psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 150:247-249.
    • (1987) Br J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 247-249
    • Critchlow, S.1    Seifert, R.2
  • 33
    • 0019271798 scopus 로고
    • The cathedulin alkaloids
    • Crombie L (1980) The cathedulin alkaloids. Bull Narc 32:37-50.
    • (1980) Bull Narc , vol.32 , pp. 37-50
    • Crombie, L.1
  • 34
    • 9144271818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qat chewing and pesticides: A study of adverse health effects in people of the mountainous areas of Yemen
    • Date J, Tanida N, Hobara T (2004) Qat chewing and pesticides: a study of adverse health effects in people of the mountainous areas of Yemen. Int J Environ Health Res 14:405-414.
    • (2004) Int J Environ Health Res , vol.14 , pp. 405-414
    • Date, J.1    Tanida, N.2    Hobara, T.3
  • 35
    • 0019829761 scopus 로고
    • Miraa (Catha edulis) as a cause of psychosis
    • Dhadphale M, Mengech A, Chege SW (1981) Miraa (Catha edulis) as a cause of psychosis. East Afr Med J 58:130-135.
    • (1981) East Afr Med J , vol.58 , pp. 130-135
    • Dhadphale, M.1    Mengech, A.2    Chege, S.W.3
  • 38
    • 0021031969 scopus 로고
    • The chewing of khat in Somalia
    • Elmi AS (1983) The chewing of khat in Somalia. J Ethnopharmacol 8:163-176.
    • (1983) J Ethnopharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 163-176
    • Elmi, A.S.1
  • 40
    • 0026111618 scopus 로고
    • Khat-chewing during pregnancy - Effect upon the off-spring and some characteristics of the chewers
    • Eriksson M, Ghani NA, Kristiansson B (1991) Khat-chewing during pregnancy - effect upon the off-spring and some characteristics of the chewers. East Afr Med J 68:106-111.
    • (1991) East Afr Med J , vol.68 , pp. 106-111
    • Eriksson, M.1    Ghani, N.A.2    Kristiansson, B.3
  • 41
    • 51849179757 scopus 로고
    • Chat: Coffee's rival from Harar, Ethiopia. I. Botany, cultivation and use
    • Getahun A, Krikorian AD (1973) Chat: coffee's rival from Harar, Ethiopia. I. Botany, cultivation and use. Econ Bot 27:353-377.
    • (1973) Econ Bot , vol.27 , pp. 353-377
    • Getahun, A.1    Krikorian, A.D.2
  • 42
    • 0020456045 scopus 로고
    • A manic-like psychosis due to khat (Catha edulis Forsk.)
    • Giannini AJ, Castellani S (1982) A manic-like psychosis due to khat (Catha edulis Forsk.). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 19:455-459.
    • (1982) J Toxicol Clin Toxicol , vol.19 , pp. 455-459
    • Giannini, A.J.1    Castellani, S.2
  • 43
    • 0021240899 scopus 로고
    • Discriminative stimulus properties of S(-)- and R(+)-cathinone, (+)-cathine and several structural modifications
    • Glennon AJ, Schechter MD, Rosecrans JA (1984) Discriminative stimulus properties of S(-)- and R(+)-cathinone, (+)-cathine and several structural modifications. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21:1-3.
    • (1984) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.21 , pp. 1-3
    • Glennon, A.J.1    Schechter, M.D.2    Rosecrans, J.A.3
  • 46
    • 0015482646 scopus 로고
    • Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves
    • Halbach H (1972) Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Bull World Health Org 47:21-29.
    • (1972) Bull World Health Org , vol.47 , pp. 21-29
    • Halbach, H.1
  • 50
    • 0025110068 scopus 로고
    • Effect of khatamines and their enantiomers on plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in normal Wistar rats
    • Islam MW, Tariq M, el-Feraly FS, al-Meshal IA (1990a) Effect of khatamines and their enantiomers on plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in normal Wistar rats. Am J Chin Med 18:71-76.
    • (1990) Am J Chin Med , vol.18 , pp. 71-76
    • Islam, M.W.1    Tariq, M.2    El-Feraly, F.S.3    Al-Meshal, I.A.4
  • 52
    • 0023900864 scopus 로고
    • Effect of khat on uteroplacental blood flow in awake, chronically catheterized, late-pregnant guinea pigs
    • Jansson T, Kristiansson B, Qirbi A (1988a) Effect of khat on uteroplacental blood flow in awake, chronically catheterized, late-pregnant guinea pigs. J Ethnopharmacol 23:19-26.
    • (1988) J Ethnopharmacol , vol.23 , pp. 19-26
    • Jansson, T.1    Kristiansson, B.2    Qirbi, A.3
  • 53
    • 0023917505 scopus 로고
    • Effect of khat on maternal food intake, maternal weight gain and fetal growth in the late-pregnant guinea pig
    • Jansson T, Kristiansson B, Qirbi A (1988b) Effect of khat on maternal food intake, maternal weight gain and fetal growth in the late-pregnant guinea pig. J Ethnopharmacol 23:11-17.
    • (1988) J Ethnopharmacol , vol.23 , pp. 11-17
    • Jansson, T.1    Kristiansson, B.2    Qirbi, A.3
  • 54
    • 0025477754 scopus 로고
    • The status of periodontal health and oral hygiene of Miraa (Catha edulis) chewers
    • Jorgensen E, Kaimenyi JT (1990) The status of periodontal health and oral hygiene of Miraa (Catha edulis) chewers. East Afr Med J 67:585-590.
    • (1990) East Afr Med J , vol.67 , pp. 585-590
    • Jorgensen, E.1    Kaimenyi, J.T.2
  • 55
    • 0019143767 scopus 로고
    • Hyperthermic response to (-)-cathinone, an alkaloid of Catha edulis (khat)
    • Kalix P (1980) Hyperthermic response to (-)-cathinone, an alkaloid of Catha edulis (khat). J Pharm Pharmacol 32:662-663.
    • (1980) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.32 , pp. 662-663
    • Kalix, P.1
  • 56
    • 0019416025 scopus 로고
    • Cathinone, an alkaloid from khat leaves with an amphetamine-like releasing effect
    • Berl
    • Kalix P (1981) Cathinone, an alkaloid from khat leaves with an amphetamine-like releasing effect. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 74:269-270.
    • (1981) Psychopharmacology , vol.74 , pp. 269-270
    • Kalix, P.1
  • 57
    • 0020619159 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the catecholamine releasing effect of the khat alkaloids (-)-cathinone and (+)-norpseudoephedrine
    • Kalix P (1983) A comparison of the catecholamine releasing effect of the khat alkaloids (-)-cathinone and (+)-norpseudoephedrine. Drug Alcohol Depend 11:395-401.
    • (1983) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.11 , pp. 395-401
    • Kalix, P.1
  • 59
    • 0021352474 scopus 로고
    • Amphetamine psychosis due to khat leaves
    • Kalix P (1984b) Amphetamine psychosis due to khat leaves. Lancet 1:46.
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 46
    • Kalix, P.1
  • 60
    • 0026601939 scopus 로고
    • Cathinone, a natural amphetamine
    • Kalix P (1992) Cathinone, a natural amphetamine. Pharmacol Toxicol 70:77-86.
    • (1992) Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.70 , pp. 77-86
    • Kalix, P.1
  • 61
    • 0029967396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects
    • Kalix P (1996) Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects. Pharm World Sci 18:69-73.
    • (1996) Pharm World Sci , vol.18 , pp. 69-73
    • Kalix, P.1
  • 62
    • 0022204023 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological aspects of the chewing of khat leaves
    • Kalix P, Braenden O (1985) Pharmacological aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Pharmacol Rev 37:149-164.
    • (1985) Pharmacol Rev , vol.37 , pp. 149-164
    • Kalix, P.1    Braenden, O.2
  • 71
    • 0020974886 scopus 로고
    • A medical evaluation of the use of qat in North Yemen
    • Kennedy JG, Teague J, Rokaw W, Cooney E (1983) A medical evaluation of the use of qat in North Yemen. Soc Sci Med 17:783-793.
    • (1983) Soc Sci Med , vol.17 , pp. 783-793
    • Kennedy, J.G.1    Teague, J.2    Rokaw, W.3    Cooney, E.4
  • 72
    • 0038269752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of doubly protonated molecules in the analysis of cathedulins in crude extracts of khat (Catha edulis) by liquid chromatography/ serial mass spectrometry
    • Kite GC, Ismail M, Simmonds MS, Houghton PJ (2003) Use of doubly protonated molecules in the analysis of cathedulins in crude extracts of khat (Catha edulis) by liquid chromatography/ serial mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:1553-1564.
    • (2003) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom , vol.17 , pp. 1553-1564
    • Kite, G.C.1    Ismail, M.2    Simmonds, M.S.3    Houghton, P.J.4
  • 74
    • 0022995352 scopus 로고
    • The use of khat. An epidemiological study in two Yemenite villages in Israel
    • Litman A, Levav I, Saltz-Rennert H, Maoz B (1986) The use of khat. An epidemiological study in two Yemenite villages in Israel. Cult Med Psychiatry 10:389-396.
    • (1986) Cult Med Psychiatry , vol.10 , pp. 389-396
    • Litman, A.1    Levav, I.2    Saltz-Rennert, H.3    Maoz, B.4
  • 75
    • 0017188392 scopus 로고
    • The use of khat (Catha edulis) in Yemen. Social and medical observations
    • Luqman W, Danowski TS (1976) The use of khat (Catha edulis) in Yemen. Social and medical observations. Ann Intern Med 85:246-249.
    • (1976) Ann Intern Med , vol.85 , pp. 246-249
    • Luqman, W.1    Danowski, T.S.2
  • 76
    • 0029383980 scopus 로고
    • The association between oral leukoplakia and use of tobacco, alcohol and khat based on relative risks assessment in Kenya
    • Macigo FG, Mwaniki DL, Guthua SW (1995) The association between oral leukoplakia and use of tobacco, alcohol and khat based on relative risks assessment in Kenya. Eur J Oral Sci 103:268-273.
    • (1995) Eur J Oral Sci , vol.103 , pp. 268-273
    • Macigo, F.G.1    Mwaniki, D.L.2    Guthua, S.W.3
  • 78
    • 4644255848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance use among children and young persons appearing in the Nairobi Juvenile Court, Kenya
    • Maru HM, Kathuku DM, Ndetei DM (2003) Substance use among children and young persons appearing in the Nairobi Juvenile Court, Kenya. East Afr Med J 80:598-602.
    • (2003) East Afr Med J , vol.80 , pp. 598-602
    • Maru, H.M.1    Kathuku, D.M.2    Ndetei, D.M.3
  • 79
    • 0023340818 scopus 로고
    • Khat psychosis
    • McLaren P (1987) Khat psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 150:712-713.
    • (1987) Br J Psychiatry , vol.150 , pp. 712-713
    • McLaren, P.1
  • 82
    • 3342957747 scopus 로고
    • Ascorbic acid content of some miscellaneous tropical and subtropical plants and plant products
    • Mustard MJ (1952) Ascorbic acid content of some miscellaneous tropical and subtropical plants and plant products. Food Res 17:31-35.
    • (1952) Food Res , vol.17 , pp. 31-35
    • Mustard, M.J.1
  • 83
    • 0034208475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Hajjah, Yemen
    • Nasr AH, Khatri ML (2000) Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in Hajjah, Yemen. Saudi Med J 21:565-568.
    • (2000) Saudi Med J , vol.21 , pp. 565-568
    • Nasr, A.H.1    Khatri, M.L.2
  • 84
    • 0020382769 scopus 로고
    • Naloxone-reversible antinociceptive activity of cathinone, the active principle of khat, in the mouse and rat
    • Nencini P, Ahmed AM (1982) Naloxone-reversible antinociceptive activity of cathinone, the active principle of khat, in the mouse and rat. Pharmacol Res Commun 14:759-770.
    • (1982) Pharmacol Res Commun , vol.14 , pp. 759-770
    • Nencini, P.1    Ahmed, A.M.2
  • 85
    • 0021123057 scopus 로고
    • Prolonged analgesia induced by cathinone. The role of stress and opioid and nonopioid mechanisms
    • Nencini P, Ahmed AM, Anania MC, Moscucci M, Paroli E (1984a) Prolonged analgesia induced by cathinone. The role of stress and opioid and nonopioid mechanisms. Pharmacology 29:269-281.
    • (1984) Pharmacology , vol.29 , pp. 269-281
    • Nencini, P.1    Ahmed, A.M.2    Anania, M.C.3    Moscucci, M.4    Paroli, E.5
  • 86
    • 0021232676 scopus 로고
    • Possible involvement of amine oxidase inhibition in the sympathetic activation induced by khat (Catha edulis) chewing in humans
    • Nencini P, Amiconi G, Befani O, Abdullahi MA, Anania MC (1984b) Possible involvement of amine oxidase inhibition in the sympathetic activation induced by khat (Catha edulis) chewing in humans. J Ethnopharmacol 11:79-86.
    • (1984) J Ethnopharmacol , vol.11 , pp. 79-86
    • Nencini, P.1    Amiconi, G.2    Befani, O.3    Abdullahi, M.A.4    Anania, M.C.5
  • 88
    • 0019255876 scopus 로고
    • Khat: Pharmacognostical aspects
    • Nordal A (1980) Khat: pharmacognostical aspects. Bull Narc 32:51-64.
    • (1980) Bull Narc , vol.32 , pp. 51-64
    • Nordal, A.1
  • 89
    • 0742289169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploration of adverse psychological symptoms in Yemeni khat users by the Symptoms Checklist - 90 (SCL-90)
    • Numan N (2004) Exploration of adverse psychological symptoms in Yemeni khat users by the Symptoms Checklist - 90 (SCL-90). Addiction 99:61-65.
    • (2004) Addiction , vol.99 , pp. 61-65
    • Numan, N.1
  • 91
    • 0034366266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Substance abuse in outpatients attending rural and urban health centres in Kenya
    • Othieno CJ, Kathuku DM, Ndetei DM (2000) Substance abuse in outpatients attending rural and urban health centres in Kenya. East Afr Med J 77:592-595.
    • (2000) East Afr Med J , vol.77 , pp. 592-595
    • Othieno, C.J.1    Kathuku, D.M.2    Ndetei, D.M.3
  • 92
    • 0024461421 scopus 로고
    • Use and abuse of khat (Catha edulis): A review of the distribution, pharmacology, side effects and a description of psychosis attributed to khat-chewing
    • Pantelis C, Hindler CG, Taylor JC (1989) Use and abuse of khat (Catha edulis): a review of the distribution, pharmacology, side effects and a description of psychosis attributed to khat-chewing. Psychol Med 19:657-668.
    • (1989) Psychol Med , vol.19 , pp. 657-668
    • Pantelis, C.1    Hindler, C.G.2    Taylor, J.C.3
  • 93
    • 5544327098 scopus 로고
    • Abyssinian tea (Catha edulis Forsk, Celastraceae)
    • Paris R, Moyse MH (1958) Abyssinian tea (Catha edulis Forsk, Celastraceae). Bull Narc 10:29-34.
    • (1958) Bull Narc , vol.10 , pp. 29-34
    • Paris, R.1    Moyse, M.H.2
  • 94
    • 28744451818 scopus 로고
    • Khat: Its history, botany, chemistry and toxicology
    • Peters DWA (1952) Khat: its history, botany, chemistry and toxicology. Pharm J 169:17-18, 36-37.
    • (1952) Pharm J , vol.169 , pp. 17-18
    • Peters, D.W.A.1
  • 97
    • 0013978269 scopus 로고
    • Periodontal health in various ethnic groups in Israel
    • Rosenzweig KA, Smith P (1966) Periodontal health in various ethnic groups in Israel. J Periodont Res 1:250-259.
    • (1966) J Periodont Res , vol.1 , pp. 250-259
    • Rosenzweig, K.A.1    Smith, P.2
  • 98
    • 0022481551 scopus 로고
    • Discriminative properties of 1-cathinone compared to dl- and d-cathinone
    • Schechter MD (1986a) Discriminative properties of 1-cathinone compared to dl- and d-cathinone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24:1161-1165.
    • (1986) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.24 , pp. 1161-1165
    • Schechter, M.D.1
  • 99
    • 0022474936 scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic mediation of a behavioral effect of l-cathinone
    • Schechter MD (1986b) Dopaminergic mediation of a behavioral effect of l-cathinone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:337-340.
    • (1986) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.25 , pp. 337-340
    • Schechter, M.D.1
  • 100
    • 0022453633 scopus 로고
    • Induction of and recovery from tolerance to the discriminative
    • Schechter MD (1986c) Induction of and recovery from tolerance to the discriminative. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:13-16.
    • (1986) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.25 , pp. 13-16
    • Schechter, M.D.1
  • 101
    • 0026003977 scopus 로고
    • Effect of learned behavior upon conditioned place preference to cathinone
    • Schechter MD (1991) Effect of learned behavior upon conditioned place preference to cathinone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:7-11.
    • (1991) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.38 , pp. 7-11
    • Schechter, M.D.1
  • 102
    • 0025944871 scopus 로고
    • Effect of repeated administration upon cathinone discrimination and conditioned place preference
    • Schechter MD, McBurney D (1991). Effect of repeated administration upon cathinone discrimination and conditioned place preference. Gen Pharmacol 22:779-782.
    • (1991) Gen Pharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 779-782
    • Schechter, M.D.1    McBurney, D.2
  • 103
    • 0030308129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid assessment of drug abuse in Ethiopia
    • Selassie SG, Gebre A (1996) Rapid assessment of drug abuse in Ethiopia. Bull Narc 48:53-63.
    • (1996) Bull Narc , vol.48 , pp. 53-63
    • Selassie, S.G.1    Gebre, A.2
  • 105
    • 0019254131 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry of khat
    • Szendrei K (1980) The chemistry of khat. Bull Narc 32:5-35.
    • (1980) Bull Narc , vol.32 , pp. 5-35
    • Szendrei, K.1
  • 106
    • 0027106638 scopus 로고
    • Khat - A new drug in Finland
    • Tacke U, Malinen H, Pitkanen H (1992) [Khat - a new drug in Finland]. Duodecim 108:1390-1394.
    • (1992) Duodecim , vol.108 , pp. 1390-1394
    • Tacke, U.1    Malinen, H.2    Pitkanen, H.3
  • 107
    • 0036792388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excretion and detection of cathinone, cathine, and phenylpropanolamine in urine after kath chewing
    • Toennes SW, Kauert GF (2002) Excretion and detection of cathinone, cathine, and phenylpropanolamine in urine after kath chewing. Clin Chem 48:1715-1719.
    • (2002) Clin Chem , vol.48 , pp. 1715-1719
    • Toennes, S.W.1    Kauert, G.F.2
  • 110
    • 0029635519 scopus 로고
    • Khat-chewing as a cause of psychosis
    • Yousef G, Huq Z, Lambert T (1995) Khat-chewing as a cause of psychosis. Br J Hosp Med 54:322-326.
    • (1995) Br J Hosp Med , vol.54 , pp. 322-326
    • Yousef, G.1    Huq, Z.2    Lambert, T.3
  • 111
    • 0018954960 scopus 로고
    • Anorexigenic effects of two amines obtained from Catha edulis Forsk. (Khat) in rats
    • Zelger JL, Carlini EA (1980) Anorexigenic effects of two amines obtained from Catha edulis Forsk. (Khat) in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 12:701-705.
    • (1980) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.12 , pp. 701-705
    • Zelger, J.L.1    Carlini, E.A.2
  • 112
    • 0019295446 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural effects of cathinone, an amine obtained from Catha edulis Forsk.: Comparisons with amphetamine, norpseudoephedrine, apomorphine and nomifensine
    • Zelger JL, Schorno HX, Carlini EA (1980) Behavioural effects of cathinone, an amine obtained from Catha edulis Forsk.: comparisons with amphetamine, norpseudoephedrine, apomorphine and nomifensine. Bull Narc 32:67-81.
    • (1980) Bull Narc , vol.32 , pp. 67-81
    • Zelger, J.L.1    Schorno, H.X.2    Carlini, E.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.