Cause-specific contributions to sex differences in adult mortality among whites and African Americans between 1960 and 1995

Demographic Research

Volumn 13, Issue , 2005, Pages 485-520

  Elo, Irma T ^a   Drevenstedt, Greg L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b Valmont Research LLC   (United States)

Author keywords

Cause of death; Mortality; USA

Indexed keywords

EID: 28344457441     PISSN: 14359871     EISSN: 14359871     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2005.13.19     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Anderson RN, Rosenberg HM. (1998). "Age Standardization of Death Rates: Implementation of the Year 2000 Standard." National Vital Statistics Reports 47:3. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
2. Arias E. (2002). "United States Life Tables, 2000." National Vital Statistics Reports, 51:3. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
3. Bell FC, Wade AH, Goss SC. (1992). "Life Tables for the United States Social Security Area 1900-2080." Actuarial Study 107. Baltimore, MD: Social Security Administration.
4. Centers for Disease Control. (2001a). CDC Wonder Website.. http://wonder.cdc.gov/.
5. Centers for Disease Control. (2001b). "U.S. Census, 1970-96. Description and Methodology for Data Available on CDC Wonder." http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/cens.html.
6. Crimmins E. (1981). "The Changing Pattern of American Mortality Decline, 1940-77, and its Implications for the Future." Population and Development Review 7(2): 229-254.
7. Cutler DM, Meara E. (2004). "Changes in the Age Distribution of Mortality over the Twentieth Century." Pp. 333-365 in Wise DE. ed. Perspectives on the Economics of Aging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Elo IT, Preston SH. (1992). "Effects of Early Life Conditions on Adult Mortality: A Review." Population Index, 58: 186-212.
9. Elo IT. (2001). "New African American Life Tables from 1935-40 to 1985-90." Demography, 38(1):97-114.
10. Elo IT, Drevenstedt GL. (2004). "Cause-Specific Contributions to Black-White Differences in Male Mortality from 1960 to 1995." Demographic Research, Special Collection 2: 255-276.
11. Enterline PE. (1960). "Causes of Death Responsible for Recent Increases in Sex Mortality Differentials in the United States." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 39: 312-28.
12. Feldman JJ, Makuc DM, Kleinman, JC, Cornoni-Huntley J. (1989). "National Trends in Educational Differentials in Mortality." American Journal of Epidemiology 129(5):919-933.
13. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Waidmann TA, Hillemeier MM, Burns PB. (1996). "Excess Mortality among Blacks and Whites in the United States." New England Journal of Medicine, 335:1552-8.
14. Gragnolati M, Elo IT, Goldman N. (1999). "New Insights into the Far Eastern Pattern of Mortality." Population Studies, 53:81-95.
15. Hammett M, Powell KE, O'Carroll PW, Clanton ST. (1992). "Homicide Surveillance - United States, 1979-1988." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41:1-31.
16. Horiuchi S. (1999). "Epidemiological Transitions in Developed Countries: Past, Present and Future." Health and Mortality Issues of Global Concern. Proceedings of the Symposium on Health and Mortality, Brussels, 19-22 November 1997. New York: United Nations. Pp. 54-71.
17. Hsieh CC, Pugh MD. (1993). "Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies." Criminal Justice Review, 18(2): 182-202.
18. Israel RA, Rosenberg HM, Curtin LR. (1986). "Analytical Potential for Multiple Cause-of-Death Data." American Journal of Epidemiology, 124(2):161-179.
19. Johansson SR. (1991). "Welfare, Mortality, and Gender. Continuity and Change in Explanations for Male/Female Mortality Differences over Three Centuries." Continuity and Change, 6(2): 135-177.
20. Knudsen C, McNown R. (1993). "Changing Causes of Death and the Sex Differential in the USA." Population Research and Policy Review, 12:27-41.
21. Kochanek KD, Maurer JD, Rosenberg HM. (1994). "Why Did Black Life Expectancy Decline from 1984 through 1989 in the United States?" American Journal of Public Health, 84(6):938-944.
22. Manton KG, Patrick CH, Johnson KW. (1987). "Health Differentials between Blacks and Whites: Recent Trends in Mortality and Morbidity." Milbank Quarterly, 65(Suppl. 1): 129-199.
23. Massey DS. (1995). "Getting Away with Murder: Segregation and Violent Crime in Urban America." University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 143: 1203-32.
24. Massey DS, Denton NA. (1993). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Boston: Harvard University Press.
25. Nathanson CA, Lopez AD. (1987). "The Future of Sex Mortality Differentials in Industrialized Countries: A Structural Hypothesis." Population Research and Policy Review, 6: 123-136.
26. National Center for Health Statistics. (1954). United States Life Tables 1949-51. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
27. National Center for Health Statistics. (1964). The Change in Mortality Trends in the United States. Series 3, No.1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
28. National Center for Health Statistic. (1975). U.S. Decennial Life Tables for 1969-71. Vol. 1, No. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (DHEW publication no. HRA 75-1150).
29. National Center for Health Statistics. (1989). "Advance Report of Final Mortality Statistics, 1987." Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 38(5): Supplement. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.
30. National Center for Health Statistics. (1997). U.S. Decennial Life Tables for 1989-91. Vol. 1, No. 1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
31. National Center for Health Statistics. (1998a). Vital Statistics of the United States, 1995, reprint of Volume II, mortality, Part A, sec 6 life tables. Hyattsville, MD: Public Health Service.
32. National Center for Health Statistics. (1998b). Health United States, 1998. With Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
33. Pampel FC. (2003). "Declining Sex Differences in Mortality from Lung Cancer in High-Income Nations." Demography, 40(1): 45-65.
34. Pampel FC, Zimmer C. (1989). "Female Labour Force Activity and the Sex Differential in Mortality: Comparisons across Developed Nations, 1950-1980." European Journal of Population, 5: 281-304.
35. Peterson RD, Krivo LJ. (1993). "Racial Segregation and Black Urban Homicide." Social Forces, 71(4):1001-26.
36. Phillips J. (1997). "Variation in African American Homicide Rates: An Assessment of Potential Explanations." Criminology, 35(4): 527-559
37. Preston SH. (1976). Mortality Patterns in National Populations. New York: Academic Press.
38. Preston SH, Elo IT, Foster A, Fu H. (1998). "Reconstructing the Size of the African American Population by Age and Sex, 1930-1990." Demography, 35(1):1-21.
39. Robinson JG, Ahmed B, Gupta PD, Woodrow KA. (1993). "Estimation of Population Coverage in the 1990 United States Census based on Demographic Analysis." Journal of American Statistical Association, 88: 1061-71.
40. Rosenberg HM. (1999). "Cause of Death as a Contemporary Problem." Journal of the History of Medicine, 54: 133-153.
41. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. 2002. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
42. Trovato F, Lalu NM. (1996). "Narrowing Sex Differentials in Life Expectancy in the Industrialized World: Early 1970s to Early 1990s." Social Biology, 43:20-37.
43. United Nations. (1982). Levels and Trends of Mortality Since 1950. New York: United Nations.
44. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1974). Estimates of the Population of the United States, by Age, Sex, and Race: April 1, 1960 to July 1, 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 519.)
45. U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1988). The Coverage of Population in the 1980 Census. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (Census publication no. PHC80-E4.)
46. Vallin J. (1993). "Social Change and Mortality Decline: Women's Advantage Achieved or Regained?" Pp. 190-212 in Federici N., Mason KO., and Sogner S., eds. Women's Position and Demographic Change. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
47. Verbrugge LM. (1976). "Sex Differentials in Morbidity and Mortality in the United States." Social Biology, 23(4):275-296.
48. Waldron I. (1983). "Sex Differences in Human Mortality: The Role of Genetic Factors." Social Science and Medicine, 17: 321-33.
49. Waldron I. (1993). "Recent Trends in Sex Mortality Ratios for Adults in Developed Countries." Social Science and Medicine, 36(4): 451-462.
50. Waldron I. (1995). "Contributions of Changing Gender Differences in Behavior and Social Roles to Changing Gender Differences in Mortality." Pp. 22-45 in Sabo D., Gordon DF., eds. Men's Health and Illness. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
51. Waldron I. (2000). "Trends in Gender Differences in Mortality: Relationship of Changing Gender Differences in Behavior and Other Causal Factors." Pp. 150-81 in Annandale E., Hunt K., eds. Gender Inequality and Health. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
52. Waldron I., McCloskey C., Earle I. (2005). "Trends in Gender Differences in Accidents Mortality: Relationships to Changing Gender Roles and Other Societal Trends. Demographic Research: Vol. 13, Article 17.
53. White KW, Preston SH. (1996). "How Many Americans Are Alive Because of Twentieth Century Improvements in Mortality?" Population and Development Review, 22:415-29.
54. Williams DR. (2001). "Racial Variations in Adult Health Status: Patterns, Paradoxes and Prospects." Pp. 371-410 in Smelser NJ., Wilson WJ., Mitchell F., eds. America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences. Volume II. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
55. Williams DR, Collins C. (1995). "U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differentials in Health: Patterns and Explanations." Annual Review of Sociology, 21:349-386.
56. Zhang XH, Sasaki S, Kesteloot H. (1995). "The Sex Ratio of Mortality and its Secular Trends." International Journal of Epidemiology, 24(4): 720-729.