Gray-scale and color Doppler sonography of scrotal disorders in children: An update

Radiographics

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 1197-1214

  Aso, Celestino ^a   Enríquez, Goya ^a   Fité, Marta ^a   Torán, Nuria ^a   Piró, Carmen ^a   Piqueras, Joaquim ^a   Lucaya, Javier ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; COLOR ULTRASOUND FLOWMETRY; ECHOGRAPHY; GENITAL SYSTEM DISEASE; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW; SCROTUM;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; GENITAL DISEASES, MALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; SCROTUM; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, COLOR;

EID: 28144456327     PISSN: 15271323     EISSN: 15271323     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/rg.255045109     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Coley BD, Siegel MJ. Male genital tract. In: Siegel MJ, ed. Pediatric sonography. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002;579-624.
2. Bree RL, Hoang DT. Scrotal ultrasound. Radiol Clin North Am 1996;34:1183-1205.
3. Frush DP, Sheldon CA. Diagnostic imaging for pediatric scrotal disorders. RadioGraphics 1998;18:969-985.
4. Dambro TJ, Steward RR, Barbara CA. The scrotum. In: Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, eds. Diagnostic ultrasound. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby, 1998; 798-821.
5. Howlett DC, Marchbank ND, Sallomi DF. Ultrasound of the testis. Clin Radiol 2000;55:595-601.
6. Munden MM, Trautwein LM. Scrotal pathology in pediatrics with sonographic imaging. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2000;29:185-205.
7. Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, Rubens DJ. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology 2003;227:18-36.
8. Kass EJ, Lundak B. The acute scrotum. Pediatr Clin North Am 1997;44:1251-1266.
9. Herbener TE. Ultrasound in the assessment of the acute scrotum. J Clin Ultrasound 1996;24:405-421.
10. Siegel MJ. The acute scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am 1997;35:959-976.
11. Oyen RH. Scrotal ultrasound: categorical course. In: Proceedings of the 2002 European Congress of Radiology. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2002; 280-295.
12. Baud C, Veyrac C, Couture A, Ferran JL. Spiral twist of the spermatic cord: a reliable sign of testicular torsion. Pediatr Radiol 1998;28:950-954.
13. Rubin JM, Bude RO, Carson PL, Bree RL, Adler RS. Power Doppler US: a potentially useful alternative to mean frequency-based color Doppler US. Radiology 1994;190:853-856.
14. Weskott HP. Amplitude Doppler US: slow blood flow detection tested with a flow phantom. Radiology 1997;202:125-130.
15. Luker GD, Siegel MJ. Scrotal US in pediatric patients: comparison of power and standard color Doppler US. Radiology 1996;198:381-385.
16. Barth RA, Shortliffe LD. Normal pediatric testis: comparison of power Doppler and color Doppler US in the detection of blood flow. Radiology 1997;204:389-393.
17. Bader TR, Kammerhuber F, Herneth AM. Testicular blood flow in boys as assessed at color Doppler and power Doppler sonography. Radiology 1997;202:559-564.
18. Lee FT Jr, Winter DB, Madsen FA, et al. Conventional color Doppler velocity sonography versus color Doppler energy sonography for the diagnosis of acute experimental torsion of the spermatic cord. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167:785-790.
19. Sellars ME, Sidhu PS. Ultrasound appearances of the testicular appendages: pictorial review. Eur Radiol 2003;13:127-135.
20. Horstman WG, Middleton WD, Melson GL, Siegel BA. Color Doppler US of the scrotum. RadioGraphics 1991;11:941-957.
21. Middleton WD, Thorne DA, Melson GL. Color Doppler ultrasound of the testis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989;152:293-297.
22. Paltiel HJ, Rupich RC, Babcock DS. Maturational changes in arterial impedance of the normal testis in boys: Doppler sonographic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994;163:1189-1193.
23. Langman J. Medical embryology. 3rd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins, 1975; 175-200.
24. Nguyen HT, Coakley F, Hricak H. Cryptorchidism: strategies in detection. Eur Radiol 1999;9:336-343.
25. Muglia V, Tucci S Jr, Elias J Jr, Trad CS, Bilbey J, Cooperberg PL. Magnetic resonance imaging of scrotal diseases: when it makes the difference. Urology 2002;59:419-423.
26. Shipp TD, Benacerraf BR. Scrotal inguinal hernia in a fetus: sonographic diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:1494-1495.
27. Chou TY, Chu CC, Diau GY, Wu CJ, Gueng MK. Inguinal hernia in children: US versus exploratory surgery and intraoperative contralateral laparoscopy. Radiology 1996;201:385-388.
28. Moss RL, Hatch EI. Inguinal hernia repair in early infancy. Am J Surg 1991;161:596-599.
29. Erez I, Schneider N, Glaser E, Kovalivker M. Prompt diagnosis of acute groin conditions in infants. Eur J Radiol 1992;15:185-189.
30. Ogata M, Imai S, Hosotani R, Aoyama H, Hayashi M, Ishikawa T. Abdominal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of strangulation in small bowel obstruction. Br J Surg 1994;81:421-424.
31. Martin LC, Share JC, Peters C, Atala A. Hydrocele of the spermatic cord: embryology and ultrasonographic appearance. Pediatr Radiol 1996;26:528-530.
32. Gooding GA, Leonhardt WC, Marshall G, Seltzer MA, Presti JC Jr. Cholesterol crystals in hydroceles: sonographic detection and possible significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:527-529.
33. Avolio L, Chiari G, Caputo MA, Bragheri R. Abdominoscrotal hydrocele in childhood: is it really a rare entity? Urology 2000;56:1047-1049.
34. Ferro F, Lais A, Cinzia O, Spagnoli A, Caione P. Abdominoscrotal hydrocele in childhood. Pediatr Surg Int 1995;10:276-278.
35. Niedzielski J, Paduch D, Raczynski P. Assessment of adolescent varicocele. Pediatr Surg Int 1997;12:410-413.
36. Thomas JC, Elder JS. Testicular growth arrest and adolescent varicocele: does varicocele size make a difference? J Urol 2002;168:1689-1691.
37. Bong GW, Koo HP. The adolescent varicocele: to treat or not to treat. Urol Clin North Am 2004;31:509-515.
38. Hudnall TW, Meservy C. Vas deferens ectopia: an uncommon finding. Pediatr Radiol 2004;34:179.
39. Horstman WG, Middleton WD, Melson GL. Scrotal inflammatory disease: color Doppler US findings. Radiology 1991;179:55-59.
40. Salmeron I, Ramirez-Escobar M, Puertas F, Marcos R, Garcia-Marcos F, Sanchez R. Granulomatous epididymo-orchitis: sonographic features and clinical outcome in brucellosis, tuberculosis and idiopathic granulomatous epididymo-orchitis. J Urol 1998;159:1954-1957.
41. Monga M, Scarpero HM, Ortenberg J. Metachronous bilateral torsion of the testicular appendices. Int J Urol 1999;6:589-591.
42. Hesser U, Rosenborg M, Gierup J, Karpe B, Nystrom A, Hedenborg L. Gray-scale sonography in torsion of the testicular appendages. Pediatr Radiol 1993;23:529-532.
43. Brown SM, Casillas VJ, Montalvo BM, Albores-Saavedra J. Intrauterine spermatic cord torsion in the newborn: sonographic and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1990;177:755-757.
44. Leape LL. Torsion of the testis: invitation to error. JAMA 1967;200:669-672.
45. Paltiel HJ, Connolly LP, Atala A, Paltiel AD, Zurakowski D, Treves ST. Acute scrotal symptoms in boys with an indeterminate clinical presentation: comparison of color Doppler sonography and scintigraphy. Radiology 1998;207:223-231.
46. Watanabe Y, Dohke M, Ohkubo K, et al. Scrotal disorders: evaluation of testicular enhancement patterns at dynamic contrast-enhanced subtraction MR imaging. Radiology 2000;217:219-227.
47. Patriquin HB, Yazbeck S, Trinh B, et al. Testicular torsion in infants and children: diagnosis with Doppler sonography. Radiology 1993;188:781-785.
48. Kay R. Prepubertal Testicular Tumor Registry. J Urol 1993;150:671-674.
49. Woodward PJ, Schwab CM, Sesterhenn IA. Extratesticular scrotal masses: radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics 2003;23:215-240.
50. Cramer BM, Schlegel EA, Thueroff JW. MR imaging in the differential diagnosis of scrotal and testicular disease. RadioGraphics 1991;11:9-21.
51. Mak CW, Chou CK, Su CC, Huan SK, Chang JM. Ultrasound diagnosis of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. Br J Radiol 2004;77:250-252.
52. Mason BJ, Kier R. Sonographic and MR imaging appearances of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:523-524.
53. Ciftci AO, Bingol-Kologlu M, Senocak ME, Tanyel FC, Buyukpamukcu M, Buyukpamukcu N. Testicular tumors in children. J Pediatr Surg 2001;36:1796-1801.
54. Martelli H, Patte C. Gonadal tumours in children. Arch Pediatr 2003;10:246-250.
55. Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, O'Donoghue MJ, Green DE. Tumors and tumorlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics 2002;22:189-216.
56. Liu P, Phillips MJ, Edwards VD, Ein S, Daneman A. Sonographic findings of testicular teratoma with pathologic correlation. Pediatr Radiol 1992;22:99-101.
57. Cho JH, Chang JC, Park BH, Lee JG, Son CH. Sonographic and MR imaging findings of testicular epidermoid cysts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;178:743-748.
58. Hamm B. Differential diagnosis of scrotal masses by ultrasound. Eur Radiol 1997;7:668-679.
59. Kato N, Romero M, Catasus L, Prat J. The STK11/LKB1 Peutz-Jegher gene is not involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic sex cord-stromal tumors, although loss of heterozygosity at 19p13.3 indicates other gene alteration in these tumors. Hum Pathol 2004;35:1101-1104.
60. Pileri SA, Sabattini E, Rosito P, et al. Primary follicular lymphoma of the testis in childhood: an entity with peculiar clinical and molecular characteristics. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:684-688.
61. Dalle JH, Mechinaud F, Michon J, et al. Testicular disease in childhood B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the French Society of Pediatric Oncology experience. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2397-2403.
62. Backus ML, Mack LA, Middleton WD, King BF, Winter TC 3rd, True LD. Testicular microlithiasis: imaging appearances and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1994;192:781-785.
63. Drut R. Yolk sac tumor and testicular microlithiasis. Pediatr Pathol Mol Med 2003;22:343-347.
64. Ben-Sira L, Laor T. Severe scrotal pain in boys with Henoch-Schonlein purpura: incidence and sonography. Pediatr Radiol 2000;30:125-128.
65. Laor T, Atala A, Teele RL. Scrotal ultrasonography in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Pediatr Radiol 1992;22:505-506.
66. Saraclar Y, Tinaztepe K, Adalioglu G, Tuncer A. Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI): a variant of Henoch-Schonlein purpura or a distinct clinical entity? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86:473-483.
67. Klin B, Lotan G, Efrati Y, Zlotkevich L, Strauss S. Acute idiopathic scrotal edema in children: revisited. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1200-1202.
68. Willi U, Atares M, Prader A, Zachmann M. Testicular adrenal-like tissue (TALT) in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: detection by ultrasonography. Pediatr Radiol 1991;21:284-287.
69. Stikkelbroeck NM, Suliman HM, Otten BJ, Hermus AR, Blickman JG, Jager GJ. Testicular adrenal rest tumours in postpubertal males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: sonographic and MR features. Eur Radiol 2003;13:1597-1603.
70. Avila NA, Premkumar TH, Jones JV, Laue L, Cutler GB Jr. Testicular adrenal rest tissue in congenital adrenal hyperplasia: findings at gray-scale and color Doppler US. Radiology 1996;198:99-104.