Pharmacologic management of convulsive status epilepticus in childhood

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 777-783

  Eriksson, Kai ^a   Kälviäinen, Reetta ^b  

^a TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Finland)

^b KUOPIO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Children; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin fosphenytoin; Status epilepticus; Treatment; Valproate

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; DIAZEPAM; ETIRACETAM; FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM; GABAPENTIN; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; PENTOBARBITAL; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; THIOPENTAL; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID;

ACIDOSIS; ALLERGIC REACTION; ANESTHESIA LEVEL; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BENIGN CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CHILD; CLINICAL PATHWAY; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; CONVALESCENCE; CONVULSION; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INFUSION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC STATE; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; ILEUS; INCIDENCE; INDIVIDUALIZATION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MYOCARDIAL DISEASE; NERVE INJURY; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; NEUROPROTECTION; PATIENT MONITORING; PROPHYLAXIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SEDATION; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SYNDROME; TACHYPHYLAXIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CHILD; EXPERT TESTIMONY; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS; RECURRENCE; STATUS EPILEPTICUS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 27944463164     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.5.6.777     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Engel J. A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE Task Force on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 42(6), 796-803 (2001).
2. DeNegri M, Baglietto MG. Treatment of status epilepticus in children. Pediatr. Drugs 3(6), 411-420 (2001).
3. DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. Neurology 46, 1029-1035 (1996).
4. Eriksson K, Metsäranta P, Huhtala H, Auvinen, A, Kuusela AL, Moivikko M. Treatment delay and the risk of prolonged status epilepticus. Neurology (2005) (In Press).
5. DeLorenzo RJ, Pellock JM, Towne AR, Boggs JG. Epidemiology of status epilepticus. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 12(4), 316-325 (1995).
6. Pellock JM. Status epilepticus in children: update and review. J. Child. Neurol. 9(Suppl. 2), 2827-2835 (1994).
7. Metsäranta P, Koivikko M, Peltola J, Eriksson K. Outcome after prolonged convulsive seizures in 186 children: low morbidity, no mortality. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 46(1), 4-8 (2004).
8. Shinnar S, Pellock JM, Moshe SL et al. In whom does status epilepticus occur: age-related differences in children. Epilepsia 38(8), 907-914 (1997).
9. Theodore WH, Porter RJ, Albert P. The secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizure: a videotape analysis. Neurology 44, 1403-1407 (1994).
10. Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, Shinnar R. How long do new-onset seizures in children last? Ann. Neurol. 5, 659-664 (2001). One of the few studies addressing the duration and prognostic factors of convulsive seizures in children.
11. Pellock JM, Marmarou A, DeLorenzo R. Time to treatment in prolonged seizure episodes. Epil. Behav. 5, 192-195 (2004).
12. Maytal J, Shinnar S, Solomon S, Alvarez L. Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children. Pediatrics 3, 323-331 (1989). One of the first studies underlying the good prognosis of status epilepticus in children, since verified by others.
13. Eriksson KJ, Koivikko MJ. Status epilepticus in children: aetiology, treatment, and outcome. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 39, 652-658 (1997).
14. Mah J, Mah M. Pediatric status epilepticus: a perspective from Saudi Arabia. Ped. Neurol. 20, 364-369 (1999).
15. Lacroix J, Deal C, Gauthier M, Rousseau E, Farrell A. Admissions to a pediatric intensive care unit for status epilepticus: a 10-year experience. Crit. Care Med. 5, 827-832 (1994).
16. Alldredge BK. General principles. Treatment of status epilepticus. In: Anti-epileptic Drugs. Fifth Edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA, 159-168 (2002).
17. DeLorenzo RJ, Garnett LK, Towne AR et al. Comparison of status epilepticus with prolonged seizure episodes lasting from 10 to 29 min. Epilepsia 40(20), 164-169 (1999).
18. Towne AR, Pellock JM, Ko D, DeLorenzo RJ. Determinants of mortality in status epilepticus. Epilepsia 35(1), 27-34 (1994).
19. Logroscino G, Hesdorffer DC, Cascino GD et al. Long-term mortality after a first episode of status epilepticus. Neurology 58, 537-541 (2002).
20. The Status Epilepticus Working Party. The treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. Arch. Dis. Child. 83, 415-419 (2000). One of the first published consensus guidelines in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children.
21. Shorvon SD. The management of status epilepticus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70(Suppl. II), ii22-ii27 (2001).
22. Hirsch LJ, Claassen J. The current state of treatment of status epilepticus. Curr. Neur. Neurosci. 2, 345-356 (2002). Comprehensive review of diagnostics and treatment of status epilepticus.
23. Kälviäinen R, Eriksson K, Parviainen I. Refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus; a guide to treatment. CNS Drugs 19(9), 759-768 (2005).
24. Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK. Status epilepticus at an urban public hospital in the 1980s. Neurology 43, 483-8 (1993).
25. Kriel RL, Cloyd JC, Pellock JM et al. Rectal diazepam gel for treatment of acute repetitive seizures. Pediatr. Neurol. 20, 282-288 (1999).
26. Appleton R, Sweeney A, Choonara I et al. Lorazepam versus diazepam in the acute treatment of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 37, 682-688 (1995). Important paper demonstrating equal safety and efficacy of intravenous lorazepam and diazepam in the treatment of acute convulsive seizures in children.
27. Chin RF, Verhulst L, Neville BGR, Peters MJ, Scott RC. Inappropriate emergency management of status epilepticus in children contributes to need for intensive care. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 1584-1588 (2004).
28. McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366(9481), 205-210 (2005). Largest randomized, controlled study comparing safety and efficacy of rectal diazepam with buccal midazolam in children with acute convulsions showing better efficacy of midazolam.
29. Scott RC, Besag FM, Neville BG. Buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam for treatment of prolonged seizures in childhood and adolescence: a randomised trial. Lancet 353(9153), 623-626 (1999).
30. Wilson MT, Macleod S, O'Regan ME. Nasal/buccal midazolam use in the community. Arch. Dis. Child. 89(1), 50-51 (2004).
31. Baulac M. Phenobarbital and other barbiturates. Clinical efficacy and use in epilepsy. Anti-epileptic drugs. Fifth Edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA, 515-521 (2002).
32. Kokwaro GO, Ogutu BR, Muchohi SN, Otieno GO, Newton CR. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effect of phenobarbital in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56, 453-457 (2003).
33. Boucher BA, Feler CA, Dean JC et al. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of fosphenytoin after intramuscular and intravenous administration in neurosurgery patients. Pharmacotherapy 16, 638-45 (1996).
34. Ramsay RE, Cantrell D, Collins SD et al. Safety and tolerance of rapidly infused Depacon: a randomized trial in subjects with epilepsy. Epil. Res. 52, 189-201 (2003).
35. Hodges BM, Mazur JE. Intravenous valproate in status epilepticus. Ann. Pharmacother. 35, 1465-1470 (2001).
36. Yu K-T, Mills S, Thompson N et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous valproate in pediatric status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures. Epilepsia 44(5), 724-726 (2003).
37. White JR, Santos CS. Intravenous valproate associated with significant hypotension in the treatment of status epilepticus. J. Child. Neurol. 14, 822-823 (1999).
38. Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Mayer SA. Treatment of status epilepticus: a survey of neurologists. J. Neurol. Sci. 211(1-2), 37-41 (2003).
39. Lowenstein DH. Treatment options for status epilepticus. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5, 334-339 (2005). One of the latest reviews focusing on the pharmacologic management of status epilepticus.
40. Eriksson K, Baer M, Kilpinen P, Koivikko M. Effects of long barbiturate anesthesia on eight children with severe epilepsy. Neuropediatrics 24, 281-285 (1993).
41. Cremer OL, Moons KGM, Bouman EAC et al. Long-term propofol infusion and cardiac failure in adult head-injured patients. Lancet 357(9250), 117-118 (2001).
42. Bray RJ. Propofol infusion syndrome in children. Paediatr. Anaesth. 8, 491-499 (1998).
43. UCB Pharma (data on file), Scientific poster, AES, New Orleans (2004).
44. Deckers CL, Knoester PD, de Haan GJ et al. Selection criteria for the use of the newer anti-epileptic drugs. CNS Drugs 17(6), 405-421 (2003).