Party competition in emerging democracies: Representation and effectiveness in post-communism and beyond

Democratization

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 331-356

  Bielasiak, Jack ^a  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Democratization; Electoral reforms; Party competition; Post communism; Representation

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; ELECTION; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL REFORM; POST-COMMUNISM;

EID: 27944458309     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: 1743890X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510340500126764     Document Type: Review

References (67)

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2. Mark J. Payne, Daniel Zovatto, Fernando Carrillo Florez and Andres Allamand Zavala, Democracies in Development: Politics and Reform in Latin America ( 2002), pp. 83-5. Ibid.
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15. M. Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
16. The reported measures of party competition in the post-communist states have differed among various studies. In general the differences are not very significant, although some exceptions exist. The different indices are due to two factors. The first concerns discrepancies in the reporting of election results by different sources. Second, scholarly interpretations vary about how to treat the numerous splits or mergers of political parties, contributing to different aggregation of votes and seats. The issue requires further systematic attention by scholars of post-communism to arrive at a common set of electoral results.
17. The western European cases and time periods include Austria 1945-56, France 1945-51, Germany 1949-61, Italy 1946-58, Greece 1974-85, Portugal 1975-80, and Spain 1977-86. The Latin American cases are Argentina 1983-89, Bolivia 1985-97, Brazil 1986-98, Chile 1989-97, Colombia 1978-90, Ecuador 1979-90, Mexico 1988-2000, Paraguay 1989-98, Peru 1980-95, Uruguay 1984-99 and Venezuela 1978-93.
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20. 2 where N is the effective number of parties and π is the fractional share of votes for the i-th party. See Markku Laakso and Rein Taagepera, 'Effective Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe', Comparative Political Studies, Vol.12, No.1 (1979), pp.3-27.
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22. Kitschelt et al. (note 6) pp.22-8.
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28. The standard evaluation of volatility is calculated as V = (1/2)Σ|vp, t - vp,t - 1| where vp, t stands for the percentage of the vote obtained by a party at election t, and vp,t-1 for the percentage in the previous election. See Pedersen (note 16), p.4.
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36. Birch, 'Electoral Systems' (note 23), pp.7-12.
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38. Kreuser and Pettai (note 24) pp.78-81, Rose et al. (note 28), p.420.
39. Filippov et al. (note 8), pp.8-12.
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43. Birch, East and West (note 7) pp.364-6, Payne et al. (note 1) p.83.
44. Duverger (note 3) pp.206-80.
45. Lijphart (note 30) p.27, Taagapera and Shugart (note 19) p.135.
46. Payne et al. (note 1) pp.87-9.
47. See also Birch, East and West (note 7) pp.366-9; Payne et al. (note 1) p.93.
48. Lijphart (note 30) pp.10-34.
49. Ibid., pp.78-88.
50. Olga Shvetsova, 'A Survey of Post-communist Electoral Institutions: 1990-1998', Electoral Studies, Vol.18, No.3 (1998), pp.397-409.
51. Birch, East and West (note 7) pp.370-71.
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65. Katherine Stoner-Weiss, 'The Limited Reach of Russia's Party System: Underinstitutionalization in Dual Transition', Politics and Society, Vol.29, No.3 (2001), pp.385-414;
66. Henry E. Hale, 'Why Not Parties: Supply and Demand on Russia's Electoral Market', paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the APSA, San Francisco, 31 August 2001, p.24.
67. Shabad and Slomczynski (note 55) pp.167-71.