The Institutionalization of Electoral and Party Systems in Postcommunist States

Comparative Politics

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 189-210

  Bielasiak, Jack ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036332409     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4146937     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Peter Mair, Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 175-98.
2. Andrzej Rychard, Reforms, Adaptation, and Breakthrough (Warsaw: IFiS, 1993).
3. Valerie Bunce and Maria Csanadi, "Uncertainty in the Transition: Post-Communism in Hungary," East European Politics and Societies, 7 (Spring 1993), 240-75.
4. Claus Offe, "Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe," Social Research, 58 (Winter 1991), 865-902.
5. Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gabor Toka, Post-Communist Party Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 19-92.
6. Attila Agh, "The Hungarian Party System and Party Theory in the Transition of Central Europe," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6 (April 1994), 222-32; Paul Lewis "Democratization and Party Development in Eastern Europe," Democratization, 1 (Autumn 1994), 391-405.
7. Attila Agh, "The Hungarian Party System and Party Theory in the Transition of Central Europe," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 6 (April 1994), 222-32; Paul Lewis "Democratization and Party Development in Eastern Europe," Democratization, 1 (Autumn 1994), 391-405.
8. Geoffrey Evans and Stephen Whitefield, "Identifying the Bases of Party Competition in Eastern Europe," British Journal of Political Science, 23 (October 1993), 521-48; Herbert Kitschelt, "Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical Propositions," Party Politics, 1 (October 1995), 447-72.
9. Geoffrey Evans and Stephen Whitefield, "Identifying the Bases of Party Competition in Eastern Europe," British Journal of Political Science, 23 (October 1993), 521-48; Herbert Kitschelt, "Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies: Theoretical Propositions," Party Politics, 1 (October 1995), 447-72.
10. Raymond M. Duch, "The Electoral Connection and Democratic Consolidation," Electoral Studies, 17 (June 1998). 149-74.
11. Kitschelt, Mansfeldova, Markowski, and Toka, p. 384.
12. Francis Millard, "The Shaping of the Polish Party System," East European Politics and Societies, 8 (Fall 1994), 295-314; Barnabas Racz and Istvan Kukorelli, "The 'Second-Generation' Post-Communist Elections in Hungary in 1994," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (March 1995), 251-80.
13. Francis Millard, "The Shaping of the Polish Party System," East European Politics and Societies, 8 (Fall 1994), 295-314; Barnabas Racz and Istvan Kukorelli, "The 'Second-Generation' Post-Communist Elections in Hungary in 1994," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (March 1995), 251-80.
14. Scott Mainwaring, "Party Systems in the Third Wave," Journal of Democracy (July 1998), 69.
15. Gary W. Cox, Making Votes Count (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 38; also, Arend Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 10-94; Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).
16. Gary W. Cox, Making Votes Count (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 38; also, Arend Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 10-94; Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).
17. Gary W. Cox, Making Votes Count (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 38; also, Arend Lijphart, Electoral Systems and Party Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 10-94; Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).
18. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 5-11.
19. Mainwaring and Scully, eds., p. 3.
20. Stefano Bartolini and Peter Mair, Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Lijphart; and Cox.
21. Maurice Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State (New York: Wiley, 1954).
22. Mair, pp. 187-92
23. Jon Elster, Klaus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 111-30.
24. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions form Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
25. Robert Furtak, ed., Elections in Socialist States (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990).
26. Arend Lijphart, "Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary and Poland 1989-1991," Journal of Theoretical Politics, 4 (April 1992), 207-23.
27. Sarah Birch and Andrew Wilson, "The Ukrainian Parliamentary Elections of 1998," Electoral Studies, 18 (June 1999), 271-300.
28. Douglas Rae, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Rein Taagepera and Matthew Shugart, Seats and Votes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
29. Douglas Rae, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Rein Taagepera and Matthew Shugart, Seats and Votes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
30. Lijphart, p. 13.
31. Nicholas Pano, "The Process of Democratization in Albania," in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, eds, Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 304-26.
32. Kenneth Ka-Lok Chan, "Poland at the Crossroads: The 1993 General Election," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (March 1995), 123-45.
33. Inter-Parliamentary Union, Chronicle of Parliamentary Elections and Developments (Geneva: IPU, 1997 and 1998 annuals).
34. The cases in Tables 2 and 3 for earlier transition periods are selected for comparability with the postcommunist states by controlling for time spans after the breakdown of authoritarian regimes.
35. Kitschelt, "Formation of Party Cleavages," pp. 449-55; Kitschelt, Mansfeldova, Markowski, and Toka, pp. 21-42.
36. Kitschelt, "Formation of Party Cleavages," pp. 449-55; Kitschelt, Mansfeldova, Markowski, and Toka, pp. 21-42.
37. Mainwaring and Scully, eds., pp. 1-34.
38. Lijphart, chs. 2, 4; Leonardo Morlino, Democracy between Consolidation and Crisis: Parties, Groups, and Citizens in Southern Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), chs. 1, 4.
39. Lijphart, chs. 2, 4; Leonardo Morlino, Democracy between Consolidation and Crisis: Parties, Groups, and Citizens in Southern Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), chs. 1, 4.
40. Compare Mark P. Jones, "A Guide to the Electoral Systems of the Americas," Electoral Studies, 14 (March 1995), 5-21 and Mainwaring and Scully, eds., pp. 1-34.
41. p,t-1 for the percentage in the previous election. Mogens N. Pedersen, "The Dynamics of European Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility," European Journal of Political Research, 7 (March 1979), 4-5.
42. Some small discrepancies in the volatility of the former Communist states have been reported, due to the many party splits, unifications, and name changes. See Richard Rose, What Is Europe (HarperCollins, 1996), p. 153; Mair, p. 182; and Vello Pettai and Marcus Kreuzer, "Party Politics in the Baltic States: Social Bases and Institutional Context," East European Politics and Societies, 13 (Winter 1999), 165. To minimize errors and facilitate duplication of results, I follow the rules provided by Bartolini and Mair, pp. 311-12.
43. Some small discrepancies in the volatility of the former Communist states have been reported, due to the many party splits, unifications, and name changes. See Richard Rose, What Is Europe (HarperCollins, 1996), p. 153; Mair, p. 182; and Vello Pettai and Marcus Kreuzer, "Party Politics in the Baltic States: Social Bases and Institutional Context," East European Politics and Societies, 13 (Winter 1999), 165. To minimize errors and facilitate duplication of results, I follow the rules provided by Bartolini and Mair, pp. 311-12.
44. Some small discrepancies in the volatility of the former Communist states have been reported, due to the many party splits, unifications, and name changes. See Richard Rose, What Is Europe (HarperCollins, 1996), p. 153; Mair, p. 182; and Vello Pettai and Marcus Kreuzer, "Party Politics in the Baltic States: Social Bases and Institutional Context," East European Politics and Societies, 13 (Winter 1999), 165. To minimize errors and facilitate duplication of results, I follow the rules provided by Bartolini and Mair, pp. 311-12.
45. Some small discrepancies in the volatility of the former Communist states have been reported, due to the many party splits, unifications, and name changes. See Richard Rose, What Is Europe (HarperCollins, 1996), p. 153; Mair, p. 182; and Vello Pettai and Marcus Kreuzer, "Party Politics in the Baltic States: Social Bases and Institutional Context," East European Politics and Societies, 13 (Winter 1999), 165. To minimize errors and facilitate duplication of results, I follow the rules provided by Bartolini and Mair, pp. 311-12.
46. Pettai and Kreuzer, pp. 157-58.
47. Central Electoral Commission, March 27, 2000, at www.fci.ru.
48. An anonymous reviewer pointed out that public opinion polls suggest that at the next Czech election the pattern of declining volatility may be reversed.
49. Mainwaring, pp. 71-72.
50. Pedersen, pp. 7-9; Bartolini and Mair, Appendix 2.
51. Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 131-200.
52. Pedersen, pp. 14-15.
53. Mainwaring and Scully, eds., p. 31.
54. i is the fractional share of votes for the i-th party.
55. Sartori, pp. 131-32.
56. Krzysztof Jasiewicz, "Structures of Representation," in Stephen White, Judy Bart, and Paul G. Lewis, eds., Developments in East European Politics (London: Macmillan, 1993), pp. 140-46.
57. Taagapera and Shugart, pp. 82-83.
58. Petr Kopecky and Cas Mudde, "The 1998 Parliamentary and Senate Elections in the Czech Republic," Electoral Studies, 18 (September 1999), 411-50.
59. Pano, pp. 304-48; Sharon Wolchik, "Democratization and Political Participation in Slovakia," in Dawisha and Parrott, eds., pp. 197-244.
60. Pano, pp. 304-48; Sharon Wolchik, "Democratization and Political Participation in Slovakia," in Dawisha and Parrott, eds., pp. 197-244.
61. Stephen White, Richard Rose, and Ian McAllister, How Russia Votes (Chatham: Chatham House Publishers, 1997), p. 110.
62. The 1994 effective number of electoral parties (2.5) masks the large number of independents that dominated the election. The effective number of candidates per district at the time was 5.4, which is a better indication of political reality. The 1998 proportional representation tier revealed fragmentation of the party system in more striking terms. I would like to thank an anonymous reviewer for this point.
63. Mainwaring, pp. 68-73.
64. Kitschelt, pp. 447-72.