Bleeding caused by portal hypertension

Gastroenterology Clinics of North America

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 623-642

  Zaman, Atif ^a   Chalasani, Naga ^b  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIULCER AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CYANOACRYLATE; ENBUCRILATE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE; NADOLOL; OCTREOTIDE; OFLOXACIN; PANTOPRAZOLE; PLACEBO; POLIDOCANOL; PROPRANOLOL; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; SOMATOSTATIN; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; SUCRALFATE; TERLIPRESSIN; THROMBIN; TIMOLOL; VASOACTIVE AGENT; VASOPRESSIN;

ACUTE VARICEAL BLEEDING; ASTHENIA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BALLOON OCCLUSION; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVASCULARIZATION; ENDOSCOPIC SCLEROTHERAPY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; ESOPHAGUS HEMORRHAGE; ESOPHAGUS VARICES; ESOPHAGUS VARICES BLEEDING; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEMODYNAMICS; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INFARCTION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIGATION; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; LUNG ASPIRATION; META ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PORTOCAVAL SHUNT; PORTOSYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSIS; PROPHYLAXIS; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SALVAGE THERAPY; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SPLENECTOMY; SPLENORENAL SHUNT; STOMACH DISEASE; STOMACH VARICES; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING;

ALGORITHMS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROSCOPY; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PORTAL; RECURRENCE; SCLEROTHERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

EID: 27844579155     PISSN: 08898553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2005.08.008     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. D. Kravetz, J. Bosch, and M. Arderiu Abnormalities in organ blood flow and its distribution during expiratory pressure ventilation Hepatology 9 1989 808 814
2. B. Castaneda, J. Morales, and R. Lionetti Effects of blood volume reinstitution following a portal hypertensive-related bleeding in anesthetized cirrhotic rats Hepatology 33 2001 821 825
3. A. Cardenas, P. Gines, and J. Uriz Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: Incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short term prognosis Hepatology 34 2001 671 676
4. J. Goulis, D. Patch, and A.K. Burroughs Bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal hemorrhage Lancet 353 9147 1999 139 142
5. A. Pauwels, N. Mostefa-Kara, and B. Debenes Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients with a high risk of infection Hepatology 24 1996 802 806
6. M. Blaise, D. Pateron, and C. Trinchet Systemic antibiotic therapy prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage Hepatology 20 1994 34 38
7. G. Bleichner, R. Boulanger, and P. Squara Frequency of infections in cirrhotic patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage Br J Surg 73 1986 724 726
8. W.R. Caly, and E. Strauss A prospective study of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis J Hepatol 18 1993 353 358
9. B. Bernard, J.F. Cadranell, and D. Valla Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective study Gastroenterology 108 1995 1828 1834
10. G.V. Papatheodoridis, D. Patch, and J.M. Webster Infection and hemostasis in decompensated cirrhosis: a prospective study using thromboelastography Hepatology 29 1999 1085 1090
11. B. Bernard, K.E. Nguyen, and P. Opolon Antibiotic prophylaxis (ABP) for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding (GB): a meta-analysis Hepatology 29 1999 1655 1661
12. M.C. Hou, H.C. Lin, and T.T. Liu Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial Hepatology 39 3 2004 746 753
13. A. Rimola, F. Bory, and J. Teres Oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics prevent infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage Hepatology 5 1985 463 467
14. T.C. Merigan, G.R. Plotkin, and C.S. Davidson Effect of intravenously administered posterior pituitary extract on hemorrhage from bleeding esophageal varices N Engl J Med 266 1962 134 135
15. G. D'Amico, L. Pagliaro, and J. Bosch The treatment of hypertension: A meta-analytic review Hepatology 22 1995 332 354
16. Y.T. Tsai, C.S. Lay, and K.H. Lai Controlled trial of vasopressin plus nitroglycerin vs vasopressin alone in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices Hepatology 6 1986 406 409
17. J. Bosch, R.J. Groszmann, and J.C. Garcia-Pagan Association of transdermal nitroglycerin to vasopressin infusion in the treatment of variceal haemorrhage: a placebo-controlled clinical trial Hepatology 10 1989 962 968
18. G. D'Amico, L. Pagliaro, and J. Bosch Pharmacologic treatment of portal hypertension: An evidenced approach Semin Liver Dis 19 1999 475 505
19. A. Avgerinos, F. Nevens, and S. Raptis Early administration of somatostatin and efficacy of sclerotherapy in acute variceal bleeds: the European Acute Bleeding Oesophageal Variceal Episodes (ABOVE) randomised trial Lancet 350 1997 1495 1499
20. G. DiFebo, S. Siringo, and M. Vacirca Somatostatin and urgent sclerotherapy in active esophageal variceal bleeding Gastroenterolgy 98 1990 A583
21. R. Shields, S.A. Jenkins, and J.N. Baxter A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of somatostatin with injection sclerotherapy in the control of oesophageal varices J Hepatol 16 1992 128 137
22. R. Planas, J.C. Quer, and J. Boix A prospective randomized trial comparing somatostatin and sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding Hepatology 20 1994 370 375
23. A. Escorsell, J.M. Bordas, and L. Ruiz del Arbol Randomized control trial of sclerotherapy versus somatostatin infusion in the prevention of early rebleeding following acute variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis J Hepatol 29 1998 779 788
24. C. Villanueva, J. Ortiz, and M. Sabat Somatostatin alone or combined with emergency sclerotherapy in the treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized trial Hepatology 30 1999 384 389
25. D.A. Corley, J.P. Cello, and W. Adkisson Octreotide for acute esophageal variceal bleeding: Meta-analysis Gastroenterology 120 2001 946 954
26. S. Levacher, P. Letoumalin, and D. Pateron Early administration of terlipressin plus glyceryl trinitrate to control active upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhotic patients Lancet 346 1995 865 868
27. S. Brunati, R. Ceriani, and R. Curioni Sclerotherapy alone vs. sclerotherapy plus sclerotherapy plus octreotide in the treatment of acute variceal haemorrhage Hepatology 24 1996 A207
28. G.N. Ioannu, J. Doust, and D. Rockey Systematic review: Terlipressin in acute oesophageal variceal hemorrhage Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 2003 53 64
29. J. Bosch, D. Thiabut, and F. Bendtsen Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial Gastroenterology 127 2004 1123 1130
30. G.V. Steigmann, J.S. Goff, and P. Michaletz-Onody Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices N Engl J Med 326 1992 1527 1532
31. A. Avgerinos, A. Armonis, and S. Manolakpoulos Endoscopic sclerotherapy versus variceal ligation in the long-term management of patients with cirrhosis after variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized study J Hepatol 26 1997 1034 1041
32. C. Feretis, C. Dimopoulos, and P. Benakis N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) plus sclerotherapy versus sclerotherapy alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices: a randomized prospective study Endoscopy 27 1995 355 357
33. J.Y. Sung, T.Y. Lee, and R. Suen Banding is superior to cyanoacrylate for the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding: a prospective randomized trial Gastrointest Endosc 47 1998 A77
34. A.K. Burroughs, and D. Patch Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Semin Liver Dis 19 1999 457 473
35. M. Vangeli, D. Patch, and A.K. Burroughs Salvage TIPS for uncontrolled variceal bleeding J Hepatol 37 2003 703 704
36. R. Jalan, T.G. John, and D.N. Redhead A comparative study of emergency transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt and esophageal transection in the management of uncontrolled variceal hemorrhage Am J Gastroenterol 90 1995 1932 1937
37. J.L. Smith, and D.Y. Graham Variceal hemorrhage: a critical evaluation of survival analysis Gastroenterology 82 1982 968 973
38. R. de Franchis, and M. Primignani Why do varices bleed? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 21 1992 85 101
39. F. Feu, J.C. Garcia-Pagan, and J. Bosch Relation between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis Lancet 346 1995 1056 1059
40. R.J. Groszmann, J. Bosch, and N.D. Grace Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propanolol versus placebo in the prevention of a first variceal hemorrhage Gastroenterology 99 1990 1401 1407
41. B. Bernard, D. Lebrec, and P. Mathurin Beta-adrenergic antagonists in the prevention of gastrointestinal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis Hepatology 25 1997 63 70
42. J. Gournay, C. Masliah, and T. Martin Isosorbide mononitrate and propanolol compared with propanolol alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding Hepatology 31 2000 1239 1245
43. C. Villanueva, J. Balanzo, and M.T. Novella Nadolol plus isosorbide mononitratee compared with sclerotherapy for the prevention of variceal rebleeding N Engl J Med 334 1996 1624 1629
44. C. Villanueva, J. Minana, and J. Ortiz Endoscopic ligation compared with combined treatment with nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate to prevent recurrent variceal bleeding N Engl J Med 345 2001 647 655
45. G.H. Lo, W.C. Chen, and M.H. Chen Banding ligation versus nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding Gastroenterology 123 2002 728 734
46. D. Patch, C.A. Sabin, and J. Goulis A randomized, controlled trial medical therapy versus endoscopic ligation for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis Gastroenterology 123 2002 1013 1019
47. B. Bernard, D. Lebrec, and P. Mathurin Propanolol and sclerotherapy in the prevention of gastrointestinal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis J Hepatol 26 1997 312 324
48. L. Laine, and D. Cook Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis Ann Intern Med 123 1995 280 287
49. G.H. Lo, K.H. Lai, and J.S. Cheng Endoscopic variceal ligation plus nadolol and sucralfate compared with ligation alone for the prevention variceal rebleeding: a prospective randomized trial Hepatology 32 2000 461 465
50. J. de la Pena, E. Brullet, and E. Sanchez-Hernandez Variceal ligation plus nadolol compared with ligation for prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding: A multicenter trial Hepatology 41 2005 572 578
51. N.J. Shaheen, E. Stuart, and S. Schmitz Pantoprazole reduces the size of postbanding ulcers after variceal band ligation: a randomized control trial Hepatology 41 2005 588 594
52. G.P. Spina, J.M. Henderson, and L.F. Rikkers Distal spleno-renal shunt versus endoscopic sclerotherapy in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. A meta-analysis of 4 randomized clinical trials J Hepatol 16 3 1992 338 345
53. G.V. Papatheodoridis, J. Goulis, and G. Leandro Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt compared with endoscopic treatment for prevention of variceal rebleeding: a meta-analysis Hepatology 30 1999 612 622
54. A.S. Rosemurgy, F.M. Serafini, and B.R. Zwebel Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt vs. small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portocaval shunt: Extended follow-up of an expanded randomized prospective trial J Gastrointest Surg 4 2000 589 597
55. P.J. Thuluvath, and H.Y. Yoo Portal hypertensive gastropathy Am J Gastroenterol 97 2002 2973 2978
56. T.T. McComrack, J. Sims, and I. Eyre-Brook Gastric lesions in portal hypertension: inflammatory gastritits or congestive gastropathy? Gut 26 1985 1226 1232
57. M. Primignani, L. Carpinelli, and P. Preatoni Natural history of portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. The New Italian Endoscopic Club for the study and treatment of esophageal varices (NIEC) Gastroenterology 119 2000 181 187
58. M. Merli, G. Nicolini, and S. Angeloni The natural history of portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with liver cirrhosis and mild portal hypertension Am J Gastroenterol 99 2004 1959 1965
59. C.A. Stewart, and A.J. Sanyal Grading portal gastropathy: validation of a gastropathy scoring system Am J Gastroenterol 98 2003 1758 1765
60. D. Lebrec, T. Ponyard, and P. Hillon Propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A controlled study N Engl J Med 305 1981 1371 1374
61. S.W. Hosking, H.J. Kennedy, and I. Seddon The role of propranolol in congestive gastropathy of portal hypertension Hepatology 7 1987 437 441
62. R.M. Perez-Ayuso, J.M. Pique, and J. Bosch Propranolol in prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertension Lancet 337 1991 1431 1434
63. P.S. Kamath, M. Lacerda, and D.A. Ahlquist Gastric mucosal responses to intrahepatic portasystemic shunting in patients with cirrhosis Gastroenterology 118 2000 905 911
64. L. Spahr, J.P. Villeneuve, and M.P. Dufresne Gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhotic patients: absence of relation with portal hypertension Gut 44 1999 739 742
65. N. Chalasani, C. Kahi, and F. Francois Outcomes following acute variceal bleeding: a multicenter, cohort study Am J Gastroenterol 98 2003 653 659
66. G. D'Amico, and R. De Franchis A cooperative study group. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators Hepatology 38 2003 599 612
67. N. Carbonell, A. Pauwels, and L. Serfaty Improved survival after variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis over the past two decades Hepatology 40 2004 652 659
68. S.K. Sarin, D. Lahoti, and S. Saxena Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients Hepatology 16 1992 1343
69. B.D. Greenwald, S.H. Caldwell, and E.E. Hespenheide N-2-butyl- cyanoacrylate for bleeding gastric varices: a united states pilot study and cost analysis Am J Gastroenterol 98 2003 1982 1988
70. R. Kind, A. Guglielmi, and L. Rodella Bucrylate treatment of bleeding gastric varices: 12 years experience Endoscopy 32 2000 512 519
71. G.H. Lo, K.H. Lai, and J.S. Cheng A prospective randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices Hepatology 33 2001 1060 1064
72. Y.H. Huang, H.Z. Yeh, and G.H. Chen Endoscopic treatment of bleeding gastric varices by N-2-cyanoacrylate (histoacryl) injection: long-term efficacy and safety Gastrointest Endosc 52 2000 160 167
73. K. Barange, J.M. Peron, and K. Imani Transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt in the treatment of refractory bleeding from ruptured gastric varices Hepatology 30 1999 1139 1143
74. D. Tripathi, G. Therapondos, and E. Jackson The role of the transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) in the management of bleeding gastric varices: clinical and haemodynamic correlations Gut 51 2002 270 274
75. H. Kanagawa, S. Mima, and H. Kouyama Treatment of gastric fundal varices by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 1996 51 58
76. F. Chikamori, N. Kuniyoshi, and S. Shibuya Eight years experience with transjugular retrograde obliteration for gastric varices with gastro-renal shunts Surgery 129 2001 414 420
77. M. Tomikawa, M. Hashizume, and M. Saku Effectiveness of gastric devascularization and splenectomy for patients with gastric varices J Am Coll Surg 191 2000 498 503
78. M.J. Orloff, M.S. Orloff, and B. Girard Bleeding esophagogastric varices from extrahepatic portal hypertension: 40 years' experience with portal-systemic shunt J Am Coll Surg 194 2002 717 728
79. M. Shiba, K. Higuchi, and K. Nagamura Efficacy and safety of balloon-occluded endoscopic injection therapy as a prophylactic treatment for high-risk gastric fundal varices: a prospective, randomized, comparative trial Gastrointest Endosc 56 2002 522 528
80. D.S. Rengstorff, and K.F. Binmoeller A pilot study of 2-octyl cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of gastric fundal varices in humans Gastrointest Endosc 59 2004 553 558
81. N.D. Grace Diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension Am J Gastroenterol 92 1997 1081 1091
82. N.D. Grace, R.J. Groszmann, and G. Garcia-Tsao Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding: an AASLD single topic symposium Hepatology 28 1998 868 880
83. de Franchis R. Evolving consensus in portal hypertension. Report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2005;43:167-76.
84. G. D'Amico, and A. Morabito Noninvasive markers of esophageal varices: another round, not the last Hepatology 39 2004 30 34
85. T.D. Boyer, and M.J. Henderson Portal hypertension and bleeding esophageal varices A.D. Boyer Hepatology: a text book of hepatology 4th edition 2003 Elsevier Science Philadelphia 581 629
86. T.D. Boyer Changing clinical practice with measurements of portal pressure Hepatology 39 2004 283 285
87. R. Groszmann, and S. Wongcharatawee The hepatic venous pressure gradient: anything worth doing should be done right Hepatology 39 2004 280 282
88. D.R. Abraczinskas, R. Ookubo, and N.D. Grace Propranolol for the prevention of first esophageal variceal hemorrhage: a lifetime commitment? Hepatology 34 2001 1092 1102
89. T.F. Imperiale, and N.A. Chalasani Meta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation in primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis Hepatology 33 2001 821 825
90. M.S. Khuroo, N.S. Khuroo, and K.L.C. Farahat Meta-analysis: endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 2005 347 361
91. C. Merkel, R. Marin, and P. Angeli A placebo-controlled clinical trial of nadolol in the prophylaxis of growth of small esophageal varices in cirrhosis Gastroenterology 127 2004 476 484
92. R.J. Groszmann, G. Garcia-Tsao, and R. Makuch Multi-center randomized placebo-controlled trial of non-selective beta-blockers in the prevention of the complications of portal hypertension: final results and identification of a predictive factor Hepatology 38 2003 206A
93. M.R. Arguedas, G.R. Heudebert, and M.A. Eloubedi Cost-effectiveness of screening, surveillance and primary prophylaxis strategies for esophageal varices Am J Gastroenterol 97 2002 2441 2452
94. S.M. Saab, V. DeRosa, and J. Nieto Costs and clinical outcomes for primary prophylaxis of varices; bleeding in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: a decision analytic model Am J Gastroenterol 98 2003 763 770
95. B.M.R. Spiegel, L. Targowik, and G.S. Dulai Endoscopic screening for esophageal varices: is it ever cost effective? Hepatology 37 2003 366 377
96. P. Cales, F. Oberti, and J.L. Payen Lack of effect of propranolol in the prevention of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized trial. French-Speaking Club for the Study of Portal Hypertension Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 1999 741 745