Sacred language, ordinary people: Dilemmas of culture and politics in Egypt

Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-184

  Haeri, Niloofor ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84991569147     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230107373     Document Type: Book

References (184)

1. Abboud, Peter. 1988. "Speech and Religious Affiliation in Egypt". In Languages and Cultures: Studies In Honor of Edgar C Polome, eds., M. A. Jazayery and W. Winter. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 21-27.
2. Abdelfattah, Nabil Mohamed Saber. 1990. Linguistic Changes in Journalistic Language in Egypt, 1935-1989: A Quantitative and Comparative Analysis. Ph.D. dissertation. Austin: The University of Texas at Austin.
3. Abdul-Aziz, M.1986. "Factors in the Development of Modern Arabic Usage". International journal of the Sociology of Language 62: 11-24.
4. Abou Ghazi, Emad. 1996. "Observations sur la langue a travers l' etude d' actes notaries de l'epoque mamelouke". EgyptelMonde Arabe 27-28 (3 and 4): 147-156.
5. Abu-Absi, Samir. 1990. "A Characterization of the Language of Iftah ya Simsim: Sociolinguistic and Educational Implications for Arabic". Language Problems and Language Planning 14 (1): 33-46.
6. Abu-Absi, Samir. 1986. "The Modernization of Arabic: Ptoblems and Prospects". Anthropological Linguistics 28 (3): 337-48.
7. Abu-Absi, Samir. 1984. "Language Planning and Education in the Arab World". International journal of Education 1 (2): 113-132.
8. Abuhamdia, Zakaria. 1988. "The Arabic Language Regions". InSociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, eds., U. Ammon, N. Dittmar and K. Mattheier. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1238-44.
9. Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim. 1975. "Arab Cultural Consolidation: A Response to European Colonialism?" Islamic Quarterly 19.1 (2): 30-41.
10. Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1989. "Zones of Theory in the Anthropology of the Arab World". Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 267-306.
11. Achard, Pierre. 1980. "History and Politics of Language in France: A Review Essay". History Workshop journal 1 0: 175-83.
12. Ahmed, Leila. 1999. A Border Passage: From Cairo to America- A Womans journey. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
13. Allen, Roger. 1997. 'The Development of Fictional Genres: The Novel and the Short Story in Arabic". In Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of George Krotkoff, eds., A. Afsaruddin and A. Mathias Zahniser. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 105-118.
14. Alrabaa, Sami. 1986. "Diglossia in the Classroom: The Arabic Case". Anthropological Linguistics 28 (1): 73-79.
15. Alter, Robert. 1994. Hebrew and Modernity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
16. Altoma, Salih. 1969. The Problem of Diglossia in Arabic. Harvard Middle Eastern Monograph Series, 21. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17. Altoma, Salih. 1970. "Language Education in Arab Countries and the Role of the Academies". In Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 6, ed., T. A. Sebeok. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 690-720.
18. Anderson, Benedict. 1991 [1983J. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London, New York: Verso.
19. Antonius, George. 1965. The Arab Awakening. New York: Capricorn Books.
20. Arberry, Arthur. 1996 [1955J. The Koran Interpreted: A Translation. New York: Simon and Schuster.
21. Armbrust, Walter. 1996. Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
22. Aroian, Lois. 1983. The Nationalization of Arabic and Islamic Education in Egypt: Dar AI-Ulum and AI-Azhar. Cairo Papers in Social Science. Vol. 6, no. 4. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
23. Asad, Talal. 1986. The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam. Occasional Paper Series, Center for Contemporary Studies. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University.
24. Asad, Talal. 1993. "The Concept of Cultural Translation in British Social Anthropology". In Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 171-199.
25. Afsaruddin, Asma. 1997. "Bi-l'arabi al-fasiih: An Egyptian Play Looks at Contemporary Arab Society". In Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of George Krotkof{, eds., A. Afsaruddin and A. Mathias Zahniser. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, pp. 129-141.
26. Atiyeh, George, ed. 1995. The Book In the Islamic World: The Written Word and Communication in the Middle East. Albany: State University of New York Press.
27. Awad, Louis. 1993. Muqaddima fi fiqh al-Iugha al- 'arabiyya. [Introduction to the Philology of the Arabic Language], Cairo: Sina lil-Nashr.
28. Badawi, El-Said. 1973. Mustawayaat al- 'arabiyya al-mu 'aasira. [Levels of Contemporary Arabic], Cairo: Dar Al-Ma'arif.
29. Badran, Margot. 1995. Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
30. Bakalla, Muhammad Hasan. 1983. Arabic Linguistics: An Introduction and Bibliography. Mansell: London.
31. Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 1992. [1986J. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays by M. M. Bakhtin, eds., C. Emerson and M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.
32. Bakhtin, Mikhail M. 1986. [1981J. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M.M. Bakhtin, ed., M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press.
33. Barthes, Roland. 1977. Image, Music, Text. London: Fontana.
34. Belnap, Kirk and Niloofar Haeri. 1997. Structuralist Studies in Arabic Linguistics: Charles Ferguson's Papers, 1954-1994. Leiden: Brill.
35. Beneviste, Emile. 1971. Problems in General Linguistics. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press.
36. Bentahila, AbdeWi. 1983. "Language Attitudes Among Arabic-French Bilinguals in Morocco". Multilingual Matters 4. Clevedon: Bank House.
37. Birkeland, Harris. 1952. Growth and Structure of the Egyptian Arabic Dialect. Oslo: Dybwad.
38. Bohas, Georges, Jean-Patrick Guillaume and Djamel Kouloughli. 1990. The Arabic Linguistic Tradition. London, New York: Routledge.
39. Booth, Marylin. 1992. "Colloquial Arabic Poetry, Politics, and the Press in Modern Egypt. " International Journal of Middle East Studies 24: 419-440.
40. Boukous, Ahmed. 1979. "Le profil sociolinguistique du Maroc: Contribution methodologique". Bulletin Economique et Social du Maroc 140: 5-31.
41. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1982. Ce que parler veut dire: L'economie des echanges linguistique. Paris: Fayard.
43. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. "The Economics of Linguistic Exchanges". Social Science Information 16: 645-68.
44. Bourdieu, Pierre and Luc Boltanski. 1975. "Le fetichisme de la langue". Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales 1 (4): 1-32.
45. Bowen, John. 1989. "Salat in Indonesia: The Social Meanings of an Islamic Ritual". Man 24: 299-318.
46. Cachia, Pierre. 1990. An Overview of Modern Arabic Literature, Islamic Surveys 17. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
47. Cachia, Pierre. 1990. 1989. "The Development of a Modern Prose Style in Arabic Literature". Bulletin of the School o/Oriental and Aftican Studies 52(1): 65-76.
48. Cachia, Pierre. 1990. 1967. "The Use of the Colloquial in Modern Arabic Literature". Journal of the American Oriental Society 87 (1): 12-22.
49. Cameron, Deborah. 1995. Verbal Hygiene. London: Routledge.
50. Caton, Steven. 1991. "Diglossia in North Yemen: A Case of Competing Linguistic Communities". Southwest Journal o/Linguistics 10 (1): 143-59.
51. Caton, Steven. 1990. "Peaks o/Yemen I Summon':' Poetry as Practice in a North Yemeni Tribe. Berkeley: University of California Press.
52. Caton, Steven. 1987. "Contributions of Roman Jakobson". Annual Review of Anthropology 16: 223-260.
53. Caton, Steven. 1987. "Power, Persuasion, and Language: A Critique of the Segmentary Model in the Middle East". International Journal of Middle East Studies 19: 77-102.
54. Caton, Steven. 1986. "Salam Tahiyah: Greetings from the Highlands of Yemen". American Ethnologist 13: 290-308.
55. Cerquiglini, Bernard. 1989. Eloge de la Variante: Histoire Critique de la Philologie. Paris: Seuil.
56. Chartier, Roger. 1997. On the Edge o/the Cliff. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
57. Chejne, Anwar. 1969. The Arabic Language: Its Role in History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
58. Clanchy, M. T. 1993. From Memory to Written Record, England 1066-1307. Oxford, Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
59. Clark, Katerina and Michael Holquist. 1984. Mikhail Bakhtin. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
60. Crozet, Pascal. 1996. "Les mutations de la langue ecrite au XIXe siecle: Ie cas des manuels scientifique et techniques". EgypteiMonde Arabe 27-28 (3-4): 185-211.
61. Culler, Jonathan. 1990. [1986J. Ferdinand de Saussure. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
62. Daedalus. Special Issue on Early Modernities, Vol. 127, no. 3. 1998. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
63. Daedalus. Special Issue on Multiple Modernities, Vol. 129, no. 1. 2000. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
64. Daher, Nazih. 1987. "Arabic Sociolinguistics: State of the Art". AI-Arabiyya 20 (1-2): 125-159.
65. Danielson, Virginia. 1997. The Voice of Egypt. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
66. Dawwarah, Fu'ad. 1965. 'Ashara Udaba Yatahaddathun. [Ten Literateurs ConverseJ. Cairo: Dar al-Hilal.
67. Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. 1986. By El-Said Badawi and Martin Hinds. Librairie du Liban: Beirut, Lebanon.
68. Djite, Paulin. 1992. "The Arabization of Algeria: Linguistic and Sociopolitical Motivations". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 98: 15-28.
69. Doss, Madiha. 1996. "Reflexions sur les debuts de I'ecriture dialectale en Egypte". EgypteiMonde arabe 27-28 (3-4): 119-145.
70. Doss, Madiha. 1992. Discours de reforme. In Entre Reforme et Mouvement National: Identitie et Modernisation en Egypt 1882-1962. Cairo: CEDE].
71. Duranti, Alessandro and Charles Goodwin, eds. 1992. "Introduction". In Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
72. Eckert, Penelope and Sally McConnell-Ginet. 1992. "Think Practically and Look Locally: Language and Gender as Community-based Practice". Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 461-90.
73. Eco, Umberto. 1995. Search for the Perftct Language. Oxford, UK & Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
74. Eco, Umberto. 1980. The Name of the Rose. New York: Harcourt Brace.
75. Eickelman, Dale F. 1995. "Introduction: Print, Writing, and the Politics of Religious Identity in the Middle East". Anthropology Quarterly 68: 133-38.
76. Eickelman, Dale F. 1992. "Mass Higher Education and the Religious Imagination in Contemporary Arab Societies". American Ethnologist 19(4): 643-655.
77. Eisenstein, Elizabeth. 1998 [1983J. The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
78. Ennaji, Moha.1988. "Language Planning in Morocco and Changes in Arabic". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 74: 9-39.
79. Fakhri, Ahmed. 1998. "Reported Speech in Arabic Journalist Discourse". In Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XL eds., E. Benmamoun, M. Eid and N. Haeri. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 167-182.
80. Farag Allah, Abd Ai-Rahman. 1996. "La question de la langue dans la presse Egyptienne". EgyptelMonde arabe 27-28 (3-4): 435-449.
81. Febvre, Lucien and Henri-Jean Martin. 1976. The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450-1800. London: Verso.
82. Ferguson, Charles. 1991. "Epilogue: Dilgossia Revisited". Southwest Journal of Linguistics 10 (1): 214-234.
83. Ferguson, Charles. 1959."Diglossia". Word 15: 325-40. [Reprinted in Sociolinguistic Perspectives: Papers on Language and Society, 1959-19941 Charles Ferguson, ed. T. Huebner. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996: 25-39l.
84. Ferguson, Charles. 1959. "The Arabic Koine". Language 35 (4): 616-30. Reprinted in Belnap and Haeri.
85. Ferguson, Charles. 1959. "Myths about Arabic". In Languages and Linguistic Monograph Series, Georgetown University, ed., R. Harrell, pp. 75-82. Reprinted in Belnap and Haeri.
86. Fernandez, Mauro. 1993. Diglossia: A Comprehensive Bibliography 1960-1990. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
87. Fikr lil-Dirasat wal-Abhath. Special issue on Taha Hussein: ma'at aam min al-nuhud ai-arabi. [Taha Hussein: 100 Years of Arab Revivals], No. 14, 1989.
88. AI-Fikr al-arabi. Special issue on al-Iugha al- 'arabiyya wal-umma. [The Arabic Language and the Umma], No. 75.1994.
89. Fleisch, Henri. 1964. "Arabe classique et arabe dialectal". Travaux et Jours 12: 23-62.
90. Foucault, Michel. 1984. "What is an Author". In P. Rabinow, ed., The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon Books.
91. Frayha, Anis. 1955. Nahw arabiyya muyassara. [The Grammar of a Feasible Arabicl. Beirut: Dar al-Thaqafa.
92. Gal, Susan. 1989. "Language and Political Economy". Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 345-7.
93. Gal, Susan. 1987. "Codeswitching and Consciousness in the European Periphery". American Ethnologist 14 (4): 637-53.
94. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
95. Geertz, Clifford. 1968. Islam Observed' Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.
96. Geertz, Clifford, Hildred Geertz and Lawrence Rosen. 1979. Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
97. Gellner, Ernest. 1981. Muslim Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Gershoni, Israel and James Jankowski. 1995. Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
99. Gershoni, Israel and James Jankowski. 1986. Egypt, Islam, and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900-1930. New York: Oxford University Press.
100. Gilsenan, Michael. 1990. "Very Like a Camel: The Appearance of an Anthropologist's Middle East". In Localizing Strategies: Regional Traditions of Ethnographic Writing, ed., R. Fardon. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press and Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 222-239.
101. The Good News of Jesus Christ or The New Testament in Egyptian Arabic: The Acts of the Apostles. [il-khabar il-tayyib bita' yissu' il-masih ow il-ingil bil-Iugha al-masriyya, il-qism il-khamis: a'maal il-rasul. 1926. Cairo: Matba'a al-Nil al-Masihiyya.
102. Grandgillaume, Gilbert. 1991. "Arabisation et language maternelles dans Ie contexte national au Maghreb". Internationaljournal of the Sociology of Language 87: 45-54.
103. Grandgillaume, Gilbert. 1983. Arabisation et Politique Linguistique au Maghreb. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.
104. Gully, Adrian. 1993. "The Changing Face of Modern Written Arabic: An Update". AI-Arabiyya 26: 19-59.
105. Haeri, Niloofar. 2000. "Form and Ideology: Arabic Sociolinguistics and Beyond". Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 61-87.
106. Haeri, Niloofar. 1997. "The Reproduction of Symbolic Capital". Current Anthropology 38 (5): 795-815.
107. Haeri, Niloofar. 1996. The Sociolinguistic Market of C'airo: Gender, Class, and Education. London, New York: Kegan Paul International.
108. Hanks, William. 1987. "Discourse Genres in a Theory of Practice". American Ethnologist 14(4): 668-92.
109. Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 3rd edition. Ed., J. M. Cowan. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services.
110. Harshav, Benjamin. 1993. Language in Time of Revolution. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
111. Hartman, Martin. 1899. The Arabic Press of Egypt. London: Luzac & Company.
112. Herzfeld, Michael. 1996. "National Spirit or the Breath of Nature?. The Expropriation of Folk Positivism in the Discourse of Greek Nationalism". In Natural Histories of Discourse, eds., M. Silverstein and G. Urban. Chicago: Universiry of Chicago Press, pp. 277-298.
113. Heyworth-Dunn, James. 1968 [1939]. An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt. London: Luzac and Company.
114. Hitti, Philip K. 1970. History of the Arabs. New York: St. Martin's Press.
115. Hodgson, Marshall. 1974. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. 3 Volumes. Chicago: Universiry of Chicago Press.
116. Holes, Clive. 1993. "The Uses of Variation: A Study of the Political Speeches of Gamal Abd AI-Nasir". In Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics v., eds., M. Eid, and C. Holes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 13-45.
117. Hourani, Albert. 1991. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
118. Hourani, Albert. 1983. [1962]. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press.
119. Hudson Alan. 1992. "Diglossia: A Bibliographic Review". Language in Society 21: 611-674.
120. Hussein, Taha. 1954 [1944]. The Future of Culture in Egypt. Washington, DC: American Council of Learned Societies (translated from Arabic).
121. Imbabi, Fathi. 1994. Maraa'i aI-Qat!. [The Killing Fields]. Giza: al-Nahr lil-Nashr wal-Towzi'.
122. Irvine, Judith. 1989. "When Talk Isn't Cheap". American Ethnologist 16: 248-267.
123. Jakobson, Roman. 1971 [1966]. "Relationship between Russian Stem Suffixes and Verbal Aspects". In Selected Writings, Vol. II Word and Language, R. Jakobson. The Hague: Mouton, pp.198-202.
124. Jakobson, Roman. 1971 [1965J. "Quest for the Essence of Language". In Selected Writings, Vol. II Word and Language. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 345-59.
125. Karpat, Kemal. 1982. Political and Social Thought in the Contemporary Middle East. New York: Praeger.
126. Khoury, Philip. 1983. Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus, 1860-1920. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
127. Kuipers, Joel. 1998. Language, Identity, and Marginality in Indonesia: The Changing Nature of Ritual Speech on the Island of Sumba. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
128. Al-Kumi, Abdel-Aziz Sami. 1992. AI-sahafo al-islamiyya fi misr fil qarn tasi' 'ashar. [The Islamic Press in Egypt in the Nineteenth CenturyJ, Mansura, Egypt: Dar alWafa lil-Tabaa'a wal-Nashr wal-Towzi'.
129. Leith, Dick. 1997 [1983J. A Social History of English. London: Routledge.
130. MacFarquhar, Larissa. 1994. "Robert Gottlieb: The Art of Editing 1". Paris Review 132: 182-223.
131. Magli, Nasim. 1995. Louis 'Awad wa ma'arikihi al-adabiyya. Cairo: al-Hay'a al-Mi~riyya al-'aamma lil-Kitab.
132. Marcais, William. 1931. "La langue arabe dans l'Afrique du Nord". Enseignement Public 105: 20-39.
133. Marcais, William. 1930. "La diglossie Arabe". Enseignement Public 97: 401-9.
134. AI-Mughni Plus: Active Study Dictionary of English-Arabic. By Hasan Karmi. Beirut: Librairie du Liban.
135. AI-Mawrid: A Modern Arabic-English Dictionary. 1995. By Rohi Baalbaki. Beirut: Dar EI-llm Lilmalayin.
136. AI-Mawrid: A Modern English-Arabic Dictionary. 1996. By Munir Baalbaki. Beirut: Dar El-llm Lilmalayin.
137. Mazraani, Nathalie. 1997. Aspects of Language Variation in Arabic Political SpeechMaking. Surrey: Curzon Press.
138. McMurtrie, Douglas C. 1922. The Corrector of the Press in the Early Days of Printing. Greenwich, CT: Conde Nast Press.
139. Messick, Brinkley. 1993. The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
140. EI-Messiri, Sawsan. 1978. Ibn al-Balad: The Concept of Egyptian Identity. Leiden: Brill.
141. Michel, Nicolas. 1996. "Langues et Ecritures des Papiers Publics dans l'Egypte Ottomane". EgypteiMondeArabe27-28 (3 and 4): 157-183.
142. Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonising Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
143. Musa, Salama. 1964. al-Balagha al- 'asriyya wal-Iugha al- 'arabiyya. [The Contemporary Style and the Arabic LanguageJ, Cairo: Salama Musa lil-Nashr wal-Towzi'.
144. Musharrafa, Mustafa. 1991. Qantara alladhi kafor. [Qantara who Disbelieved], Cairo: Adab wa Naqd.A publication of al-AhalilHizb al- Tagammo' al-Watani alTaqaddomi al-Wahdawi [The Nationalist Progressive Unity Party].
145. Mustafa, Mahdi.1996. "Egyptian Arabic: Is It a New Language?" al-Qahira: Magalia al-Fikr wal-Fann al-Mu'asir [Cairo: Journal of Contemporary Thought and ArtJ. Special Issue 163: 4-5.
146. Nelson, Kristina. 1985. The Art of Reciting the Qur'an. Austin: University of Texas Press.
147. Nossier, Aida Ibrahim. 1990. Arabic Books Published in Egypt in the Nineteenth Century. 3 Volumes. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
148. Ortner, Sherry. 1984. 'Theory in Anthropology Since the Sixties". Comparative Studies in Social History 26: 126-66.
149. Osam al-Din, Ahmed. 1986. Harika al-targima fi misr fil-qarn al-'ashrin. [The Translation Movement in Egypt in the 19th Century]' Cairo: al-Hay'a al-Miriyya al-'amma lil-Kitab.
150. Parkinson, Dilworth. 1993. "Knowing Standard Arabic: Testing Egyptians' MSA Abilities". In Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics V, eds., M. Eid and C. Holes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 47-73.
151. Parkinson, Dilworth. 1991. "Searching for Modern Fusha: Real Life Formal Arabic". AI-Arabiyya, 24: 31-64.
152. Parkinson, Dilworth. 1981. "vso to SVO in Modern Standard Arabic: A Study in Diglossia Syntax". In Syntactic Change, Monograph No. 25, eds., B. Johns and D. Strong, pp. 159-176.
153. Pollock, Sheldon. 1998. "India in the Vernacular Millennium: Literary Culture and Polity 1000-1500". Daedalus 127 (3): 41-74.
154. Public Culture. Special issue on Alter/Native Modernities. Vol. 11 , no. 1. 1999. Cambridge, MA: Daedalus.
155. Qadaya Fikriyya. Special Issue on Lughatina al- arabiyya fi ma'rakat al-hadara. [Our Language in the Battlefield of Civilization], No. 17, 18, 1997.
156. Rodenbeck, Max. 1999. Cairo: The City Victorious. New York: Knopf.
157. El Saadawi, Nawal. 1999. A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography ofNawal EI Saadawi. London, New York: Zed Books.
158. Sabri, Osman. 1967. "il-lugha il-'arabiyya il-hadisa ow il-lugha il-masriyya (il-'ammiyya)". In Rihla fil-Nil. Alexandria: Maktaba al-Arab al-Masriyya. Reprinted in al-Garad, 1994, pp. 79-111. Title is changed in al-Garad to "Fillugha al-masriyya al-mu'asira."
159. Sabri, Osman. 1964. Nahw abgadiyya gadida. [Toward a New Alphabet], no publisher listed.
160. Said, Edward. 1981. Covering Islam. New York: Pantheon Books..
161. Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books
162. Said, Nafusa Z. 1964. Tarikh al-da'wa ila al- ammiyya wa athariha fi misr. [The History of the Call to 'ammiyya and its Influence in Egypt] Alexandria: Dar alThaqafa.
163. Saussure, Ferdinand. 1966 [1959]. Course in General Linguistics, eds., C. Bally and A. Sechehaye. New York: McGraw-Hill Company.
164. Schieffelin, Bambi and Rachelle Charlier Doucet. 1998. "The 'Real' Haitian Creole: Ideology, Metalinguistics, and Orthographic Choice". In Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory, eds., B. Schieffelin, K. Woolard and P. Kroskrity. New York: Oxford, pp. 285-316.
165. Schieffelin, Bambi, Kathryn Woolard and Paul Kroskrity. 1998. Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. New York: Oxford.
166. Seckinger, Beverly. 1988. "Implementing Morocco's Arabization Policy: Two Problems of Classification". In With Forked Tongues: What Are National Languages Good For? ed., F. Coulmas. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma, pp. 68-89.
167. Shyrock, Andrew. 1997. Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination: Oral History and Textual Authority in Tribal Jordan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
168. Silverstein, Michael, and Greg Urban, eds. 1996. Natural Histories of Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
169. Singerman, Diane. 1995. Avenues of Participation: Family, Politics and Networks in Urban Quarters of Cairo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
170. Starrett, Gregory. 1998. Putting Islam to Work: Education, Politics, and Religious Transformation in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.
171. Stetkevych, Jaroslav. 1970. The Modern Arabic Literary Language: Lexical and Stylistic Developments. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
172. Taymour, Mahmoud. 1956. Mushkilat al-Iugha al- 'arabiyya. [Problems of the Arabic Language], Cairo. No publisher listed.
173. UNDp, 2002. The Arab Human Development Report 2002: Creating Opportunities for Future Generations. New York: United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States.
174. Vatikiotis, Panayiotis.1991. The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
175. Versteegh, C. H. M. 1993. Arabic Grammar and Qur'anic Exegesis in Early Islam. Leiden: Brill.
176. Versteegh, Kees. 1997. The Arabic Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
177. Voloshinov, Valentin N. 1986 [1973]. Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
178. Wagner, Daniel. 1993. Literacy, Culture, and Development: Becoming Literate in Morocco. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
179. Washington-Serruys. 1897. L'Arabe Moderne, Etudie dans les Journaux et les Pieces Of ficielles. Beyrouth: Imprimerie Catholique.
180. Wa Thiong'o, Ngugi. 1986. Decolonizing the Mind: the Politics of Language in Aftican Literature. London: J. Currey; Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
181. Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov and Michael Herzog. 1968. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change". In Directions for Historical Linguistics, eds., W Lehmann and J. Malkiel. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 95-185 Williams, Raymond. 1977. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
182. Williams, Raymond. 1977. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press
183. Wucherking, Joan. 1984. Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Egypt: American University of Cairo Press.
184. Yacine, Kateb. 1994. Le Poete com me un boxeur, entretiens 1958-1989. Paris: Editions du Seuil.