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Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 686-716

Once upon a time there was a big party: The social bases of the Romanian communist party (part I)

Author keywords

Communist party membership; Eastern Europe; Political sociology; Romania; Social stratification

Indexed keywords


EID: 27844522826     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325405281092     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (8)

References (128)
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    • Adaptation of the cold war joke of Yakov Smirnoff, Russian-born U.S. comedian
    • Adaptation of the cold war joke of Yakov Smirnoff, Russian-born U.S. comedian.
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    • Romania
    • Richard F. Staar, ed., (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press)
    • Robert R. King, "Romania," in Richard F. Staar, ed., 1989 Yearbook on International Communist Affairs (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press), 347-48.
    • 1989 Yearbook on International Communist Affairs , pp. 347-348
    • King, R.R.1
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    • note
    • However, the next day, the provisional government did not fulfill its promise and the Romania Communist Party (RCP) was not legally banned.
  • 10
    • 0004227361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Berkeley: University of California Press
    • some of Jowitt's other important contributions are gathered in his volume New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
    • (1992) New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction
  • 13
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    • A party of workers or a party of intellectuals? Recruitment into eastern european communist parties, 1945-1988
    • See, for instance, Eric Hanley, "A Party of Workers or a Party of Intellectuals? Recruitment into Eastern European Communist Parties, 1945-1988," Social Forces 81 (2003): 1073-1105;
    • (2003) Social Forces , vol.81 , pp. 1073-1105
    • Hanley, E.1
  • 16
    • 0035285901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Career advancement as party patronage: Sponsored mobility into the Chinese administratative elite, 1946-1996
    • Bobai Li and Andrew G. Walder, "Career Advancement as Party Patronage: Sponsored Mobility into the Chinese Administratative Elite, 1946-1996," American Journal of Sociology 106 (2001): 1371-1408;
    • (2001) American Journal of Sociology , vol.106 , pp. 1371-1408
    • Li, B.1    Walder, A.G.2
  • 17
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    • Social inequalities and party membership: Patterns of recruitment into the hungarian socialist workers' party
    • Szonja Szelényi, "Social Inequalities and Party Membership: Patterns of Recruitment into the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party," American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 559-73;
    • (1987) American Sociological Review , vol.52 , pp. 559-573
    • Szelényi, S.1
  • 18
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    • Career mobility and the communist political order
    • Andrew G. Walder, "Career Mobility and the Communist Political Order," American Sociological Review 60 (1995): 309-28;
    • (1995) American Sociological Review , vol.60 , pp. 309-328
    • Walder, A.G.1
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    • Politics and life chances in a state socialist regime: Dual career paths into the Urban Chinese elite, 1949-1996
    • Andrew G. Walder, Bobai Li, and Donald J. Treiman, "Politics and Life Chances in a State Socialist Regime: Dual Career Paths into the Urban Chinese Elite, 1949-1996," American Sociological Review 65 (2000): 191-209;
    • (2000) American Sociological Review , vol.65 , pp. 191-209
    • Walder, A.G.1    Li, B.2    Treiman, D.J.3
  • 20
    • 0030510093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The social composition of the czechoslovak and hungarian communist parties in the 1980s
    • and Raymond S. K. Wong, "The Social Composition of the Czechoslovak and Hungarian Communist Parties in the 1980s," Social Forces 75 (1996): 61-90.
    • (1996) Social Forces , vol.75 , pp. 61-90
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  • 21
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    • note
    • In contrast to other "sisterly" countries, public opinion polls and sociological surveys were virtually absent in socialist Romania. In the late 1940s, Romanian sociology was branded a "bourgeois science" and banned from academia. Following the ideological relaxation from the mid-1960s, sociology programs were reinstituted in public universities. In the late 1970s, however, Ceauseşcu banned again sociology from academia. Sociology courses (with a strong Marxist flavor) continued to be taught sporadically within other departments, but the only degree-granting program in sociology was at the Stefan Gheorghiu Party Academy. While public opinion surveys have flourished since Ceauseşcu's demise, Romanian sociologists have avoided asking questions about Party membership. Affiliation with the RCP was a rather delicate issue in the early 1990s, when anti-communist parties and civic organizations were calling for the exclusion of former Party members from public life. In addition, in the early 1990s, it was quite difficult to conduct face-to-face interviews for public opinion surveys because most Romanians were suspicious of individuals who were asking political and other opinion questions - a thing that only Ceauseşcu's infamous Secret Police (Securitate) did. These facts explain the absence of Romanian survey data about RCP membership.
  • 23
    • 27844491943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hanley, "A Party of Workers," 1075. For instance, Stoica has shown that, ten years after the collapse of the communist regime, former Romanian cadres are more likely than ordinary individuals to be employers - an elite form of entrepreneurship.
    • A Party of Workers , pp. 1075
    • Hanley1
  • 24
    • 2442604114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From good communists to even better capitalists? Entrepreneurial pathways in post-socialist romania
    • See Cǎtǎlin Augustin Stoica, "From Good Communists to Even Better Capitalists? Entrepreneurial Pathways in Post-Socialist Romania," East European Politics and Societies 18(2004): 236-77. For the advantages of former Party members in contemporary Russia,
    • (2004) East European Politics and Societies , vol.18 , pp. 236-277
    • Stoica, C.A.1
  • 25
    • 0002788841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Membership benefits or selection effects? Why former communist party members do better in post-Soviet Russia
    • see Theodore Gerber, "Membership Benefits or Selection Effects? Why Former Communist Party Members Do Better in Post-Soviet Russia," Social Science Research 29:1(2000): 25-50.
    • (2000) Social Science Research , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-50
    • Gerber, T.1
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    • The privileges of post-communist party membership in Russia and Endogenous switching regression: Comment to Theodore Gerber
    • See also Akos Rona-Tas and Alya Guseva, "The Privileges of Post-Communist Party Membership in Russia and Endogenous Switching Regression: Comment to Theodore Gerber," Social Science Research 30:4(2001): 641-52;
    • (2001) Social Science Research , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 641-652
    • Rona-Tas, A.1    Guseva, A.2
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    • The selection theory of persisting party advantages in russia. More evidence and implications: Reply to Akos Rona-Tas and Alya Guseva
    • and Theodore Gerber, "The Selection Theory of Persisting Party Advantages in Russia. More Evidence and Implications: Reply to Akos Rona-Tas and Alya Guseva," Social Science Research 30:4(2001): 653-71.
    • (2001) Social Science Research , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 653-671
    • Gerber, T.1
  • 28
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    • Space limitations prevent me from discussing in detail previous sociological analyses of communist parties' social composition. Comprehensive overviews of such studies can be found in Hanley, "A Party of Workers";
    • A Party of Workers
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  • 35
    • 20744460644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tismaneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons, 24. As Tismaneanu notes, during the interwar period, the Polish communists-following strictly the Comintern's position-also denounced the Versailles and Trianon treaties. Contesting the very existence of post-World War r Poland and Romania was the worst strategy to gain popular support in two nations that for a long period saw their territories divided among powerful neighbors.
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    • The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organization fields
    • For a definition of these types of institutional change, see Paul DiMaggio and Walter Powell, "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organization Fields," American Sociological Review 48 (1983): 147-60. In his discussion of how Romanian communists imported the Soviet Union's institutional blueprints, Jowitt uses the term "emulation"
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    • (see Jowitt, Revolutionary Breakthroughs). However, Jowitt's "emulation" and Powell and DiMaggio's "coercive and mimetic institutional change" refer to similar processes in this case.
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    • Jowitt, Revolutionary Breakthroughs, 111. "Breaking through,"Jowitt notes, "is the decisive alteration or destruction of values, structures, and behaviors which are perceived by a revolutionary elite as comprising or contributing to the actual power or potential existence of alternative centers of power" (p. 7).
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    • One of the victims of this verification campaign was Lucreţiu Pǎtrǎşcanu, who, in the words of Tismaneanu, was one of the most distinguished, erudite, sophisticated, and urbane Romanian communist, with a long tradition in the interwar communist movement in Romania. Gheorghiu-Dej perceived Pǎtrǎşcanu as a rival, and the latter fell prey to the "verification" campaign in 1948, was tried, and was executed in 1954. See Tismaneanu, Stalinism for all Seasons, 110-20 and 267-68.
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    • Tismaneanu1
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    • note
    • I thank Vladimir Tismaneanu for his clarifications on this point.
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    • See also King, A History, 80-84.
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    • note
    • I thank Vladimir Tismaneanu for his clarifications at this point.
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    • Romania after ceausescu: Post-communist communism?
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    • For an excellent account of the December Events and the narratives that surrounded the downfall of Ceauşescu, see Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery, "Romania after Ceausescu: Post-Communist Communism?" in Ivo Banac, ed., Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 117-47.
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    • For an analysis of collective representations of "December 1989" a decade later, see John F. Ely and Cǎtǎlin Augustin Stoica, "Re-Membering Romania," in Henry F. Carey, ed., Romania since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society (Oxford: Lexington Books, 2004), 97-114.
    • (2004) Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society , pp. 97-114
    • Ely, J.F.1    Stoica, C.A.2
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    • note
    • The surveys were conducted by two private research agencies: Metro-Media Transylvania (May 2000) and the Center for Urban and Regional Sociology - CURS (November 2000).
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    • The prospects and limits of the East European new class project: An auto-critical reflection on the intellectuals on the road to class power
    • for Ivan Szelényi's self-criticism, see "The Prospects and Limits of the East European New Class Project: An Auto-Critical Reflection on the Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power," Politics and Society 15 (1986): 103-44;
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    • Women in Romanian politics: Elena ceauşescu, pronatalism, and the promotion of women
    • Sharon L. Wolchik and Alfred G. Meyer, eds., (Durham, NC: Duke University Press)
    • Mary Ellen Fischer, "Women in Romanian Politics: Elena Ceauşescu, Pronatalism, and the Promotion of Women," in Sharon L. Wolchik and Alfred G. Meyer, eds., Women, State, and Party in Eastern Europe (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1985), 126.
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    • Fischer, M.E.1
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    • note
    • In the May 2000 sample, 36 percent of respondents born before 1972 reported that they were Party members (excluding missing observations); the percentage of Party members was 34.5 percent when missing observations were included in calculations. In the November 2000 sample, 41 percent of respondents of respondents born before 1972 reported that they were ever Party members (excluding missing observations); when missing observations are included, the percentage of Party members is 36.5 percent.
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    • The political dimension of social mobility in communist states: Reflections on the Soviet Union and China
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    • (1985) Research in Political Sociology , vol.1 , pp. 105
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