메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 10, 2005, Pages 2847-2867

Global distribution of Earth's surface shortwave radiation budget

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBEDO; RADIATION BUDGET; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; SHORTWAVE RADIATION;

EID: 27844520381     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-5-2847-2005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (146)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 0022838426 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of regional clear-sky albedos inferred from satellite observations and model computations
    • Briegleb, B. P., Minnis, P., Ramanathan, V., and Harrison, E.: Comparison of regional clear-sky albedos inferred from satellite observations and model computations, J. Clim. Appl. Meteor., 25, 214-226, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Clim. Appl. Meteor. , vol.25 , pp. 214-226
    • Briegleb, B.P.1    Minnis, P.2    Ramanathan, V.3    Harrison, E.4
  • 2
    • 0007411113 scopus 로고
    • Determining surface solar absorption from broadband satellite measurements for clear skies: Comparison with surface measurements
    • Cess, R. D., Dutton, E. G., DeLuisi, J. J., and Jiang, F.: Determining surface solar absorption from broadband satellite measurements for clear skies: Comparison with surface measurements, J. Climate, 4, 236-247, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Climate , vol.4 , pp. 236-247
    • Cess, R.D.1    Dutton, E.G.2    DeLuisi, J.J.3    Jiang, F.4
  • 3
    • 0040602185 scopus 로고
    • Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models
    • Cess, R. D., Zhang, M. H., Minnis, P., et al.: Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models, Science, 267, 496-499, 1995.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 496-499
    • Cess, R.D.1    Zhang, M.H.2    Minnis, P.3
  • 4
    • 0029773316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 using satellite observations of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment
    • Chen, C.-T. and Roeckner, E.: Validation of the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 using satellite observations of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4269-4287, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 4269-4287
    • Chen, C.-T.1    Roeckner, E.2
  • 5
    • 0036468676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for strengthening of the tropical general circulation in the 1990s
    • Chen, J., Carlson, B. E., and Del Genio, A. D.: Evidence for strengthening of the tropical general circulation in the 1990s, Science, 295, 838-841, 2002.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 838-841
    • Chen, J.1    Carlson, B.E.2    Del Genio, A.D.3
  • 6
    • 0001494469 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of surface insolation using Sun-synchronous satellite data
    • Darnell, W. L., Staylor, W. F., Gupta, S. K., and Denn, F. M.: Estimation of surface insolation using Sun-synchronous satellite data, J. Climate, 1, 820-835, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Climate , vol.1 , pp. 820-835
    • Darnell, W.L.1    Staylor, W.F.2    Gupta, S.K.3    Denn, F.M.4
  • 7
    • 0027066609 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project C1 data
    • Darnell, W. L., Staylor, W. F., Gupta, S. K., Ritchey, N. A., and Wilber, A. C.: Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project C1 data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15 741-15 760, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97
    • Darnell, W.L.1    Staylor, W.F.2    Gupta, S.K.3    Ritchey, N.A.4    Wilber, A.C.5
  • 8
    • 0029751999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models
    • Del Genio, A. D., Yao, M.-S., Kovari, W., and Lo, K. K.-W.: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models, J. Climate, 9, 270-304, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 270-304
    • Del Genio, A.D.1    Yao, M.-S.2    Kovari, W.3    Lo, K.K.-W.4
  • 10
    • 0026470472 scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models
    • Ebert, E. E. and Curry, J. A.: A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831-3836, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 3831-3836
    • Ebert, E.E.1    Curry, J.A.2
  • 11
    • 0003602891 scopus 로고
    • The heat budget of the global oceans: An atlas based on surface marine observations, Rep. 29
    • Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis
    • Esbensen, S. K. and Kushnir, Y.: The heat budget of the global oceans: An atlas based on surface marine observations, Rep. 29, Clim. Res. Inst., Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis, 1981.
    • (1981) Clim. Res. Inst.
    • Esbensen, S.K.1    Kushnir, Y.2
  • 12
    • 23744512933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hatzidimitriou and Vardavas, I.: Analysis of the decrease in the tropical mean outgoing shortwave radiation at the top of atmosphere for the period 1984-2000
    • SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2005-5-1721
    • Fotiadi, A., Hatzianastassiou, N., Matsoukas, C., Pavlakis, K. G., Drakakis, E., Hatzidimitriou and Vardavas, I.: Analysis of the decrease in the tropical mean outgoing shortwave radiation at the top of atmosphere for the period 1984-2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1721-1730, 2005, SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2005-5-1721.
    • (2005) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.5 , pp. 1721-1730
    • Fotiadi, A.1    Hatzianastassiou, N.2    Matsoukas, C.3    Pavlakis, K.G.4    Drakakis, E.5
  • 13
    • 0029768949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part II: Impact of cloudiness, the earth's radiation budget, and the general circulation of the atmosphere
    • Fowler, L. D. and Randal, D. A.: Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU general circulation model. Part II: Impact of cloudiness, the earth's radiation budget, and the general circulation of the atmosphere, J. Climate, 9, 530-560, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 530-560
    • Fowler, L.D.1    Randal, D.A.2
  • 14
    • 0028190405 scopus 로고
    • Incoming shortwave fluxes at the surface - A comparison of GCM results with observations
    • Garratt, J. R.: Incoming shortwave fluxes at the surface - A comparison of GCM results with observations, J. Clim., 7, 72-80, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Clim. , vol.7 , pp. 72-80
    • Garratt, J.R.1
  • 16
    • 0001409407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Global Energy Balance Archive
    • Gilgen, H. and Ohmura, A.: The Global Energy Balance Archive, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 80, 831-850, 1999.
    • (1999) Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 831-850
    • Gilgen, H.1    Ohmura, A.2
  • 17
    • 0032469648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Means and trends of short-wave irradiance at the surface estimated from Global Energy Balance Archive
    • Gilgen, H., Wild, M., and Ohmura, A.: Means and trends of short-wave irradiance at the surface estimated from Global Energy Balance Archive, J. Climate, 11, 2042-2061, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 2042-2061
    • Gilgen, H.1    Wild, M.2    Ohmura, A.3
  • 19
    • 77956857401 scopus 로고
    • Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, Radiative effects of clouds on Earth's climate
    • P. Hobbs, Acad. Press Inc
    • Hartmann, D. L.: Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, Radiative effects of clouds on Earth's climate, International Geophysics Series, vol. 54, P. Hobbs, Acad. Press Inc., 151-173, 1993.
    • (1993) International Geophysics Series , vol.54 , pp. 151-173
    • Hartmann, D.L.1
  • 21
    • 0033610392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shortwave radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and NCEP/NCAR climatological data
    • Hatzianastassiou, N. and Vardavas, I.: Shortwave radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere using International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and NCEP/NCAR climatological data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24 401-24 421, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104
    • Hatzianastassiou, N.1    Vardavas, I.2
  • 22
    • 0035891754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shortwave radiation budget of the Southern Hemisphere using ISCCP C2 and NCEP/NCAR climatological data
    • Hatzianastassiou, N. and Vardavas, I.: Shortwave radiation budget of the Southern Hemisphere using ISCCP C2 and NCEP/NCAR climatological data, J. Clim., 14, 4319-4329, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 4319-4329
    • Hatzianastassiou, N.1    Vardavas, I.2
  • 24
    • 1342310072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global distribution of aerosol direct radiative forcing in the ultraviolet and visible arising under clear skies
    • Hatzianastassiou, N., Katsoulis, B., and Vardavas, I.: Global distribution of aerosol direct radiative forcing in the ultraviolet and visible arising under clear skies, Tellus, 56B, 51-71, 2004b.
    • (2004) Tellus , vol.56 B , pp. 51-71
    • Hatzianastassiou, N.1    Katsoulis, B.2    Vardavas, I.3
  • 25
    • 4744369223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the decadal increase in the tropical mean outgoing longwave radiation for the period 1984-2000
    • SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2004-4-1419
    • Hatzidimitriou, D., Vardavas, I., Pavlakis, K., Hatzianastassiou, N., Matsoukas, C., and Drakakis, E.: On the decadal increase in the tropical mean outgoing longwave radiation for the period 1984-2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1419-1425, 2004, SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2004-4-1419.
    • (2004) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.4 , pp. 1419-1425
    • Hatzidimitriou, D.1    Vardavas, I.2    Pavlakis, K.3    Hatzianastassiou, N.4    Matsoukas, C.5    Drakakis, E.6
  • 26
    • 0020969540 scopus 로고
    • Surface albedo data for climate modelling
    • Henderson-Sellers, A. and Wilson, M. F.: Surface albedo data for climate modelling, Rev. Geophys., 21, 1743-1778, 1983.
    • (1983) Rev. Geophys. , vol.21 , pp. 1743-1778
    • Henderson-Sellers, A.1    Wilson, M.F.2
  • 27
    • 17044362683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evalnation of NCEP Eta model predictions of surface energy budget and cloud properties by comparison with measured ARM data
    • Hinkelman, L. M., Ackerman, T. P., and Marchand, R. T.: An evalnation of NCEP Eta model predictions of surface energy budget and cloud properties by comparison with measured ARM data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19 535-19 549, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104
    • Hinkelman, L.M.1    Ackerman, T.P.2    Marchand, R.T.3
  • 28
    • 0038610460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) edited by: Houghton J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Climate Change 2001, The Scientific Basis, 881 pp., edited by: Houghton J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2001.
    • (2001) Climate Change 2001, The Scientific Basis , pp. 881
  • 29
    • 0031457607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earth's annual global mean energy budget
    • Kiehl, J. T. and Trenberth, K. E.: Earth's annual global mean energy budget, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 197-208, 1997.
    • (1997) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.78 , pp. 197-208
    • Kiehl, J.T.1    Trenberth, K.E.2
  • 30
    • 0029480675 scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of a GCM climate to enhanced shortwave cloud absorption
    • Kiehl, J. T., Hack, J. J., Zhang, M. H., and Cess, R. D.: Sensitivity of a GCM climate to enhanced shortwave cloud absorption, J. Clim., 8, 2200-2212, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Clim. , vol.8 , pp. 2200-2212
    • Kiehl, J.T.1    Hack, J.J.2    Zhang, M.H.3    Cess, R.D.4
  • 31
    • 0003812830 scopus 로고
    • Radiation Characteristics of the Atmosphere and the Earth's surface
    • Amerind., SNew Delhi
    • Kondratyev, K. Y.: Radiation Characteristics of the Atmosphere and the Earth's surface, Amerind., SNew Delhi, 580 pp., 1973.
    • (1973) , pp. 580
    • Kondratyev, K.Y.1
  • 32
    • 0003923315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global aerosol data set
    • Rep. No. 243, Max-Planck Institut für Meteorologie Hamburg, Germany
    • Koepke, P., Hess, M., Schult, I., and Shettle, E. P.: Global aerosol data set, Rep. No. 243, Max-Planck Institut für Meteorologie, 44 pp., Hamburg, Germany, 1997.
    • (1997) , pp. 44
    • Koepke, P.1    Hess, M.2    Schult, I.3    Shettle, E.P.4
  • 33
    • 0002320140 scopus 로고
    • The role of land ice and snow in climate
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser. edited by: Berger, A., Dickinson, R. E., and Kidson, J. W. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C
    • Kuhn, M. H.: The role of land ice and snow in climate, in: Understanding Climate Change, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 52, edited by: Berger, A., Dickinson, R. E., and Kidson, J. W., pp. 17-28, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1989.
    • (1989) Understanding Climate Change , vol.52 , pp. 17-28
    • Kuhn, M.H.1
  • 35
    • 0027528225 scopus 로고
    • Global climatologies of solar radiation budgets at the surface and in the atmosphere from 5 years of ERBE data
    • Li, Z. and Leighton, H. G.: Global climatologies of solar radiation budgets at the surface and in the atmosphere from 5 years of ERBE data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4919-4930, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 4919-4930
    • Li, Z.1    Leighton, H.G.2
  • 36
    • 0029539940 scopus 로고
    • The variable effect of clouds on atmospheric absorption of solar radiation
    • Li, Z., Barker, H. W., and Moreau, L.: The variable effect of clouds on atmospheric absorption of solar radiation, Nature, 376, 486-490, 1995.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 486-490
    • Li, Z.1    Barker, H.W.2    Moreau, L.3
  • 37
    • 0031435438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On solar energy disposition: A perspective from observation and modelling
    • Li, Z., Moreau, L., and Arking, A.: On solar energy disposition: A perspective from observation and modelling, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 53-70, 1997.
    • (1997) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.78 , pp. 53-70
    • Li, Z.1    Moreau, L.2    Arking, A.3
  • 38
    • 0037095893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed reductions of surface solar radiation at sites in the United States and worldwide from 1961 to 1990
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL014910
    • Liepert, B. G.: Observed reductions of surface solar radiation at sites in the United States and worldwide from 1961 to 1990, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(12), doi:10.1029/2002GL014910, 2002.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.12
    • Liepert, B.G.1
  • 39
    • 0011219121 scopus 로고
    • Radiation and cloud processes in the atmosphere
    • Oxford University Press Inc
    • Liou, K. N.: Radiation and cloud processes in the atmosphere. Theory, Observation and Modelling, Oxford University Press Inc., 487 pp., 1992.
    • (1992) Theory, Observation and Modelling , pp. 487
    • Liou, K.N.1
  • 40
    • 27844535371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An introduction to atmospheric radiation
    • Academic Press
    • Liou, K. N.: An introduction to atmospheric radiation, International Geophysics Series, Vol. 84, Academic Press, 583 pp., 2002.
    • (2002) International Geophysics Series , vol.84 , pp. 583
    • Liou, K.N.1
  • 41
    • 0002560173 scopus 로고
    • Re-evaluation of the global energy balance. Interactions between global climate subsystems: The legacy of Hann
    • Geophys. Monogr. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
    • Ohmura, A. and Gilgen, H.: Re-evaluation of the global energy balance. Interactions between global climate subsystems: The legacy of Hann, Geophys. Monogr., No. 75, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 93-110, 1993.
    • (1993) , Issue.75 , pp. 93-110
    • Ohmura, A.1    Gilgen, H.2
  • 44
    • 0020242802 scopus 로고
    • Climate studies with a multi-layer energy balance model. Part I: Model description and sensitivity to the solar constant
    • Peng, L. I., Chou, M.-D., and Arking, A.: Climate studies with a multi-layer energy balance model. Part I: Model description and sensitivity to the solar constant, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2639-2656, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 2639-2656
    • Peng, L.I.1    Chou, M.-D.2    Arking, A.3
  • 45
    • 0028794672 scopus 로고
    • Direct observations of excess solar absorption by clouds
    • Pilewski, P. and Valero, F.: Direct observations of excess solar absorption by clouds, Science, 257, 1626-1629, 1995.
    • (1995) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1626-1629
    • Pilewski, P.1    Valero, F.2
  • 46
    • 0026482981 scopus 로고
    • Modelling surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale
    • Pinker, R. T. and Laszlo, I.: Modelling surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 194-211, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.31 , pp. 194-211
    • Pinker, R.T.1    Laszlo, I.2
  • 47
    • 18244383023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do satellites detect trends in surface solar radiation?
    • Pinker R. T., Zhang, B., and Dutton E. G.: Do satellites detect trends in surface solar radiation?, Science, 308, 850-854, 2005.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 850-854
    • Pinker, R.T.1    Zhang, B.2    Dutton, E.G.3
  • 48
    • 0003322364 scopus 로고
    • Scientific use of surface radiation budget for climate studies
    • NASA PR-1169
    • Ramanathan, V.: Scientific use of surface radiation budget for climate studies. Surface Radiation Budget for Climate Applications, NASA PR-1169, 58-86, 1986.
    • (1986) Surface Radiation Budget for Climate Applications , pp. 58-86
    • Ramanathan, V.1
  • 49
    • 0001289208 scopus 로고
    • The role of Earth Radiation Budget studies in climate and general circulation research
    • Ramanathan, V.: The role of Earth Radiation Budget studies in climate and general circulation research, J. Geophys. Res., 4075-4094, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Geophys. Res. , pp. 4075-4094
    • Ramanathan, V.1
  • 51
    • 0023486936 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of global radiation at the ground from the deduced data sets of the International Cloud Climatology Project
    • Raschke, E., Gratzki, A., and Rieland, M.: Estimates of global radiation at the ground from the deduced data sets of the International Cloud Climatology Project, J. Climatol., 7, 205-213, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Climatol. , vol.7 , pp. 205-213
    • Raschke, E.1    Gratzki, A.2    Rieland, M.3
  • 52
    • 0034797292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new snow cover fraction parameterization for the ECHAM4 GCM
    • Roesch, A., Wild, M., Gilgen, H., and Ohmura, A.: A new snow cover fraction parameterization for the ECHAM4 GCM, Clim. Dyn., 17, 933-946, 2001.
    • (2001) Clim. Dyn. , vol.17 , pp. 933-946
    • Roesch, A.1    Wild, M.2    Gilgen, H.3    Ohmura, A.4
  • 53
    • 0347198216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of surface spectral albedos and their impact on the general circulation model estimated surface climate
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD000809, ACL 13-1-ACL 13-8
    • Roesch, A., Wild, M., Pinker, R., and Ohmura, A.: Comparison of surface spectral albedos and their impact on the general circulation model estimated surface climate, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D4), doi:10.1029/ 2001JD000809, ACL 13-1-ACL 13-8, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D14
    • Roesch, A.1    Wild, M.2    Pinker, R.3    Ohmura, A.4
  • 54
    • 0000813474 scopus 로고
    • Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance measurements. Part II: Cloud properties and radiative effects
    • Rossow, W. B. and Lacis, A. A.: Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance measurements. Part II: Cloud properties and radiative effects, J. Clim., 3, 1204-1253, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Clim. , vol.3 , pp. 1204-1253
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Lacis, A.A.2
  • 55
    • 0028977681 scopus 로고
    • Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets 2. Validation and first results
    • Rossow, W. B. and Zhang, Y.-C.: Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets 2. Validation and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1167-1197, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 1167-1197
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Zhang, Y.-C.2
  • 56
    • 0042323504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP
    • Rossow, W. B. and Schiffer, R. A.: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2261-2287, 1999.
    • (1999) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 2261-2287
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Schiffer, R.A.2
  • 58
    • 0024926872 scopus 로고
    • Towards a surface radiation climatology: Retrieval of downward irradiance from satellites
    • Schmetz, J.: Towards a surface radiation climatology: Retrieval of downward irradiance from satellites, Atmos. Res., 23, 287-321, 1989.
    • (1989) Atmos. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 287-321
    • Schmetz, J.1
  • 59
    • 0024824610 scopus 로고
    • A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds
    • Slingo, A.: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 1419-1427
    • Slingo, A.1
  • 60
    • 0003995899 scopus 로고
    • Optical properties of eight water cloud types
    • Tech. Pap. 36, CSIRO Div. of Atmos. Phys
    • Stephens, G. L.: Optical properties of eight water cloud types, Tech. Pap. 36, CSIRO Div. of Atmos. Phys., 254 pp., 1979.
    • (1979) , pp. 254
    • Stephens, G.L.1
  • 61
    • 0026276925 scopus 로고
    • The earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology, 2, Observations of cloud effects
    • Stephens, G. L. and Greenwald, T. J.: The earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology, 2, Observations of cloud effects, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15 325-15 340, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96
    • Stephens, G.L.1    Greenwald, T.J.2
  • 63
    • 2642545561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The WCRP/GEWEX surface radiation budget project release 2: An assessment of surface fluxes at 1 degree resolution
    • St. Petersburg, Russia, 24-29 July 2000, IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, edited by: Smith, W. L. and Timofeyev, Y., A. Deepak Publishing
    • Stackhouse Jr., P. W., Cox, S. J., Gupta, S. K., Chiacchio, M., and Mikovitz, J. C.: The WCRP/GEWEX surface radiation budget project release 2: An assessment of surface fluxes at 1 degree resolution. International Radiation Sysposium, St. Petersburg, Russia, 24-29 July 2000, IRS 2000: Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, edited by: Smith, W. L. and Timofeyev, Y., A. Deepak Publishing, 147, 2001.
    • (2001) International Radiation Sysposium , pp. 147
    • Stackhouse Jr., P.W.1    Cox, S.J.2    Gupta, S.K.3    Chiacchio, M.4    Mikovitz, J.C.5
  • 64
    • 0035912292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global dimming: A review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences
    • Stanhill, G. and Cohen, S.: Global dimming: A review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences, Agricult. Forest. Meteorol., 107, 255-278, 2001.
    • (2001) Agricult. Forest. Meteorol. , vol.107 , pp. 255-278
    • Stanhill, G.1    Cohen, S.2
  • 65
    • 0006267793 scopus 로고
    • Surface radiation budget for climate applications
    • NASA Reference Publication 1169, NASA, Washington D.C
    • Suttles, J. T. and Ohring, G.: Surface radiation budget for climate applications, NASA Reference Publication 1169, NASA, Washington D.C., 132 pp., 1986.
    • (1986) , pp. 132
    • Suttles, J.T.1    Ohring, G.2
  • 66
    • 0006690779 scopus 로고
    • Standard values for the solar constant and its spectral components
    • Thekaekara, M. P. and Drummond, A. J.: Standard values for the solar constant and its spectral components, Nature Phys. Sci., 229, 6-9, 1971.
    • (1971) Nature Phys. Sci. , vol.229 , pp. 6-9
    • Thekaekara, M.P.1    Drummond, A.J.2
  • 67
    • 85088335446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term record of aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements
    • Torres, O., Barthia, P. K., Herman, J. R., Sinyuk, A., Ginoux, R., and Holben B.: A long-term record of aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 398-413, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.59 , pp. 398-413
    • Torres, O.1    Barthia, P.K.2    Herman, J.R.3    Sinyuk, A.4    Ginoux, R.5    Holben, B.6
  • 68
    • 0002706703 scopus 로고
    • Solar and terrestrial parameterizations for radiative convective models
    • Vardavas, I. and Carver, J. H.: Solar and terrestrial parameterizations for radiative convective models, Planet. Space Sci., 32, 1307-1325, 1984.
    • (1984) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 1307-1325
    • Vardavas, I.1    Carver, J.H.2
  • 69
    • 0028880187 scopus 로고
    • A model for the solar radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere: Comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data
    • Vardavas, I. M. and Koutoulaki, K.: A model for the solar radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere: Comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7303-7314, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 7303-7314
    • Vardavas, I.M.1    Koutoulaki, K.2
  • 70
    • 2342433891 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between net radiation at the surface and the top of atmosphere derived from a general circulation model
    • Weare, B.-C.: Relationships between net radiation at the surface and the top of atmosphere derived from a general circulation model, J. Clim., 2, 193-197, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Clim. , vol.2 , pp. 193-197
    • Weare, B.-C.1
  • 71
    • 0034783721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of albedos computed by land surface models and evaluation against remotely sensed data
    • Wei, X., Hahmann, A. N., Dickinson, R. E., et al.: Comparison of albedos computed by land surface models and evaluation against remotely sensed data, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 20 687-20 702, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106
    • Wei, X.1    Hahmann, A.N.2    Dickinson, R.E.3
  • 72
    • 0029506671 scopus 로고
    • First global WCRP shortwave surface radiation budget dataset
    • Whitlock, C. H., Charlock, T. P., Staylor, W. F., et al.: First global WCRP shortwave surface radiation budget dataset, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 905-922, 1995.
    • (1995) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.76 , pp. 905-922
    • Whitlock, C.H.1    Charlock, T.P.2    Staylor, W.F.3
  • 73
    • 18244385535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for large decadal variability in the tropical mean radiative energy budget
    • Wielicki, B. A., Wong, T. M., Allan, R. P., et al.: Evidence for large decadal variability in the tropical mean radiative energy budget, Science, 295, 841-844, 2002.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 841-844
    • Wielicki, B.A.1    Wong, T.M.2    Allan, R.P.3
  • 74
    • 21844474329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar radiation budgets in atmospheric model inter-comparison from surface perspective
    • doi:10.1029/2005GL022421
    • Wild, M.: Solar radiation budgets in atmospheric model inter-comparison from surface perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07704, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL022421, 2005.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Wild, M.1
  • 75
    • 0032833510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of clouds and the cloud-free atmosphere in the problem of underestimated absorption of solar radiation in GCM atmospheres
    • Wild, M. and Ohmura, A.: The role of clouds and the cloud-free atmosphere in the problem of underestimated absorption of solar radiation in GCM atmospheres, Phys. Chem. Earth, 24B, 261-268, 1999.
    • (1999) Phys. Chem. Earth , vol.24 B , pp. 261-268
    • Wild, M.1    Ohmura, A.2
  • 76
    • 0029476567 scopus 로고
    • Validation of general circulation model radiative fluxes using surface observations
    • Wild, M., Ohmura A., Gilgen H., and Roeckner E.: Validation of general circulation model radiative fluxes using surface observations, J. Clim., 8, 1309-1324, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Clim. , vol.8 , pp. 1309-1324
    • Wild, M.1    Ohmura, A.2    Gilgen, H.3    Roeckner, E.4
  • 77
    • 0032433727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The disposition of radiative energy in the global climate system: GCM-calculated versus observational estimates
    • Wild, M., Ohmura A., Gilgen H., Roeckner E., Giorgetta M., and Morcrette J.-J: The disposition of radiative energy in the global climate system: GCM-calculated versus observational estimates, Clim. Dyn., 14, 853-869, 1998a.
    • (1998) Clim. Dyn. , vol.14 , pp. 853-869
    • Wild, M.1    Ohmura, A.2    Gilgen, H.3    Roeckner, E.4    Giorgetta, M.5    Morcrette, J.-J.6
  • 78
    • 0033489822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tbe distribution of solar energy at the Earth's surface as calculated in the ECMWF Re-analysis
    • Wild, M., Ohmura, A., Gilgen, H., and Morcrette, J.-J: Tbe distribution of solar energy at the Earth's surface as calculated in the ECMWF Re-analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 23, 4373-4376, 1998b.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , Issue.23 , pp. 4373-4376
    • Wild, M.1    Ohmura, A.2    Gilgen, H.3    Morcrette, J.-J.4
  • 79
    • 4143149678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the consistency of trends in radiation and temperature records and implications for the global hydrological cycle
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL019188
    • Wild, M., Ohmura A., Gilgen, H., and Rosenfeld, D.: On the consistency of trends in radiation and temperature records and implications for the global hydrological cycle, Geophys. Res, Lett., 31, L11201, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL019188, 2004.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.31
    • Wild, M.1    Ohmura, A.2    Gilgen, H.3    Rosenfeld, D.4
  • 80
    • 20944450141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface
    • Wild, M., Gilgen, H., Roesch, A., et al.: From dimming to brightening: decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface, Science, 308, 847-850, 2005.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 847-850
    • Wild, M.1    Gilgen, H.2    Roesch, A.3
  • 81
    • 0028190433 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the global IS-CCP TOVS water vapor climatology
    • Wittmeyer, I. L. and Vonder Haar, T. H.: Analysis of the global IS-CCP TOVS water vapor climatology, J. Clim., 8, 325-333, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Clim. , vol.8 , pp. 325-333
    • Wittmeyer, I.L.1    Vonder Haar, T.H.2
  • 82
    • 0033608892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of the atmospheric energy budet: A consistency study of available data sets
    • Yu, R., Zhang, M., and Cess, R. D.: Analysis of the atmospheric energy budet: A consistency study of available data sets, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 9655-9661, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 9655-9661
    • Yu, R.1    Zhang, M.2    Cess, R.D.3
  • 83
    • 10844264060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top-of-atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global datasets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD004457
    • Zhang, Y.-C., Rossow, W. B., Lacis, A. A., Oinas V., and Mishchenko, M. I.: Calculation of radiative fluxes from the surface to top-of-atmosphere based on ISCCP and other global datasets: Refinements of the radiative transfer model and the input data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19105, doi:10.1029/2003JD004457, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Zhang, Y.-C.1    Rossow, W.B.2    Lacis, A.A.3    Oinas, V.4    Mishchenko, M.I.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.