Normal tension glaucoma: Diagnostic features and comparisons with primary open angle glaucoma

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

Volumn 83, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 161-172

  Gutteridge, Ian F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Differential diagnosis; Normal tension glaucoma; Primary open angle glaucoma

Indexed keywords

EID: 27744483322     PISSN: 08164622     EISSN: 14440938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2000.tb04910.x     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Caprioli J, Spaeth G. Comparison of the optic nerve head in high and low tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 1145–1149.
2. Quigley HA. Ganglion cell death in glaucoma: pathology recapitulates ontogeny. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1995; 23: 85–91.
3. Krakau GET. Intraocular pressure elevation. Cause or effect in chronic glaucoma Ophlhalmologica 1981; 182: 141–147.
4. Drance SM, Sweeney VP, Morgan RW, Feldmann F. Studies of factors involved in the production of low tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1973; 89: 457–465.
5. Broadway DC, Drance SM. Glaucoma and vasospasm. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 862–870.
6. Drance SM, Schulzer M, Douglas GR, Sweeney VP. Use of discriminant analysis II. Identification of persons with glaucomatous visual field defects. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 1571–1573.
7. Hayreh SS. The role of age and cardiovascular disease in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43 Suppl 1: S27–S42.
8. Graham SL, Drance SM, Wijsman K, Douglas GR, Mikelberg FS. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in glaucoma patients: the nocturnal dip. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 61–69.
9. Sommer A. Glaucoma: facts and fancies. Eye 1996; 10:293–301.
10. Dielemans I, Vingerling JR, Wolfs RCW, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, de Jong PT. The prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in a population based study in the Netherlands. The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 1851–1855.
11. Bonomi L, Marchini G, Marraffa M, Bernardi P, de Franco I, Perfetti S, Varotto A, Tenna V. Prevalence of glaucoma and intraocular pressure distribution in a defined population. The Enga-Neumarkt Study. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 209–215.
12. Bengtsson B. The prevalence of glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 46–49.
13. Levene RZ. Low tension glaucoma: A critical review and new material. Surv Ophthalmol 1980; 24: 621–664.
14. Orgul S, Gaspar AZ, Hendrickson P, Flammer J. Comparison of the severity of normal-tension glaucoma in men and women. Ophthalmologica 1994: 208: 142–144.
15. Chumbley LC, Brubaker RF. Low tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1976; 81: 761–767.
16. Goldberg I, Hollows FC, Kass MA, Becker B. Systemic factors in patients with low-tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 56–62.
17. Wax MB, Tezel G, Edward D. Clinical and ocular histopathological findings in a patient with normal tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 993–1001.
18. Quigley HA, Green WR. The histology of human glaucoma cupping and optic nerve damage: clinicopathologic correlation in 21 eyes. Ophthalmology 1979; 86: 1803–1830.
19. Quigley HA, Dunkelberger GR, Baginski TA, Green WR. Chronic glaucoma causes selectively great loss of large optic nerve fibres. Ophthalmology 1988; 95: 357–363.
20. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26:239–257.
21. Neufeld AH. Nitric oxide: a potential mediator of retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43 Suppl 1: 129–135.
22. Osborne NN, Ugarte M, Chao M, Chidlow G, Bae JH, Wood JPM, Nash MS. Neuroprotection in relation to retinal ischaemia and relevance in glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43 Suppl 1: 102–128.
23. Quigley HA, Nickells RW, Kerrigan LA, Pease ME, Thibault DJ, Zack DJ. Retinal ganglion cell death in experimental glaucoma and after axonotomy occurs by apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 774–786.
24. Choi DW. Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the central nervous system. Neuron 1980; 1: 623–634.
25. Saber JL, Deemer JL, Starkman S. Emerging therapies for ischaemic stroke. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124: 384–393.
26. Dreyer EB, Zurakowski D, Schumer RA, Podos SM, Lipton SA. Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous bodies of humans and monkeys with glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114:299–305.
27. Hoste AM, Sys SU. The relaxant action of betaxolol on isolated bovine retinal microarteries. Curr Eye Res 1994; 3: 483–487.
28. Messmer C, Flammer J, Stumpfig D. Influence of betaxolol and timolol on the visual fields of patients with glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112: 678–681.
29. Gross RL, Hensley SH, Gao F, Wu SM. Retinal ganglion cell dysfunction induced by hypoxia and glutamate: potential neuroprotective effects of beta-blockers. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43 [Suppl 1]: S162–S170.
30. Phelps CD, Corbett JJ. Migraine and low tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26: 1105–1108.
31. Newman NJ, Lessell S, Brandt M. Bilateral central retinal artery occlusion, disc drusen and migraine. Am J Ophthalmol 1989: 107: 236–240.
32. Weinstein JM, Fema S. Ischaemic optic neuropathy in migraine. Arch Ophthalmol 1982; 100:1097–1100.
33. Wakakura M, Ichibe Y. Permanent homonymous hemianopias following migraine. J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol 1992; 12: 198–202.
34. Gasser P, Flammer J. Blood-cell velocity in the nailfold capillaries of patients with normal-tension and high tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 111: 585–588.
35. Drance SM, Douglas GR, Wijsman K, Schulzer M, Britton RJ. Response of blood flow to warm and cold in normal and low tension glaucoma patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1988; 105: 35–39.
36. Fontana L, Poinoosawmy D, Bunce CV, O’Brien C, Hitchings RA. Pulsatile ocular blood flow investigation in asymmetric normal tension glaucoma and normal subjects. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 731–736.
37. Galassi F, Nuzzaci G, Sodi A, Casi P, Capelli S, Vielmo A. Possible correlations of ocular blood flow parameters with IOP and visual field alterations in glaucoma: a study by means of colour Doppler imaging. Ophthalmologica 1994; 208: 304–308.
38. Butt Z, McKillop G, O’Brien C, Allan P, Aspinall P. Measurement of ocular blood flow velocity using colour Doppler imaging in low tension glaucoma. Eye 1995; 9: 29–33.
39. Drance SM. Some factors in the production of low tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1972; 56: 229–242.
40. Demailley P, Cambien F, Plouin PF, Baron P, Chevallier B. Do patients with low tension glaucoma have particular cardiovascular characteristics Ophthalmologica 1984; 188: 65–75.
41. Nicolela MT, Drance SM. Various glaucomatous optic nerve appearances. Ophthalmology 1996; 103: 640–649.
42. Jonas JB, Zach F-M, Gusek GC, Naumann GOH. Pseudoglaucomatous physiologic large cups. Am J Ophthalmol 1989; 107; 137–144.
43. Broadway DC, Nicolela MT, Drance SM. Optic disc appearances in primary open-angle glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 1999; 43 [Suppl 1]:S223–S243.
44. Geijssen HC, Greve EL. The spectrum of primary open angle glaucoma. I. Senile sclerotic glaucoma versus high tension glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg 1987; 18: 207–213.
45. Geijssen HC, Greve EL. Focal ischaemic normal pressure glaucoma versus high pressure glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol 1990; 75: 291–301.
46. Jonas JB, Grundler AE, Gonzales-Cortes J. Pressure-dependent neuroretinal rim loss in normal-pressure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1998; 125: 137–144.
47. Spaeth G. A new classification of glaucoma including focal glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 1994; 38 [Suppl 1]:S9–S17.
48. Caprioli J, Sears M. Patterns of early visual loss in open angle glaucoma. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Series 1987; 49: 307–315.
49. Quigley HA, Hohman RM, Addicks EM, RW Massof, Green WR. Morphologic changes in the lamina cribrosa correlated with neural loss in open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 95: 673–691.
50. Jonas JB, Budde WB. Optic nerve head appearance in juvenile-onset chronic high-pressure glaucoma and normal-pressure glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2000; 107: 704–711.
51. Iester M, Mikelberg FS. Optic nerve head morphologic characteristics in high-tension and normal-tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1999; 117: 1010–1013.
52. Jonas JB, Schiro D. Localised wedge shaped defects of the retinal nerve fibre layer in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1994; 78: 285–290.
53. Weinrab RN, Shakiba S, Zangwill L. Scanning laser polarimetry to measure the nerve fiber layer of normal and glaucomatous eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 119: 627–636.
54. Weinrab RN, Shakiba S, Sample PA, Shahrokni S, van Horn S, Garden VS, Asawaphureekorn SA, Zangwill L. Association between quantitative nerve fiber layer measurement and visual field loss in glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 120: 732–738.
55. Shirakashi M, Funaki S, Funaki H, Yaoeda K, Abe H. Measurement of retinal nerve fibre layer by scanning laser polarimetry and high pass resolution perimetry in normal tension glaucoma with relatively high or low intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 353–357.
56. Herschler J, Osher RH. Baring of the circumlinear vessel. An early sign of optic nerve damage. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 865–869.
57. Sutton GE, Motolko MA, Phelps CD. Baring of the circumlinear vessel in glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1983; 101: 739–744.
58. Begg IS, Drance SM, Sweeney VP. Haemorrhage on the disc—a sign of acute ischaemic optic neuropathy in chronic simple glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 1970; 5: 321–330.
59. Airaksinen PJ. Are disc haemorrhages a common finding in all glaucoma patients Acta Ophthalmol 1984; 62: 193–196.
60. Drance SM, Fairclough M, Butler DM, Kottler MS. The importance of disc hemorrhage in the prognosis of chronic open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1977; 95: 226–228.
61. Kitazawa Y, Shirato S, Yamamoto T. Optic disc haemorrhage in low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1986; 93: 853–857.
62. Healey PR, Mitchell P, Smith W, Wang JJ. Optic disc haemorrhages in a population with and without signs of glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 216–223.
63. Shihab ZM, Lee PF, Hay P. The significance of disc haemorrhage in open angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1982; 89: 211–213.
64. Airaksinen PJ, Mustonen E, Alanko HI. Optic disc hemorrhages. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99: 1795–1801.
65. Roy FH. Ocular Differential Diagnosis. 6th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1997.
66. Cockburn DM. Clinical significance of hemorrhages in the optic disc. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1987; 64: 450–475.
67. Susanna R, Drance SM, Douglas GR. The visual prognosis of the fellow eye in uniocular chronic open angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1978; 62: 327–329.
68. Lichter Pr, Henderson JW. Optic nerve infarction. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1977; 75: 104–121.
69. Heijl A. Frequent disc photography and computerized perimetry in eyes with optic disc haemorrhage. Acta Ophthalmol 1986; 64: 274–281.
70. Gloster I. Incidence of optic disc haemorrhages in chronic open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 452–456.
71. Sonnsjo B, Krakau CET, Bengsston B. Disc haemorrhages and glaucoma in a general ophthalmic practice. Acta Ophthalmol 1988; 66: 174–179.
72. Holmin C. Signs of activity and progression in chronic glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 1982; Supp 153: 1–40.
73. Tuulonen A, Juvala PA, Wu D-C, Alanko HI, Airaksinen PJ, Schwartz B. Comparison of the changes in optic disc pallor and visual field: a 9 year follow-up study. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1987; 49: 293–297.
74. Primrose J. Early signs of the glaucomatous disc. BrJ Ophthalmol 1971; 55: 820–825.
75. Uchida H, Ugurlu S, Caprioli J. Increasing peripapillary atrophy is associated with progressive glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 1541–1545.
76. Anderson DR. Correlation of the peripapillary anatomy with the disc damage and field abnormalities in glaucoma. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1982; 35: 1–10.
77. Park KH, Tomita G, Kitazawa Y. Correlation between peripapillary atrophy and optic nerve damage in normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1996; 103: 1899–1906.
78. Jonas JB, Fernandez MC, Naumann GOH. Glaucomatous parapapillary atrophy: occurrence and correlations. Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110:214–222.
79. Chung HS, Harris A, Kagemann L, Martin B. Peripapillary retinal blood flow in normal tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 466–469.
80. Wang X, Stewart WC, Jackson GJ. Differences in optic discs in low tension glaucoma with relatively low and high pressures. Acta Ophthalmol 1996; 74; 364–367.
81. Rader J, Feuer J, Anderson DR. Peripapillary vasoconstriction in the glaucomas and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1994; 117: 72–80.
82. Papastathopoulos KI, Jonas JB. Fluorescein angiographic correlation of ophthalmoscopic narrowing of retinal arterioles in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1998; 82: 48–50.
83. Papastathopoulos KI, Jonas JB. Focal narrowing of retinal arterioles in optic atrophy. Ophthalmology 1995; 102: 1706–1711.
84. Frisen L, Claesson M. Narrowing of the retinal arterioles in descending optic atrophy. A quantitative clinical study. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 1342–1346.
85. Caprioli J. Automated perimetry in glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 111: 235–239.
86. Aulhorn E, Harms H. Early visual field defects in glaucoma. Glaucoma Symposium Tutzing Castle. Basel / New York: S Karger, 1967: 151–186.
87. Aulhorn E, Karmeyer H. Frequency distribution in early glaucomatous visual field defects. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1977; 14: 75–83.
88. Werner EB. Peripheral nasal field defects in glaucoma. Docum Ophthalmol Proc 1979; 19: 223–228.
89. Le Blanc RP, Becker B. Peripheral nasal field defects. Am J Ophthalmol 1911; 72: 415–419.
90. Greve EL, Furuno F, Verduin WM. A critical phase in the development of glaucomatous visual field defects. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1979; 19: 127–136.
91. Motolko M, Drance SM, Douglas GR. The visual field defects in low tension glaucoma. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1983; 35:107–111.
92. Phelps CD, Hayreh SS, Montague PR. Visual field defects in low-tension glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma and anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1983; 35: 113–124.
93. Aulhorn E, Tanzil M. Comparison of visual field defects in glaucoma and in acute anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Docum Ophthalmol Proc Ser 1978; 19: 73–79.
94. Hitchings RA, Anderton SA. A comparative study of visual field defects in low tension glaucoma and chronic simple glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1983; 67: 818–821.
95. Drance SM, Douglas GR, Airaksinen PJ, Schulzer M, Hitchings RA. Diffuse visual field loss in chronic open angle glaucoma and low tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1987; 104: 577–580.
96. Flammer J. Psychophysics in glaucoma. A modified concept of the disease. In: Greve EL, Leydecker W, Raitta C eds. Second European Glaucoma Symposium. The Hague: W Junk, 1985: 11.
97. Crichton A, Drance SM, Douglas GR, Schulzer M. Unequal intraocular pressure and its relation to asymmetric visual field defects in low-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1989; 96: 1312–1314.
98. Cartwright MJ, Anderson DR. Correlation of asymmetric damage with asymmetric intraocular pressure in normal-tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1988; 106: 898–900.
99. de Vivero C, O’Brien C. Lanigan L, Hitchings R. Diurnal intraocular pressure variation in low-tension glaucoma. Eye 1994; 8: 521–532.
100. Wilensky JT. Diurnal variations in intraocular pressure. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1991; 89: 758–790.
101. Copt R-P, Thomas R, Mermoud A. Corneal thickness in ocular hypertension, primary open-angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1999; 117:14–16.
102. Whitacre MM, Stein R. Sources of error with the Goldmann-type tonometers. Surv Ophthalmol 1993; 38: 1–30.
103. Cockburn DM, Gutteridge IF. Low-tension Glaucoma. In: Lewis TL, Fingeret M eds. Primary Care of the Glaucomas. Norwalk: Appleton and Lange, 1993.
104. Trobe JD, Glasser JS, Cassidy J. Optic atrophy—differential diagnosis by fundus observation alone. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 1040–1045.