Early socialization contexts and social experiences of infants in rural and urban Gujarat, India

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 717-738

  Abels, Monika ^a   Keller, Heidi ^a,d   Mohite, Prerna ^b,e,f   Mankodi, Hina ^b   Shastri, Jigisha ^b,e   Bhargava, Shruti ^b   Jasrai, Sucheta ^b,e   Lakhani, Aruna ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OSNABRÜCK   (Germany)

^b M S UNIVERSITY OF BARODA   (India)

^c Deepak Charitable Trust   (India)

^d University of Osnabrueck ^*

^e Faculty of Home Science   (India)

^f Early Child Development Learning Resource Centre for the State of Gujarat   (India)

Author keywords

Infant state; Nonmaternal caregiving; Parenting; Rural urban comparison; Spot observation

Indexed keywords

EID: 27744479634     PISSN: 00220221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022022105280511     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Abels, M. (2002). Baby massage in rural Gujarat, India: Physical growth, motor development and caregivers' ethnotheories. Unpublished masters' thesis, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany.
2. Anandalakshmy, S. (1991). The female child in a family setting, Indian Journal of Social Work, 52(1), 29-36.
3. Bakeman, R., Adamson, L. B., Konner, M., & Barr, R. G. (1990). !Kung infancy: The social context of object exploration. Child Development, 61, 794-809.
4. Bandukwala, U. (2000). Massage. Presentation at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Home Science, Vadodara, India.
5. Barr, R. G. (1990). The early crying paradox: A modest proposal. Human Nature, 1, 335-389.
6. Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental discipline. In M. L. Hoffman & L. W. Hoffman (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 1, pp. 169-208). New York: Russell Sage.
7. Bornstein, M. H. (2002). Parenting infants. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 3-44). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
8. Bornstein, M. H., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (1990). Activities and interactions of mothers and their firstborn infants in the first six months of life: Covariation, stability, continuity, correspondence, and prediction. Child Development, 61, 1206-1217.
9. Bumiller, E. (1990). May you be the mother of a hundred sons: A journey among the women of India. New York: Random House.
10. Chaudhary, N. (2004). Listening to culture: Constructing reality from everyday talk. New Delhi, India: Sage.
11. Derné, S. (1994). Arranging marriages: How fathers' concerns limit women's educational achievements. In C. C. Mukhopadhyay & S. Seymour (Eds.), Women, education, and family structure in India (pp. 83-101). Boulder, CO: Westview.
12. Dhruvarajan, V. (1990). The household in urban India. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 19, 171-186.
13. Dixon, S., Tronick, E., Keefer, C., & Brazelton, T. B. (1981). Mother-infant interaction among the Gusii of Kenya. In F. M. Field, A. M. Sostek, P. Vietze, & P. H. Leiderman (Eds.), Culture and early interactions (pp. 149-168). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
14. Draper, P. (1975). Cultural pressure on sex differences. American Ethnologist, 2, 602-616.
15. Erasmus, C. (1955). Work patterns in a Mayo village. American Anthropologist, 57, 322-333.
16. Greenfield, P. M., & Childs, C. P. (1991). Developmental continuity in biocultural context. In R. Cohen & A. W. Siegel (Eds.), Context and development (pp. 135-159). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
17. Greenfield, P. M., Keller, H., Fuligni, A., & Maynard, A. E. (2003). Cultural pathways through universal development. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 461-490.
18. Greenfield, P. M., & Suzuki, L. (1998). Culture and human development: Implications for parenting, education, pediatrics, and mental health. In I. E. Sigel & K. A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 4: Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 1059-1109). New York: John Wiley.
19. Gross, D. R. (1984). Time allocation: A tool for the study of cultural behavior. Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, 519-558.
20. Hewlett, B. S., Lamb, M. E., Shannon, D., Leyendecker, B., & Schölmerich, A. (1998). Culture and early infancy among central African foragers and farmers. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 653-661.
21. Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache life history. The ecology and demography of a foraging people. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
22. Hopkins, B., & Westra, T. (1988). Maternal handling and motor development: An intracultural study. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 114(3), 377-420.
23. Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). Family and human development across cultures. A view from the other side. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Kagitcibasi, C. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & C. Kagitcibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Vol. 3: Social behavior and applications (2nd ed., pp. 1-49). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
25. Kagitcibasi, C. (2004). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for family, parenting and human development. Manuscript under review.
26. Kakar, S. (1981). The inner world. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
27. Kakar, S. (1982). Shamans, mystics and doctors: A psychological inquiry into India and its healing traditions. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.
28. Keller, H. (1992). The development of exploratory behavior. The German Journal of Psychology, 16(2), 120-140.
29. Keller, H. (2000). Human parent-child relationships from an evolutionary perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 957-969.
30. Keller, H. (2003). Socialization for competence. Cultural models of infancy. Human Development, 46(5), 288-311.
31. Keller, H., Abels, M., Yovsi, R. D., Lamm, B. Voelker, S., & Lakhani, A. (2004). Early socialization contexts in farming villages in Cameroon and India as compared to urban middle-class in Germany. Manuscript under review.
32. Keller, H., Borke, J., Yovsi, R. D., Lohaus, A., & Jensen, H. (2004). Cultural conceptions of parenting: Stability and variability of cultural comparisons. Manuscript under review.
33. Keller, H., & Gauda, G. (1987). Eye contact in the first months of life and its developmental consequences. In H. Rauh & H. C. Steinhausen (Eds.), Psychobiology and early development (pp. 129-143). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier North-Holland.
34. Keller, H., & Greenfield, P. M. (2000). History and future of development in cross-cultural psychology [Millennium Special Issue]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(1), 52-62.
35. Keller, H., Lohaus, A., Kuensemueller, P., Abels, M., Yovsi, R. D., Voelker, S., et al. (2004). The bio-culture of parenting: Evidence from five cultural communities. Parenting: Science and Practice, 4(1), 25-50.
36. Keller, H., Lohaus, A., Voelker, S., Cappenberg, M., & Chasiotis, A. (1999). Temporal contingency as an independent component of parenting. Child Development, 70, 474-485.
37. Keller, H., Schoelmerich, A., & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1988). Communication patterns in adult-infant interactions in Western and non-Western cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 19(4), 427-445.
38. Keller, H., Voelker, S., & Yovsi, R. D. (2004). Conceptions of good parenting in West Africa and Germany. Manuscript under review.
39. Keller, H., Yovsi, R. D., & Voelker, S. (2002). The reflection of motor stimulation in ethnotheories about good parenting: The case of Cameroonian Nso and German women. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(4), 398-414.
40. Keller, H., & Zach, U. (2002). Gender and birth position as marker variables for differential parental treatment. International Journal of Behavioral Psychology, 26(2), 177-184.
41. Konner, M. J. (1977). Infancy among the Kalahari Desert San. In P. H. Leiderman, S. R. Tulkin, & A. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Culture and infancy, variations in the human experience (pp. 287-328). New York: Academic Press.
42. Kurtz, S. (1992). All the mothers are one: Hindu India and the cultural reshaping of psychoanalysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
43. Kusserow, A. S. (1999). De-homogenizing American individualism: Socializing hard and soft individualism in Manhattan and Queens. Ethos, 27(2), 210-234.
44. Lakhani, A., Ganju, S., & Mahale, P. (1997). Reproductive and child health status in the Nandesari area. New Delhi, India: Deepak Charitable Trust, Deepak Medical Foundation.
45. Landers, C. (1989). A psychobiological study of infant development in South India. In J. K. Nugent, B. M. Lester, & T. B. Brazelton (Eds.), The cultural context of infancy, Vol. 1: Biology, culture, and infant development (pp. 169-207). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
46. Lannoy, R. (1971). The speaking tree. London: Oxford University Press.
47. LeVine, R. A. (1989). Vorschulerfahrungen in einer afrikanischen Kultur: Überlegungen zum Verhalten der Mutter und normaler Entwicklung [Preschool experiences in an African culture: Reflections on maternal behavior and normal development]. Unterrichtswissenschaft, 17, 122-132.
48. LeVine, R. A., Dixon, S., Le Vine, S., Richman, A., Leiderman, P. H., Keefer, C. H., et al. (1994). Child care and culture: Lessons from Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
49. LeVine, R. A., LeVine, S., Richman, A., Medardo Tapia Uribe, F., Sunderland Correa, C., & Miller, P. M. (1991). Women's schooling and child care in demographic transition: A Mexican case study. Population and Development Review, 17(3), 459-496.
50. Londerville, S., & Main, M. (1981). Security of attachment, compliance and maternal training methods in the second year of life. Developmental Psychology, 17, 289-299.
51. MacDonald, K. (1992). Warmth as a developmental construct: An evolutionary analysis. Child Development, 63, 753-773.
52. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
53. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(1), 63-87.
54. Minturn, L., & Lambert, W. W. (1964). Mothers of six cultures. Antecedents of child rearing. New York: John Wiley.
55. Moss, H. A. (1967). Gender, age, and state as determinants of mother-infant interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 13, 19-36.
56. Munroe, R. H., & Munroe, R. L. (1971). Household density and infant care in an East African society. Journal of Social Psychology, 83, 3-13.
57. Nsamenang, A. B. (1992). Human development in cultural context. A Third World perspective. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
58. Palacios, J., & Moreno, M. C. (1996). Parents' and adolescents' ideas on children: Origins and transmission of intracultural diversity. In S. Harkness & C. M. Super (Eds.), Parents' cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences (pp. 215-253). New York: Guilford.
59. Papoušek, H., & Papoušek, M. (1987). Intuitive parenting: A dialectic counterpart to the infant's integrative competence. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed., pp. 669-720). New York: John Wiley.
60. Parikh, K. (1999). Informal presentation on massage for infants. Presentation at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Home Science, Vadodara, India.
61. Rabain-Jamin, J., & Sabeau-Jouannet, E. (1997). Maternal speech to 4-month-old infants in two cultures. Wolof and French. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 425-451.
62. Richman, A. L., LeVine, R. A., New, R. G., Horrigan, G. A., Welles-Nystrom, B., & LeVine, S. (1988). Maternal behavior to infants in five cultures. In R. A. LeVine, P. M. Miller, & M. M. West (Eds.), Parental behaviour in diverse societies (pp. 81-96). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
63. Richman, A. L., Miller, P. M., & LeVine, R. A. (1992). Cultural and educational variations in maternal responsiveness. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 614-621.
64. Rogoff, B. (1978). Spot observation: An introduction and examination. The Quarterly Newsletter of the Institute for Comparative Human Development, 2, 21-26.
65. Rogoff, B. (2003). The cultural nature of human development. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
66. Rohner, R. P. (1986). The warmth dimension: Foundations of psychological acceptance-rejection theory. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
67. Rohner, R. P. (1994). Patterns of parenting: The warmth dimension in worldwide perspective. In W. J. Lonner & R. Malpass (Eds.), Psychology and culture (pp. 113-120). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
68. Roland, A. (1987). The familial self, the individualized self, and the transcendent self: Psychoanalytic reflections on India and America. Psychoanalytic Review, 74(2), 237-250.
69. Roland, A. (1988). In search of self in India and Japan. Toward a cross-cultural psychology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
70. Rothbaum, F., Pott, M., Azuma, H., Miyake, K., & Weisz, J. (2000). The development of close relationships in Japan and the United States: Paths of symbiotic harmony and generative tension. Child Development, 71(5), 1121-1142.
71. Sarangapani, P. M. (1999). The child's construction of knowledge. In T. S. Saraswathi (Ed.), Culture, socialization and human development (pp. 85-122). New Delhi, India: Sage.
72. Saraswathi, T. S., & Ganapathy, H. (2002). Indian parents' ethnotheories as reflections of the Hindu scheme of child and human development. In H. Keller, Y. H. Poortinga, & A. Schölmerich (Eds.), Between biology and culture (pp. 79-88). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
73. Saraswathi, T. S., & Pai, S. (1997). Socialization in the Indian context. In H. S. R. Kao & D. Sinha (Eds.), Asian perspectives on psychology (pp. 74-92). New Delhi, India: Sage.
74. Seymour, S. (1983). Household structure and status and expressions of affect in India. Ethos, 11, 263-277.
75. Seymour, S. (1994). Women, marriage, and educational change in Bhabaneshwar, India: A twenty-five year perspective. In C. C. Mukhopadhyay & S. Seymour (Eds.), Women, education, and family structure in India (pp. 165-183). Boulder, CO: Westview.
76. Seymour, S. (1999). Women, family, and child care in India: A world in transition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
77. Sharma, D., & LeVine, R. A. (1998). Child care in India: A comparative developmental view of infant social environments. In D. Sharma & K. W. Fisher (Eds.), Socioemotional development across cultures: New directions for child development (No. 81, pp. 45-68). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
78. Sharma, D. C. (2003). Widespread concern over India's missing girls. Lancet, 362(9395), 1553.
79. Shweder, R. A., Goodnow, J., Hatano, G., LeVine, R. A., Markus, H., & Miller, P. (1998). The cultural psychology of development: One mind, many mentalities. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 1: Theoretical models of human development (5th ed., pp. 865-937). New York: John Wiley.
80. Sinha, D., & Tripathi, R. C. (2003). Individualism in a collectivist culture: A case of coexistence of opposites. In T. S. Saraswathi (Ed.), Cross-cultural perspectives in human development. Theory, research and applications (pp. 192-210). New Delhi, India: Sage.
81. Super, C. M., & Harkness, S. (1996). The cultural structuring of child development. In J. W. Berry, P. R. Dasen, & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Vol. 2: Basic processes and human development (2nd ed., pp. 1-39). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
82. Suppal, P. G., Roopnarine, J. L., Buesig, T., & Bennett, A. (1996). Ideological beliefs about family practices: Contemporary perspectives among North Indian families. International Journal of Psychology, 31(1), 29-37.
83. Trawick, M. (1990). Notes on love in a Tamil family. Berkeley: University of California Press.
84. Tronick, E. Z., Morelli, G. A., & Ivey, P. K. (1992). The Efe forager infant and toddler's pattern of social relationships: Multiple and simultaneous. Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 568-577.
85. Verhoef, H., Morelli, G. A., & Anderson, C. (2004). "Please don't interrupt me, I'm talking": Cultural variations in toddlers' attention-seeking efforts and caregivers' responses. Manuscript submitted for publication.
86. Voelker, S., Keller, H., Lohaus, A., Cappenberg M., & Chasiotis, A. (1999). Maternal interactive behaviour in early infancy and later attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 921-936.
87. Voelker, S., Yovsi, R. D., & Keller, H. (1998, July 1-4). Maternal interactional quality as assessed by non-trained raters from different cultural backgrounds. Poster presented at the 15th Biennial ISSBD Meetings, Bern, Switzerland.
88. Yovsi, R. D. (2001). Ethnotheories about breastfeeding and mother-infant interaction. The case of sedentary Nso farmers and nomadic Fulani pastorals with their infants 3-6 months of age in Mbvem subdivision of the Northwest providence of Cameroon, Africa. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany.
89. Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child rearing and children's prosocial initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319-330.