Time budget and diving behaviour of chick-rearing Crozet shags

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 83, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 971-982

  Tremblay, Y ^a,b   Cook, T R ^a   Cherel, Y ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BUOYANCY; ECOLOGY; OCEAN HABITATS;

BIMODAL DISTRIBUTION; BREATHING CAPACITIES; DIVING BEHAVIOR; TIME-DEPTH RECORDERS;

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH;

DIVING BEHAVIOR; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; SEABIRD; TIME ALLOCATION;

AVES; DIVES (BIRD); NOTOTHENIIDAE; PHALACROCORAX; PHALACROCORAX MELANOGENIS;

EID: 27744441278     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/z05-085     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Ashmole, N.P. 1971. Seabird ecology and the marine environment. In Avian biology. Vol. 1. Edited by D.S. Farner and J.R. King. Academic Press, New York and London. pp. 223-286.
2. Bannasch, R., Wilson, R.P., and Culik, B. 1994. Hydrodynamic aspects of design and attachment of a back-mounted device in penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 194: 83-96.
3. Benvenuti, S., Bonadonna, F., Dall'Antonia, L., and Gudmundsson, G.A. 1998. Foraging flights of breeding thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) as revealed by bird-born direction recorders. Auk, 115: 57-66.
4. Bernstein, N.P., and Maxson, S.J. 1982. Absence of wing-spreading behaviour in the Antarctic blue-eyed shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis). Auk, 99: 588-589.
5. Bernstein, N.P., and Maxson, S.J. 1984. Sexually distinct daily activity patterns of blue-eyed shags in Antarctica. Condor, 86: 151-156.
6. Bevan, R.M., Boyd, I.L., Butler, P.J., Reid, K., Woakes, A.J., and Croxall, J.P. 1997. Heart rates and abdominal temperatures of free-ranging south georgian shags, Phalacrocorax georgianus. J. Exp. Biol. 200: 661-675.
7. Bryant, R., Jones, I.L., and Hipfner, J.M. 1999. Responses to changes in prey availability by common murres and thick-billed murres at the Gannet Island, Labrador. Can. J. Zool. 77: 1278-1287.
8. Burger, A.E. 1991. Maximum diving depths and underwater foraging in alcids and penguins. Can. Wildl. Serv. Occas. Pap. No 68. pp. 9-15.
9. Burger, A.E., and Piatt, J.F. 1990. Flexible time budgets in breeding common murres: buffers against variable prey abundance. Stud. Avian Biol. 14: 73-83.
10. Butler, P.J., and Woakes, J. 1984. Heart rate and aerobic metabolism in humbolt penguins, Spheniscus humbolti, during voluntary dives. J. Exp. Biol. 108: 419-428.
11. Cairns, D.K. 1987. Seabirds as indicators of marine food supplies. Biol. Oceanogr. 5: 261-271.
12. Casaux, R.J., and Barrera-Oro, E.R. 1993. The diet of the blue-eyed shag, Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis feeding in the Bransfield strait. Antarct. Sci. 5: 335-338.
13. Casaux, R.J., Favero, M., Coria, N., and Silva, P. 1997. Diet of the imperial cormorant Phalacrocorax atriceps comparison of pellets and stomach contents. Mar. Ornithol. 25: 1-4.
14. Charassin, J.B., Le Maho, Y., and Bost, C.A. 2002a. Seasonal changes in the diving parameters of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 141: 581-589.
15. Charrassin, J.-B., Park, Y.-H., Le Maho, Y., and Bost, C.-A. 2002b. Penguins as oceanographers unravel hidden mechanisms of marine productivity. Ecol. Lett. 5: 317-319.
16. Charnov, E.L. 1976. Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorm. Theor. Pop. Biol. 9: 129-136.
17. Cooper, J. 1986. Diving patterns of cormorants Phalacrocoracidae. Ibis, 128: 562-570.
18. Coria, N., Casaux, R., Favero, M., and Silva, P. 1995. Analysis of the stomach content of the blue-eyed shag Phalacrocorax atriceps bransfieldensis at Nelson Island, South Shetland islands. Polar Biol. 15: 349-352.
19. Cornick, L.A., and Horning, M. 2003. A test of hypotheses based on optimal foraging considerations for a diving mammal using a novel experimental approach. Can. J. Zool. 81: 1799-1807.
20. Costa, D.P., and Gales, N.J. 2003. Energetics of a benthic diver: seasonal foraging ecology of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea. Ecol. Monogr. 73: 27-43.
21. Costa, D.P., Gales, N.J., and Goebel, M.E. 2001. Aerobic dive limit: how often does it occur in nature? Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 129: 771-783.
22. Coyle, K.O., Hunt, G.L., Decker, M.B., and Weingartner, T.J. 1992. Murre foraging, epibenthic sound scattering and tidal advection over a shoal near St. George Island, Bering Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 83: 1-14.
23. Crocker, D.E., Le Boeuf, B.J., and Costa, D.P. 1997. Drift diving in female northern elephant seals: implications for food processing. Can. J. Zool. 75: 27-39.
24. Croxall, J.P., Naito, Y., Kato, A., Rothery, P., and Briggs, D.R. 1991. Diving patterns and performance in the Antarctic blue-eyed shag Phalacrocorax atriceps. J. Zool. (Lond.), 225: 177-199.
25. Derenne, P., Mary, G., and Mougin, J.L. 1976. Le cormoran à ventre blanc Phalacrocorax albiventer melanogenis (Blyth) de l'archipel Crozet. Comite Natl. Francais Rech. Antarct. 40: 149-175.
26. Furness, R.W., and Barrett, R.T. 1985. The food requirements and ecological relationships of a seabird community in North Norway. Ornis Scand. 16: 305-313.
27. Gon, O., and Heemstra, P.C. 1999. Fishes of the southern oceans. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown.
28. Green, K., and Williams, R. 1997. Biology of the Heard Island shag Phalacrocorax nivalis. 3. Foraging, diet and diving behaviour. Emu, 97: 76-83.
29. Grémillet, D. 1997. Catch per unit effort, foraging efficiency, and parental investment in breeding great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo carbo). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54: 635-644.
30. Grémillet, D., and Wilson, R.P. 1999. A life in the fast lane: energetics and foraging strategies of the great cormorant. Behav. Ecol. 10: 516-524.
31. Grémillet, D., Tuschy, I., and Kerspel, M. 1998. Body temperature and insulation in diving Great cormorants and European shags. Funct. Ecol. 12: 386-394.
32. Grémillet, D., Wright, G., Lauder, A., Carss, D.N., and Wanless, S. 2003. Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management. J. Appl. Ecol. 40: 266-277.
33. Grémillet, D., Wanless, S., Carss, D.N., Linton, D., Harris, M.P., Speakman, J.R., and Le Maho, Y. 2001. Foraging energetics of arctic cormorants and the evolution of diving birds. Ecol. Lett. 4: 180-184.
34. Handrich, Y., Bevan, R.M., Charrassin, J.B., Butler, P.J., Pütz, K., Woakes, A.J., et al. 1997. Hypothermia in foraging king penguins. Nature (Lond.), 388: 64-67.
35. Hecht, T. 1987. A guide to the otoliths of Southern Ocean fishes. S. Afr. J. Antarct. Res. 17: 1-87.
36. Hecht, T., and Cooper, J. 1986. Length/mass relationships, energetic content and the otoliths of Antarctic cod Paranotothenia magellanica (Notothenidae: Pisces) at sub-Antarctic Marion Island. S. Afr. J. Zool. 21: 294-296.
37. Hurlbert, S.H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54: 187-211.
38. Jouventin, P., and Weimerskirch, H. 1990. Satellite tracking of wandering albatrosses. Nature (Lond.), 343: 746-748.
39. Jouventin, P., Stahl, J.C., Weimerskirch, H., and Mougin, J.L. 1984. The seabirds of the French subantarctic islands and Adelie Land, their status and conservation. In Status and Conservation of the World' s Seabirds. Edited by J.P. Croxall, P.G.H. Evans, and R.W. Schreiber. ICBP Tech. Publ. No. 2, pp. 609-625. ICBP, Cambridge, U.K.
40. Kato, A., Croxall, J.P., Watanuki, Y., and Naito, Y. 1992. Diving patterns and performance in male and female blue-eyed cormorants Phalacrocorax atriceps at South Georgia. Mar. Ornithol. 19: 117-129.
41. Kato, A., Watanuki, Y., Shaughnessy, P., Le Maho, Y., and Naito, Y. 1999. Intersexual differences in the diving behaviour of foraging sub-Antarctic cormorant (Phalacrocorax albiventer) and Japanese cormorant (P. filamentosus). C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. III Life Sci. 322: 557-562.
42. Kenward, R. 1987. Wildlife radio tagging. Equipment, field techniques and data analysis. Academic Press, London.
43. Kooyman, G.L., and Davis, R.W. 1987. Diving behavior and performance, with special reference to penguins. In Seabirds: feeding ecology and role in marine ecosystems. Edited by J.P. Croxall. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 63-75.
44. Kooyman, G.L., and Kooyman, T.G. 1995. Diving behavior of emperor penguins nurturing chicks at Coulman Island, Antarctica. Condor, 97: 536-549.
45. Lovvorn, J.R., Watanuki, Y., Kato, A., Naito, A., and Liggins, G.A. 2004. Stroke patterns and regulation of swim speed and energy cost in free-ranging Brünnich's guillemots. J. Exp. Biol. 207: 4679-4695.
46. Mehlum, F., Hunt, G.L., Klusek, Z., Decker, M.B., and Nordlund, N. 1996. The importance of prey aggregations to the distribution of Brünnich's guillemots in Storfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Biol. 16: 537-547.
47. North, A.W. 1998. Growth of young fish during the winter and summer at South Georgia, Antarctica. Polar Biol. 19: 198-205.
48. Orta, J. 1992. Family Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants). In Handbook of the birds of the world. 1. Edited by J. Del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. pp. 326-353.
49. Pyke, G.H., Pulliam, H.R., and Charnov, E.L. 1977. Optimal foraging: a selective review of theory and tests. Q. Rev. Biol. 52: 137-154.
50. Ridoux, V. 1994. The diets and dietary segregation of seabirds at the sub-Antarctic Crozet islands. Mar. Ornithol. 22: 1-192.
51. Ropert-Coudert, Y., Kato, A., Baudat, J., Bost, C.-A., Le Maho, Y., and Naito, Y. 2001. Time/depth usage of Adélie penguins: an approach based on dive angles. Polar Biol. 24: 467-470.
52. Sato, K., Naito, Y., Kato, A., Niizuma, Y., Watanuki, Y., Charrassin, J.B., et al. 2002. Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? J. Exp. Biol. 205: 1189-1197.
53. Schmid, D., Grémillet, D.J.H., and Culik, B.M. 1995. Energetics of underwater swimming in the great cormorant (Phalacorcorax carbo sinensis). Mar. Biol. (Berl.), 123: 875-881.
54. Shaffer, S.A. 2004. Annual energy budget and food requirements of breeding wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans). Polar Biol. 27: 253-256.
55. Spear, L.B., and Ainley, D.G. 1997. Flight speed of seabirds in relation to wind speed and direction. Ibis, 139: 234-251.
56. Stahl, J.C., Jouventin, P., Mougin, J.L., Roux, J.P., and Weimerskirch, H. 1985. The foraging zones of seabirds in the Crozet Islands sector of the Southern Ocean. In Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Edited by W.R. Siegfried, P.R. Condy, and R.M. Laws. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 478-486.
57. Statsoft Inc. 1984-2004. STATISTICA®. Version 6.1 [computer program]. StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, Okla.
58. Systat Software Inc. 2002. SIGMAPLOT®. Version 8.0.2 [computer program]. Systat Software Inc., Richmond, Calif.
59. Tchernia, P. 1978. Océanographie régionale. Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées, Paris.
60. Tremblay, Y., and Cherel, Y. 2000. Benthic and pelagic dives: a new foraging behaviour in rockhopper penguins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 204: 257-267.
61. Tremblay, Y., and Cherel, Y. 2003. Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour, diet and chick growth of rockhopper penguins. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 251: 279-297.
62. Tremblay, Y., Cherel, Y., Oremus, M., Tveraa, T., and Chastel, O. 2003. Unconventional ventral attachment of time-depth recorders as a new method for investigating time budget and diving behaviour of seabirds. J. Exp. Biol. 206: 1929-1940.
63. Walton, P., Ruxton, G.D., and Monaghan, P. 1998. Avian diving, respiratory physiology and the marginal value theorem. Anim. Behav. 56: 165-174.
64. Wanless, S., and Harris, M.P. 1993. Use of mutually exclusive foraging areas by adjacent colonies of blue-eyed shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps) at South Georgia. Colon. Waterbirds, 16: 176-182.
65. Wanless, S., Morris, J.A., and Harris, M.P. 1988. Diving behaviour of guillemots Uria aalge, puffin Fratercula arctica and razorbill Alca torda as shown by radio-telemetry. J. Zool. (Lond.), 216: 73-81.
66. Wanless, S., Harris, M.P., and Morris, J.A. 1992. Diving behaviour and diet of blue-eyed shags at South Georgia. Polar Biol. 12: 713-719.
67. Wanless, S., Harris, M.P., and Morris, J.A. 1995. Factors affecting daily activity budgets of south georgian shags during chick-rearing at Bird Island, South Georgia. Condor, 97: 550-558.
68. Wanless, S., Finney, S.K., Harris, M.P., and McCafferty, D.J. 1999. Effect of the diel light cycle on the diving behaviour of two bottom feeding marine birds: the blue-eyed shag Phalacrocorax atriceps and the European shag P. aristotelis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188: 219-224.
69. Weimerskirch, H., Wilson, R.P., Guinet, C., and Koudil, M. 1995. Use of seabirds to monitor sea-surface temperatures and to validate satellite remote-sensing measurements in the Southern Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 126: 299-303.
70. Williams, T.M., Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Francis, J., Le Boeuf, B.J., Horning, M., et al. 2000. Sink or swim: strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals. Science (Wash., D.C.), 288: 133-136.
71. Wilson, R.P. 1995. Foraging ecology. In The penguins Spheniscidae. Edited by T.D. Williams. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 81-106.
72. Wilson, R.P., and Quintana, F. 2004. Surface pauses in relation to dive duration in imperial cormorants; how much time for a breather? J. Exp. Biol. 207: 1789-1796.
73. Wilson, R.P., and Wilson, M.-T.P. 1988. Foraging behaviour of four sympatric cormorants. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 943-955.
74. Wilson, R.P., Hustler, K., Ryan, P.G., Burger, A.E., and Nöldeke, E.C. 1992. Diving birds in cold water: do Archimedes and Boyle determine energetic costs? Am. Nat. 140: 179-200.
75. Woehler, E.J. 1995. Consumption of Southern Ocean marine resources by penguins. In The penguins. Edited by P. Dann, I. Norman, and P. Reilly. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, N.S.W. pp. 266-294.
76. Woehler, E.J., Raymond, B., and Watts, D.J. 2003. Decadal-scale seabird assemblages in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 251: 299-310.