A meta-analysis of medical versus surgical therapy for Candida endocarditis

Journal of Infection

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 230-247

  Steinbach, William J ^a,b   Perfect, John R ^a,b   Cabell, Christopher H ^a,c   Fowler, Vance G ^a,c   Corey, G Ralph ^a,c   Li, Jennifer S ^a,c   Zaas, Aimee K ^a,b   Benjamin Jr , Daniel K ^a,c  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c DUKE CLINICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphotericin B; Antifungal; Candida; Endocarditis; Surgery

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; CANDIDA; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; ENDOCARDITIS; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; META ANALYSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; PATIENT CARE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT INDICATION;

EID: 27644464386     PISSN: 01634453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.10.016     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. M. Ellis Fungal endocarditis J Infect 35 1997 99-103
2. H. Giamarellou Nosocomial cardiac infections J Hosp Infect 50 2002 91-105
3. S.M. Gordon T.F. Keys Bloodstream infections in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 7 1995 2-6
4. L.C. Pierrotti L.M. Baddour Fungal endocarditis, 1995-2000 Chest 122 2002 302-310
5. M.E. Ellis H. Al-Abdely A. Sandridge W. Greer W. Ventura Fungal endocarditis: Evidence in the world literature, 1965-1995 Clin Infect Dis 32 2001 50-62
6. L. Olaison G. Pettersson Current best practices and guidelines indications for surgical intervention in infective endocarditis Infect Dis Clin North Am 16 2002 453-75
7. R. Tolan M. Kleiman M. Frank H King J. Brown Operative intervention in active endocarditis in children: Report of a series of cases and review Clin Infect Dis 14 1992 852-62
8. H. Hogevik K. Alestig Fungal endocarditis-a report on seven cases and a brief review Infection 24 1996 17-21
9. R.O. Bonow B. Carabello A.C. de Leon ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. Executive summary. A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines (committee on management of patients with valvular heart disease) J Heart Valve Dis 7 1998 672-707
10. P.G. Pappas J.H. Rex J.D. Sobel et al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 161-89
11. J.H. Rex T.J. Walsh J.D. Sobel et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis Clin Infect Dis 30 2000 662-78
12. J.S. Li D.J. Sexton N. Mick et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis Clin Infect Dis 30 2000 633-8
13. M. Egger M. Schneider G.D. Smith Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies BMJ 316 1998 140-4
14. S.G. Thompson S.J. Sharp Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: A comparison of methods Stat Med 18 1999 2693-708
15. R.K. Merchant D.B. Louria P.H. Geisler J.H. Edgcomb J.P. Utz Fungal endocarditis: Review of the literature and report of three cases Ann Intern Med 48 1958 242-66
16. V.T. Andriole H.M. Krauetz W.C. Roberts J.P. Utz Candida endocarditis: clinical and pathologic studies Am J Med 32 1962 251-85
17. M.S. Seelig P. Speth P.J. Kozinn C.L. Taschdjian E.F. Toni P. Goldberg Patterns of Candida endocarditis following cardiac surgery: Importance of early diagnosis and therapy (an analysis of 91 cases) Prog Cardiovasc Dis 17 1974 125-60
18. N. Premsingh R. Kapila F. Tecson L.G. Smith D.B. Louria Candida endocarditis in two patients Arch Intern Med 136 1976 208-12
19. E. Rubenstein E.R. Noriega M.S. Simberkoff R. Holzman J.J. Rahal Jr Fungal endocarditis analysis of 24 cases and reviews of the literature Medicine 54 1975 331-44
20. E. Rubenstein R. Lang Fungal endocarditis Eur Heart J 16 1995 84-9
21. Navas E, Martin-Davila P, Cobo J, et al. Incidence, clinical features and outcome of fungal endocarditis. Program and abstracts of the 40th program and abstracts of the 40th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2000. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
22. E. Turnier J.H. Kay S. Bernstein M. Mendez P. Zubiate Surgical treatment of Candida endocarditis Chest 67 1975 262-8
23. K.J. Christiansen E.M. Bernard J.W.M. Gold D. Armstrong Distribution and activity of amphotericin B in humans J Infect Dis 152 1985 1037-43
24. E. Rubenstein E.R. Noriega M.S. Simberkoff J.J. Rahal Jr Tissue penetration of amphotericin B in Candida endocarditis Chest 66 1974 376-96
25. B.M. Smith P.D. Hoeprich A.C. Huston C.P. Schaffner C.E. Franti Activity of two polyene and two imidazole antimicrobics on Candida albicans in human fibrin clots J Lab Clin Med 102 1983 126-32
26. A. Louie P. Kaw P. Banerjee W. Liu G. Chen M.H. Miller Impact of the order of initiation of fluconazole and amphotericin B in sequential or combination therapy on killing of Candida albicans in vitro and in a rabbit model of endocarditis and pyelonephritis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 2001 485-94
27. K. Chemlal L. Saint-Julien V. Joly et al. Comparison of fluconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of experimental Candida albicans endocarditis in rabbits Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 263-6
28. A. Louie W. Liu D.A. Miller et al. Efficacies of high-dose fluconazole plus amphotericin B and high-dose fluconazole plus 5-fluorocytosine versus amphotericin B, fluconazole, and 5-fluorocytosine monotherapies in treatment of experimental endocarditis, endophthalmitis, and pyelonephritis due to Candida albicans Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 1999 2831-40
29. G. Ramage K. VandeWalle S.P. Bachmann B.L. Wickes J.L. Lopez-Ribot In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of three antifungal agents against preformed Candida albicans biofilms determined by time-kill studies Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 3634-36
30. S.P. Bachmann K. VandeWalle G. Ramage et al. In vitro activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 3591-6
31. D.M. Kuhn T. George J. Chandra P.K. Mukherjee M.A. Ghannoum Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: Unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 2002 1773-80
32. C.H. Cabell E. Abrutyn Progress toward a global understanding of infective endocarditis. Early lessons from the international collaboration on endocarditis investigation Infect Dis Clin North Am 16 2002 255-72
33. F.W. Kroetz J.J. Leonard C.R. Everett Candida albicans endocarditis successfully treated with amphotericin B N Engl J Med 266 1962 592-5
34. R. Rosner Isolation of Candida protoplasts from a case of Candida endocarditis J Bacteriol 91 1966 1320-6
35. C.O. Record J.M. Skinner P. Sleight D.C.E. Speller Candida endocarditis treated with 5-fluorocytosine Br Med J 1 1971 262-4
36. R. Giombetti J.W.C. Hagstrom S. Landey M.C. Young M.I. New Cushing's syndrome in infancy: A case complicated by monilial endocarditis Am J Dis Child 122 1971 264-6
37. R.L. Logan M.J. Gldber C. albicans resistance to 5-fluorocytosine Br Med J 3 1972 531
38. G.L. Alderson H.E. Bernhardt Candida endocarditis of the tricuspid valve JAMA 224 1973 517-8
39. W.E. Dismukes A.W. Karchmer M.J. Buckley W.G. Austen M.N. Swartz Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Analysis of 38 cases Circulation 48 1973 365-77
40. N. Conway M.L. Kothari E. Lockey M.H. Yacoub Candida endocarditis after heart surgery Thorax 23 1968 353-5
41. W.E. Ostermiller W.S. Dye M. Weinberg Fungal endocarditis following cardiovascular surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 61 1971 670-5
42. S.J. Robboy J. Kaiser Pathogenesis of fungal infection on heart prostheses Hum Pathol 6 1975 711-5
43. S. Fujita K. Maeno K. Soyama Mannan and d -arabinitol concentrations in serum from a patient with Candida albicans endocarditis Mycopathologia 105 1989 87-92
44. E. Roupie J.Y. Darmon L. Brochard M. Saada N. Rekik C. Brun-Buisson Fluconazole therapy of candidal native vale endocarditis Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 10 1991 458-9
45. P.J. Sanchez J.D. Siegel J. Fishbein Candida endocarditis: Successful medical management in three preterm infants and review of the literature Pediatr Infect Dis J 10 1991 239-43
46. C.J. Wells G.J. Leech A.M.L. Lever M.H. Wansbrough-Jones Treatment of native valve Candida endocarditis with fluconazole J Infect 31 1995 233-5
47. S. Whitby E.C. Madu M.S. Bronze Case report: Candida zeylanoides infective endocarditis complicating infection with the human immunodeficiency virus Am J Med Sci 312 1996 138-9
48. E. Mayayo J. Moralejo J. Camps J. Guarro Fungal endocarditis in premature infants: Case report and review Clin Infect Dis 22 1996 366-8
49. F. Aspesberro M. Beghetti I. Oberhansli B. Friedli Fungal endocarditis in critically ill children Eur J Pediatr 158 1999 275-80
50. G. Mogyorosy G. Soos A. Nagy Candida endocarditis in a premature infant J Perinat Med 28 2000 407-11
51. Y. Saito M. Takahashi A. Sato T. Katsuki U. Ikeda K. Shimada Isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis associated with long-term central venous catheter implantation Intern Med 40 2001 403-4
52. P.G. Flanagan R.A. Barnes Hazards of inadequate fluconazole dosage to treat deep-seated or systemic Candida albicans infection J Infect 35 1997 295-7
53. J.-D. Liang C.-T. Fang Y.-C. Chen S.-C. Chang K.-T. Luh Candida albicans spinal epidural absccess secondary to prosthetic valve endocarditis Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 40 2001 121-3
54. F.S. Czwerwiec M.S. Bilsker M.L. Kamerman A.L. Bisno Long-term survival after fluconazole therapy of candidal prosthetic valve endocarditis Am J Med 94 1993 545-6
55. L.M. Baddour Long-term suppressive therapy for Candida parapsilosis-induced prosthetic valve endocarditis Mayo Clin Proc 70 1995 773-5
56. P.D. Hoeprich J.L. Ingraham E. Kleker M.J. Winship Development of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine in Candida parapsilosis during therapy J Infect Dis 130 1974 112-8
57. E.L. Wiley G.M. Hutchins Superior vena cava syndrome secondary to Candida thrombophlebitis complicating parenteral alimentation J Pediatr 91 1977 977-9
58. A.R. Mayrer A. Brown R.A. Weintraub M. Ragni B. Postic Successful medical therapy for endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis Chest 73 1978 546-9
59. L.E. Samelson S.A. Lerner L. Resnekov C. Anagnostopoulos Relapse of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis after long-term suppression with flucytosine: Retreatment with valve replacement and ketoconazole Ann Intern Med 93 1980 838-9
60. A. Sutton Miconazole in systemic candidiasis Arch Dis Child 58 1983 319
61. R.G. Faix H.J. Feick P. Frommelt A.R. Snider Successful medical treatment of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis in a premature infant Am J Perinatol 7 1990 272-5
62. P.N. Zenker E.M. Rosenberg R.B. Van Dyke G.P. Rabalais R.S. Daum Successful medical treatment of presumed Candida endocarditis in critically ill infants J Pediatr 119 1991 472-7
63. J.G. Gerritsen J.T. van Dissel H.F. Verwey Candida tropicalis endocarditis Circulation 98 1998 90-1
64. H. Ariffin W. Ariffin S. Tharam A. Omar J. de Bruyne H.P. Lin Successful treatment of Candida albicans endocarditis in a child with leukemia-a case report and review of the literature Singapore Med J 40 1999 533-6
65. B.J. Isalska T.N. Stanbridge Fluconazole in the treatment of candidal prosthetic valve endocarditis Br Med J 297 1988 178-9
66. D.R. Wallbridge A.C. McCartney M.D. Richardson Fluconazole in the treatment of Candida prosthetic valve endocarditis Mycoses 36 1993 259-61
67. R.K. Thakur K.M. Skelcy R.N. Kahn L. Cannon R. Cherukuri Successful treatment of Candida prosthetic valve endocarditis with a combination of fluconazole and amphotericin B Crit Care Med 22 1994 712-4
68. M.H. Nguyen M.L. Nguyen V.L. Yu D. McMahon T.F. Keys M. Amidi Candida prosthetic valve endocarditis: Prospective study of six cases and review of the literature Clin Infect Dis 22 1996 262-7
69. B. Wendt L. Haglund A. Razavi R. Rath Candida lusitaniae: An uncommon cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis Clin Infect Dis 26 1998 769-70
70. V. Moudgal T. Little D. Boikov J.A. Vazquez Development of echinocandin resistance during therapy for Candida parapsilosis endocarditis Program and abstracts of the 40th annual meeting of the infectious diseases society of America 2002 Alexandria, VA Chicago, IL
71. J.H. Kay S. Bernstein H.K. Tsuji J.V. Redington M. Milgram T. Brem Surgical treatment of Candida endocarditis JAMA 203 1968 105-10
72. A.T. McRae J.W. Pate R.L. Richardson Aortic valve replacement for Candida endocarditis Chest 62 1972 757-8
73. P.D. Harris C.B. Yeoh J. Breault J. Meltzer S. Katz Fungal endocarditis secondary to drug addiction J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 63 1972 980-5
74. B. Castleman R.E. Scully B.U. McNeely Case records of the Massachusetts general hospital. Case 24-1972 N Engl J Med 286 1972 1309-15
75. N.T. Montague W.L. Sugg Candida endocarditis with femoral emboli J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 67 1974 322-7
76. S. Gottlieb S.A. Khuddus H. Balooki A.E. Dominguez R.J. Myerburg Echocardiogaphic diagnosis of aortic valve vegetations in Candida endocarditis Circulation 50 1974 826-30
77. A.B. Gazzaniga M.H. Mir-Sepasi M.R. Jefferies M.T. Yeo Candida endocarditis complicating glucose total intravenous nutrition Ann Surg 179 1974 902-5
78. J.R. Utley J. Mills B.B. Roe The role of valve replacement in the treatment of fungal endocarditis J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 69 1975 255-8
79. J.A.C. Gomes J. Calderon F. Lajam H. Sakurai H.S. Friedman J.S. Tatz Echocardiographic detection of fungal vegetations in Candida parapsilosis endocarditis Am J Med 61 1976 273-6
80. R.C. Pasternak D.S. Cannom L.S. Cohen Echocardiographic diagnosis of large fungal verruca attached to mitral valve Br Heart J 38 1976 1209-12
81. J.L. Gladstone S.A. Friedman M.M. Cerruti S.L. Jomain Treatment of Candida endocarditis and arteritis J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 71 1976 835-8
82. G.J.J. Collins N.M. Rich R.W. Hobson C.A. Andersen D. Green Multiple mycotic aneursyms due to Candida endocarditis Ann Surg 186 1977 136-9
83. E. Martin S.J. Pancoast H.C. Neu Candida parapsilosis endocarditis: medical and surgical care Ann Intern Med 91 1979 870-1
84. C. Watanakunakorn J. Carleton L.M. Goldberg M. Hamburger Candida endocarditis surrounding a Starr-Edwards prosthetic valve. Recovery of Candida in hypertonic medium during treatment Arch Intern Med 121 1968 243-5
85. V.T. Andriole Endocarditis in the drug user Conn Med 34 1970 327-30
86. P.M. Clarkson B.G. Barratt-Boyes Bacterial endocarditis following homograft replacement of the aortic valve Circulation 42 1970 987-91
87. R.J. Fass R.L. Perkins 5-Fluorocytosine in the treatment of cryptococcal and Candida mycoses Ann Intern Med 74 1971 535-9
88. T.M. Grehl L.H. Cohn W.W. Angell Management of Candida endocarditis J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 63 1972 118-20
89. D.L. Stone Candida endocarditis treated with a combination of antifungal chemotherapy and aortic valve replacement Br Heart J 37 1975 1191-4
90. D.N. Sharpe B.N. Singh B.M. Cornere G.K. Allwood Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis complicating aortic homograft valve treated with 5-fluorocytosine: Case report with discussion of antifungal chemotherapy N Z Med J 81 1975 294-8
91. P.B. Iannini E.D. Everett G. Pappas M. LaForce Candida precipitins as a diagnostic aid in Candida endocarditis JAMA 236 1976 2518-20
92. A. Juffe A.L. Miranda J.J. Rufilanchas J.M. Maronas D. Figuero Prosthetic valve endocarditis by opportunistic pathogens Arch Surg 112 1977 151-3
93. J.N. Galgiani D. Stevens Fungal endocarditis: Need for guidelines in evaluating therapy J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73 1977 293-6
94. M. Goenen M. Reynaert P. Jaumin C.H. Chalant J. Tremouroux A case of Candida albicans endocarditis 3 years after an aortic valve replacement J Cardiovasc Surg 18 1977 391-6
95. H.D. Holliday V. Keipper A.B. Kaiser Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis JAMA 244 1980 2088-9
96. S.A. Lipton W.F. Hickey J.H. Morris J. Loscalzo Candidal infection in the central nervous system Am J Med 76 1984 101-8
97. J. Malouf A. Nasrallah I. Daghir M. Harake A. Mufarrij Candida tropicalis endocarditis in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis Chest 86 1984 508
98. T.L. Pruett O.D. Rotstein R.W. Anderson R.L. Simmons Tricuspid valve Candida endocarditis: Successful treatment with valve-sparing debridement and antifungal chemotherapy in a multiorgan transplant recipient Am J Med 80 1986 116-8
99. P.S. Coleman H.T. Gitter J.V. Talano Persistent fever in an immunocompromised host Arch Intern Med 146 1986 2253-5
100. M. Heydarian J.W. Werthammer P.J. Kelly Echocardiographic diagnosis of Candida mass of the right atrium in a premature infant Am Heart J 113 1987 402-4
101. F. Guzman I. Cartmill M.P. Holden R. Freeman Candida endocarditis: report of four cases Int J Cardiol 16 1987 131-6
102. J. Bisbe J.M. Miro A. Moreno J. Mensa Candida albicans endocarditis possibly related to systemic candidiasis in a heroin addict Eur J Clin Microbiol 6 1987 657-8
103. K. Roush D.M. Scala-Barnett H. Donabedian E.H. Freimer Rupture of a pulmonary artery mycotic aneursym associated with candidal endocarditis Am J Med 84 1988 142-4
104. M.A. De Belder J.D. Walker J.P. Burnie M.T. Rothman Survival after rupture of the oesophagus and subsequent candidal endocarditis: Use of new serological methods in management Eur Heart J 10 1989 858-62
105. T. Kawamoto S. Nakano H. Matsuda H. Hirose Y. Kawashima Candida endocarditis with saddle embolism: A successful surgical intervention Ann Thorac Surg 48 1989 723-4
106. M. Tanaka T. Abe S. Hosokawa Y. Suenaga H. Hikosaka Tricuspid valve Candida endocarditis cured by valve-sparing debridement Ann Thorac Surg 48 1989 857-8
107. P.G. Johnston J. Lee M. Domanski et al. Late recurrent Candida endocarditis Chest 99 1991 1531-2
108. R.J. Blinkhorn Jr M.L. Eckhauser N. Snow Saddle embolism complicating Candida parapsilosis aortic valve endocardits: Cure with aortic valve replacement and prompt extraction of multiple mycotic emboli J Vasc Surg 16 1992 128-9
109. B.L. Johnston W.F. Schlech III T.J. Marrie An outbreak of Candida parapsilosis prosthetic valve endocarditis following cardiac surgery J Hosp Infect 28 1994 103-12
110. J.A. Cancelas J. Lopez E. Cabezudo et al. Native valve endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis: A late complication after bone marrow transplantation-related fungemia Bone Marrow Transplant 13 1994 333-4
111. P. Lozano D. Flores I. Blanes et al. Acute lower limb ischemia complicating endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis in a drug abuser Ann Vasc Surg 8 1994 591-4
112. T. Nishida H. Mayumi Y. Kawachi et al. The efficacy of fluconazole in treating prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Candida glabrata: report of a case Surg Today 24 1994 651-4
113. A.B. Yates D. Mehrotra J.E. Moffitt Candida endocarditis in a child with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome J Allergy Clin Immunol 99 1997 770-2
114. R. Nandakumar G. Raju Isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis in non-addicted patients: A diagnostic challenge Am J Med Sci 314 1997 207-12
115. M.J. Hollingsed J.M. Morales P.T. Roughneen K.D. Burch Surgical management of catheter tip thrombus: Surgical therapy for right atrial thrombus and fungal endocarditis (Candida tropicalis) complicating paediatric sickle-cell disease Perfusion 12 1997 197-201
116. J.-H. Wang Y.-C. Liu S. Lee Candida endocarditis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Clin Infect Dis 26 1998 205-6
117. Y. Inoue R. Yozu T. Ueda S. Kawada A case report of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis J Heart Valve Dis 7 1998 240-2
118. E.S. Remsey B.W. Lytle Repair of fungal aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis associated with periannular abscess J Heart Valve Dis 7 1998 235-9
119. D. Picarelli J. Surraco C. Zuniga et al. Surgical management of active infective endocarditis in a premature infant weighing 950 grams J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 119 2000 380-1
120. A. Serrador J.A. San Ramon F. Fernandez-Aviles Echohistological correlation in Candida albicans endocarditis Heart 85 2000 24
121. G.F. Veraldi A. Guglielmi M. Genna et al. Occlusion of the common iliac artery secondary to fungal endocarditis: Report of a case Surg Today 30 2000 291-3
122. I. Joao J. Duarte C. Cotrim et al. Native valve endocarditis due to Pichia ohmeri Heart Vessels 16 2002 260-3
123. R.D. Brandstetter B.D. Brause Candida parapsilosis endocarditis: recovery of the causative organism from an addict's own syringes JAMA 243 1980 1073
124. P. Stulz J. Hasse J. Mihatsch E. Gradel Candida endocarditis after heart valve replacement: Successful management with reoperation and local disinfection J Cardiovasc Surg 21 1980 255-60
125. R.M. Rudd P.R. Hill P. Kopelman D.J. Parker Fungal endocarditis after homograft valve replacement: Difficulties in diagnosis and treatment Thorax 35 1980 686-9
126. I.M. Herling M.N. Kotler B.L. Segal Candida parapsilosis endocarditis without predisposing cause Int J Cardiol 5 1984 753-6
127. J.E. Szuman O.W. Mensah Z. Lorkiewicz H. Sidorowicz Candida sp. infection-late complication of a double valve replacement Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 36 1988 214-6
128. C. Kontou-Kastellanou J. Leonardopoulos L. Boniatsi S. Kastellanos P. Toutouzas A case of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis Mycoses 33 1990 427-9
129. G.R. Melgar R.M. Nasser S.M. Gordon B.W. Lytle T.F. Keys D.L. Longworth Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis in 16 patients Medicine 76 1997 94-103
130. Candida albicans endocarditis associated with a contaminated aortic valve allograft-California, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46: 261-263.
131. M.J. Kuehnert E. Clark S.R. Lockhart D.R. Soll J. Chia W.R. Jarvis Candida albicans endocarditis associated with a contaminated aortic valve allograft: Implications for regulation of allograft processing Clin Infect Dis 27 1998 688-91
132. A.J. Mansur J. Safi Jr M.R.P. Markus V.D. Aiello M. Grinberg P.M.A. Pomerantzeff Late failure of surgical treatment for bioprosthetic valve endocarditis due to Candida tropicalis Clin Infect Dis 22 1996 380-1
133. A. Darwazah G. Berg B. Faris Candida parapsilosis: An unusual organism causing prosthetic heart valve infective endocarditis J Infect 38 1999 130-1
134. P. Sood V. Dogra B. Mishra A. Mandal A. Banerjee Mitral valve endocarditis following balloon mitral valvotomy Scand J Infect Dis 2001 312-3
135. I.C. Tuna M.R. Harrison Fungal prosthetic-valve endocarditis N Engl J Med 344 2001 275
136. K. Zedtwitz-Liebenstein H. Gabriel B. Willinger H. Ehringer P. Polterauer W. Graninger Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Candida tropicalis complicated by multiple pseudoaneursyms Infection 29 2001 177-9
137. Jones JM, Sarsam MA Clarke MAR, Hedderwick SA. Candida parapsilosis: Two cases of endocarditis in association with the Totonto stentless porcine valve. J Infect 2002;44:196-8