Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 662-678

  Rex, John H ^a   Walsh, Thomas J ^b   Sobel, Jack D ^c   Filler, Scott G ^d   Pappas, Peter G ^e   Dismukes, William E ^e   Edwards, John E ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d HARBOR UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e University of Alabama at Birmingham   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; BORIC ACID; BUTOCONAZOLE; CLOTRIMAZOLE; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MICONAZOLE; NYSTATIN; PYRROLE DERIVATIVE; TERCONAZOLE; TIOCONAZOLE;

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; CANDIDA; CANDIDIASIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG SAFETY; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION PREVENTION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MUCOCUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SURGICAL PATIENT;

ADULT; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; CANDIDA; CANDIDIASIS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FEVER; HUMAN; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; NEUTROPENIA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE);

EID: 0033796346     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/313749     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to species of Candida other than Candida albicans: Frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE program
2. Vaginitis
3. Detection of amphotericin B-resistant Candida isolates in a broth-based system
4. Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolates from a randomized, multicenter trial of fluconazole vs. amphotericin B as treatment of nonneutropenic patients with candidemia
5. Antifungal activity of a new triazole, D0870, compared with four other antifungal agents tested against clinical isolates of Candida and Torulopsis glabrata
6. Patterns of in vitro activity of itraconazole and imidazole antifungal agents against Candida albicans with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole from Spain
7. Do in vitro susceptibility data predict the microbiologic response to amphotericin B? Results of a prospective study of patients with candida fungemia
8. Comparison of Etest and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth macrodilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing: Enhanced ability to detect amphotericin B-resistant Candida isolates
9. Susceptibility testing of current Candida bloodstream isolates from Mycoses Study Group (MSG) collaborative study 34: Isolates of C. krusei are often resistant to both fluconazole and amphotericin B
10. Comparison of in vivo activity of fluconazole with that of amphotericin B against Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida krusei
11. Comparison of the efficacy of polyenes and triazoles against hematogenous Candida krusei infection in neutropenic mice
12. Strain delineation and antifungal susceptibilities of epidemiologically related and unrelated isolates of Candida lusitaniae
13. High-frequency, in vitro reversible switching of Candida lusitaniae clinical isolates from amphotericin B susceptibility to resistance
14. Development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans causing disseminated infection in a patient undergoing marrow transplantation
15. Development of interpretive break-points for antifungal susceptibility testing: Conceptual framework and analysis of in vitro-in vivo correlation data for fluconazole, itraconazole, and Candida infections
16. Correlation of fluconazole MIC and response to therapy for patients with candidemia due to C. albicans and non-C. albicans spp.: Results of a multicenter prospective study of candidemia
17. A randomized trial of continuous or intermittent therapy with fluconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: Clinical outcomes and development of fluconazole resistance
18. Correlation between in vitro susceptibility determined by E test and response to therapy with amphotericin B: Results from a multicenter prospective study of candidemia
19. Correlation between in vitro susceptibility determined by E test and response to therapy with amphotericin B: Results from a multicenter prospective study of candidemia
20. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of amphotericin B lipid complex: Are phospholipases important?
21. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases
22. Phase 1 study of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for the treatment of invasive fungal infections after marrow transplant
23. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for the treatment of candidemia in immunocompromised patients
24. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: Recent progress and future directions
25. Fungal infections in iatrogenically compromised hosts
26. Comparison of Fungizone, Amphotec, Am-Bisome, and Abelcet for treatment of systemic murine cryptococcosis
27. Introduction to antifungal drugs
28. Pharmacology of antifungal compounds
29. Antifungal agents in neonatal systemic candidiasis
30. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in children with hepatosplenic candidiasis
31. Pharmacokinetics, outcome of treatment, and toxic effects of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in neonates
32. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in children with neoplastic diseases
33. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in pediatric patients
34. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in very low birth weight infants during the first two weeks of life
35. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in immune-compromised children with leukemia or other hematologic disease
36. Fluconazole: A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in superficial and systemic mycoses
37. Fluconazole treatment of neonates and infants with severe fungal infections not treatable with conventional agents
38. Repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of an oral solution of itraconazole in infants and children
39. Practice guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections
40. Concentrations in plasma and safety of 7 days of intravenous itraconazole followed by 2 weeks of oral itraconazole solution in patients in intensive care units
41. A pharmacokinetic study of intravenous itraconazole followed by oral administration of itraconazole capsules in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
42. Hospital acquired candidemia: The attributable mortality and excess length of stay
43. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia
44. Multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for treatment of candidemia in nonneutropenic patients
45. Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia
46. Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia: Evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study
47. Emergence of Candida parapsilosis as the predominant species causing candidemia in children
48. Candidemia in a neonatal intensive care unit: Trends during fifteen years and clinical features of 111 cases
49. Importance of Candida species other than Candida albicans as opportunistic pathogens
50. Intravascular catheter exchanges and the duration of candidemia
51. International conference for the development of a consensus on the management and prevention of severe candidal infections
52. 1997 Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever
53. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients
54. Risk factors for hospital-acquired candidemia: A matched case-control study
55. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: Epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality
56. Itraconazole compared with amphotericin B as empirical therapy for persistent fever of unknown origin in neutropenic patients
57. Pharmacokinetics of itraconazole oral solution in allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients receiving total body irradiation
58. Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: A randomized, placibo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial
59. Empiric antibiotics and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia
60. Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients
61. Empiric therapy with amphotericin B in febrile granulocytopenic patients
62. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia
63. Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: The evolving picture of the syndrome
64. Successful treatment of hepatosplenic candidiasis through repeated episodes of neutropenia
65. Hepatosplenic candidiasis: Successful treatment with fluconazole
66. Fluconazole therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with leukemia and prior amphotericin B therapy
67. Congenital cutaneous candidiasis
68. Invasive neonatal candidiasis: Comparison of albicans and parapsilosis infection
69. Fungal infections of the genitourinary system
70. Hospital-associated candiduria: Predisposing factors and review of the literature
71. Candiduria: A randomized, double-blind study of treatment with fluconazole and placebo
72. Candidemia from a urinary tract source: Microbiological aspects and clinical significance
73. Oral fluconazole compared with bladder irrigation with amphotericin B for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections in elderly patients
74. Evolving role of flucytosine in immunocompromised patients: New insights into safety, pharmacokinetics, and antifungal therapy
75. Clearance of funguria with short-course antifungal regimens: A prospective, randomized, controlled study
76. Fungicidal effect of amphotericin B in urine: In vitro study to assess feasibility of bladder washout for localization of site of candiduria
77. Primary Candida pneumonia: Experience at a large cancer center and review of the literature
78. Factors associated with fatal hemoptysis in cancer patients
79. Pulmonary disease caused by Candida species
80. Significance of the isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, nonneutropenic patients
81. Candida epiglottitis in immunocompromised patients
82. Laryngeal candidiasis in children
83. Laryngeal candidiasis: A cause of airway obstruction in the immunocompromised child
84. Vertebral Candida infections: A case report and review of the literature
85. Candida tropicalis vertebral osteomyelitis: A late sequela of fungemia
86. Spondylodiskitis due to Candida albicans: Report of two patients who were successfully treated with fluconazole and review of the literature
87. Successful treatment of Candida osteomyelitis with fluconazole: A noncomparative study of two patients
88. Successful treatment of Candida albicans osteomyelitis with fluconazole
89. Candida tropicalis arthritis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia successfully treated with fluconazole: Case report and review of the literature
90. Candida prosthetic arthritis: Report of a case treated with fluconazole and review of the literature
91. Candidal mediastinitis: An emerging clinical entity
92. Fungal peritonitis in a large chronic peritoneal dialysis population: A report of 55 episodes
93. Fungal peritonitis in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: Experience with 11 patients and review of the literature
94. Fungal peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: Successful treatment with fluconazole, a new orally active antifungal agent
95. Fungal peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis
96. Candida peritonitis: Report of 22 cases and review of the English literature
97. The role of Candida in intraperitoneal infections
98. Clinical significance of Candida isolated from peritoneum in surgical patients
99. Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients
100. Amphotericin B in treatment of Candida cholecystitis
101. Surgical and long-term antifungal therapy for fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis
102. Purulent pericarditis caused by Candida species: Case report and review
103. Medical management of fungal suppurative thrombosis of great central veins in a child
104. Candida septic thrombosis of the great central veins associated with central catheters
105. Management of septic thrombosis of the inferior vena cava caused by Candida
106. Candidal suppurative peripheral thrombophlebitis: Recognition, prevention, and management
107. Fungal infections of the heart: An analysis of 51 autopsied patients
108. Late recurrent Candida endocarditis
109. Long-term suppressive therapy for Candida parapsilosis-induced prosthetic valve endocarditis
110. Candida endocarditis and amphotericin B intolerance: Potential role for fluconazole
111. Candida pericarditis: Clinical profile and treatment
112. Liposomal amphotericin B treatment for neonatal fungal infections
113. Combined therapy with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine for Candida meningitis
114. Candidal sepsis and meningitis in a very-low-birth-weight infant successfully treated with fluconazole and flucytosine
115. Meningitis caused by Candida species: An emerging problem in neurosurgical patients
116. Ocular manifestations of Candida septicemia: Review of seventy-six cases of hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis
117. Candida endophthalmitis complicating candidemia
118. Use of fluconazole in the treatment of candidal endophthalmitis
119. Candida albicans endophthalmitis in brown heroin addicts: Response to early vitrectomy preceded and followed by antifungal therapy
120. Results of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study: A randomized trial of immediate vitrectomy and of intravenous antibiotics for the treatment of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis
121. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: A randomized prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches
122. Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: Colonization, infection, treatment, and emergence of fluconazole resistance
123. A comparative study of the efficacy of fluconazole and amphotericin B in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck tumours
124. Emergence of resistance of Candida albicans to clotrimazole in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: In vitro and clinical correlations
125. Comparison of fluconazole and ketoconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS
126. Treatment of oral candidosis with itraconazole: A review
127. Itraconazole solution: Higher serum drug concentrations and better clinical response rates than the capsule formulation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with candidosis
128. Randomized trial of itraconazole oral solution for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients
129. A double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole capsules for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS
130. Treatment of thrush with itraconazole solution: Evidence for topical effect
131. Fluconazole suspension for oropharyngeal candidiasis unresponsive to tablets
132. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection
133. Value of antifungal prophylaxis with antifungal drugs against oropharyngeal candidiasis in cancer patients
134. Randomized comparison of oral fluconazole versus oral polyenes for the prevention of fungal infection in patients at risk of neutropenia
135. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: Correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility
136. Efficacy of oral amphotericin B in AIDS patients with thrush clinically resistant to fluconazole
137. The causes of esophageal symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus infection: A prospective study of 110 patients
138. Association of Candida with carcinoma of esophagus
139. Prospective evaluation of oropharyngeal findings in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with esophageal ulceration
140. Fluconazole compared with endoscopy for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with esophageal symptoms
141. Fluconazole compared with ketoconazole for the treatment of Candida esophagitis in AIDS: A randomized trial
142. Fluconazole versus itraconazole for Candida esophagitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Candida esophagitis
143. Fluconazole vs. flucytosine in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study
144. Fluconazole vs. itraconazole-flucytosine association in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: A double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study
145. A randomized, double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole tablets in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis
146. Itraconazole suspension in the treatment of HIV-infected patients with fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis and esophagitis
147. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in cancer patients
148. The natural history of esophageal candidiasis after successful treatment in patients with AIDS
149. Clinical and mycological evaluation of fluconazole in the secondary prophylaxis of esophageal candidiasis in AIDS patients: An open, multicenter study
150. Refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
151. Declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis and carriage of Candida albicans associated with trends toward reduced rates of carriage of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
152. Candida-associated denture stomatitis. Aetiology and management: A review. I. Factors influencing distribution of Candida species in the oral cavity
153. Microwave disinfection of denture base materials colonized with Candida albicans
154. Large-scale epidemiological study of the causal agents of onychomycosis: Mycological findings from the multicenter onychomycosis study of terbinafine
155. Treatment of tinea unguium with medium and high doses of ultramicrosize griseofulvin compared with that with itraconazole
156. In vitro activities of terbinafine against cutaneous isolates of Candida albicans and other pathogenic yeasts
157. Activity of terbinafine in experimental fungal infections of laboratory animals
158. Oral therapeutic agents in fungal nail disease
159. Pulse therapy with one-week itraconazole monthly for three or four months in the treatment of onychomycosis
160. New approaches to the treatment of onychomycosis
161. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
162. Use of itraconazole in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
163. Azole resistance in Candida albicans
164. Long-term therapy of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with ketoconazole: Experience with twenty-one patients
165. Treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis: Background paper for development of 1993 STD treatment recommendations
166. Treatment of Candida glabrata vaginitis: A retrospective review of boric acid therapy
167. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations
168. Symptomatic vulvovaginitis due to fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans in a female who was not infected with human immunodeficiency virus
169. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. A prospective study of the efficacy of maintenance ketoconazole therapy
170. Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after bone marrow transplantation: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study
171. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation
172. Anti-fungal prophylaxis in neutropenic cancer patients [abstract LM-88]
173. Evolving risk factors for invasive fungal infections: All neutropenic patients are not the same
174. Fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation
175. Major infectious complications after orthotopic liver transplantation and comparison of outcomes in patients receiving cyclosporine or FK506 as primary immunosuppression
176. Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation
177. Fluconazole prophylaxis for high-risk liver transplant recipients
178. Liposomal amphotericin B prevents invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients: A randomized, placebo-controlled study
179. Low-dose amphotericin B for the prophylaxis of serious Candida infections in high-risk liver recipients
180. Intra-abdominal fungal infections after pancreatic transplantation: Incidence, treatment, and outcome