메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 1-28

Empathy and interpersonal style: A mediational model of secondary traumatic stress symptomology following 9/11

Author keywords

9 11; Secondary traumatic stress disorder; September 11; STSD; Vicarious traumatization

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHI SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; COLLEGE STUDENT; COPING BEHAVIOR; DISASTER; DISTRESS SYNDROME; EMOTION; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MODEL; PERSONALITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 27344456666     PISSN: 10926771     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J146v11n04_01     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (6)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 27344439596 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of responses to a vicarious and a direct threat
    • Alfert, E. (1966). Comparison of responses to a vicarious and a direct threat. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 1, 179-186.
    • (1966) Journal of Experimental Research in Personality , vol.1 , pp. 179-186
    • Alfert, E.1
  • 2
    • 27344437748 scopus 로고
    • An idiographic analysis of personality differences between reactors to a vicariously experienced threat and reactors to a direct threat
    • Alfert, E. (1967). An idiographic analysis of personality differences between reactors to a vicariously experienced threat and reactors to a direct threat. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 2, 200-207.
    • (1967) Journal of Experimental Research in Personality , vol.2 , pp. 200-207
    • Alfert, E.1
  • 4
    • 0034747536 scopus 로고
    • Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II: What if the target of empathy has defected?
    • Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. (1991). Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II: What if the target of empathy has defected? European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 25-36.
    • (1991) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 25-36
    • Batson, C.D.1    Ahmad, N.2
  • 6
    • 0036616378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilization of mental health services following the September 11th terrorist attacks in Manhattan, New York City
    • Boscarino, J. A., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Utilization of mental health services following the September 11th terrorist attacks in Manhattan, New York City. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 4(3), 143-156.
    • (2002) International Journal of Emergency Mental Health , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 143-156
    • Boscarino, J.A.1    Galea, S.2    Ahern, J.3    Resnick, H.4    Vlahov, D.5
  • 7
    • 0036442092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of a large-scale traumatic event on individual and organizational outcomes: Exploring employee and company reactions to September 11, 2001
    • Byron, K., & Peterson, S. (2002). The impact of a large-scale traumatic event on individual and organizational outcomes: Exploring employee and company reactions to September 11, 2001. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 895-910.
    • (2002) Journal of Organizational Behavior , vol.23 , pp. 895-910
    • Byron, K.1    Peterson, S.2
  • 8
    • 0025942770 scopus 로고
    • Trauma experiences, posttraumatic stress, dissociation, and depression in Cambodian refugees
    • Carlson, E. B., & Rosser-Hogan, R. (1991). Trauma experiences, posttraumatic stress, dissociation, and depression in Cambodian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1548-1551.
    • (1991) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.148 , pp. 1548-1551
    • Carlson, E.B.1    Rosser-Hogan, R.2
  • 10
    • 0027955606 scopus 로고
    • Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders
    • Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103-116.
    • (1994) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.103 , pp. 103-116
    • Clark, L.A.1    Watson, D.2    Mineka, S.3
  • 11
    • 0022115624 scopus 로고
    • Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis
    • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
    • (1985) Psychological Bulletin , vol.98 , pp. 310-357
    • Cohen, S.1    Wills, T.A.2
  • 12
    • 0001023874 scopus 로고
    • A better world or a shattered vision? Changes in life perspectives following victimization
    • Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Skokan, L. A. (1990). A better world or a shattered vision? Changes in life perspectives following victimization. Social Cognition, 8, 263-285.
    • (1990) Social Cognition , vol.8 , pp. 263-285
    • Collins, R.L.1    Taylor, S.E.2    Skokan, L.A.3
  • 14
    • 0021136733 scopus 로고
    • Social support, personality, and the prediction of psychological distress
    • Duckitt, J. (1984). Social support, personality, and the prediction of psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 1199-1205.
    • (1984) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.40 , pp. 1199-1205
    • Duckitt, J.1
  • 16
    • 0027931092 scopus 로고
    • Dissociative symptoms in media eyewitnesses of an execution
    • Freinkel, A., Koopman, C., & Spiegel, D. (1994). Dissociative symptoms in media eyewitnesses of an execution. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1335-1339.
    • (1994) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 1335-1339
    • Freinkel, A.1    Koopman, C.2    Spiegel, D.3
  • 18
    • 84920664852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychological impact of 9-11 on college students and suggestions for how counseling centers can prepare for war and/or future terrorist attacks
    • Gallagher, R. P. (2003). The psychological impact of 9-11 on college students and suggestions for how counseling centers can prepare for war and/or future terrorist attacks. ACPA [On-line]. Retrieved October 5, 2001 from: http://www.acpa.nche.edu/comms/comm07/Featurs3-03.htm
    • (2003) ACPA [On-line]
    • Gallagher, R.P.1
  • 19
    • 85045160888 scopus 로고
    • Effects of disasters on emergency workers: A review, with implications for training and postdisaster interventions. Handbook of postdisaster interventions
    • Gibbs, M. S., Drummond, J., & Lachenmeyer, J. R. (1993). Effects of disasters on emergency workers: A review, with implications for training and postdisaster interventions. Handbook of postdisaster interventions. Journal of Social Behavior, 8, 189-212.
    • (1993) Journal of Social Behavior , vol.8 , pp. 189-212
    • Gibbs, M.S.1    Drummond, J.2    Lachenmeyer, J.R.3
  • 22
    • 0030266645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress disorder, ego defense mechanisms, and empathy among urban paramedics
    • Grevin, F. (1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder, ego defense mechanisms, and empathy among urban paramedics. Psychological Reports, 79, 483-495.
    • (1996) Psychological Reports , vol.79 , pp. 483-495
    • Grevin, F.1
  • 23
    • 84970325768 scopus 로고
    • Adolescents' coping with frightening mass media
    • Hoffner, C. (1995). Adolescents' coping with frightening mass media. Communication Research, 22, 325-346.
    • (1995) Communication Research , vol.22 , pp. 325-346
    • Hoffner, C.1
  • 25
    • 0016031007 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of situation redefinition and affective isolation in coping with stress
    • Holmes, D. S., & Houston, B. K. (1974). Effectiveness of situation redefinition and affective isolation in coping with stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 212-218.
    • (1974) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.29 , pp. 212-218
    • Holmes, D.S.1    Houston, B.K.2
  • 27
    • 0018777479 scopus 로고
    • Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective distress
    • Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective distress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
    • (1979) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.41 , pp. 209-218
    • Horowitz, M.1    Wilner, N.2    Alvarez, W.3
  • 32
    • 0032875523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpersonal attachment: Experiencing, expressing, and coping with stress
    • Kemp, M. A., & Neimeyer, G. J. (1999). Interpersonal attachment: Experiencing, expressing, and coping with stress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 388-394.
    • (1999) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 388-394
    • Kemp, M.A.1    Neimeyer, G.J.2
  • 33
    • 0018094848 scopus 로고
    • Vicarious anxiety: A systematic evaluation of a vicarious threat to self-esteem
    • Kendall, P. C., Finch, A. J., & Montgomery, L. E. (1978). Vicarious anxiety: A systematic evaluation of a vicarious threat to self-esteem. Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 997-1008.
    • (1978) Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 997-1008
    • Kendall, P.C.1    Finch, A.J.2    Montgomery, L.E.3
  • 39
  • 40
    • 0028894091 scopus 로고
    • Working with traumatic material: Effects on Holocaust Memorial Museum staff
    • McCarroll, J. E., Blank, A. S., & Hill, K. (1995). Working with traumatic material: Effects on Holocaust Memorial Museum staff. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 66-75.
    • (1995) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.65 , pp. 66-75
    • McCarroll, J.E.1    Blank, A.S.2    Hill, K.3
  • 41
    • 0002838060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilience, vulnerability, and the course of posttraumatic reactions
    • B. van der Kolk, A. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.). New York: Guilford Press
    • McFarlane, A. C., & Yehuda, R. (1996). Resilience, vulnerability, and the course of posttraumatic reactions. In B. van der Kolk, A. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 155-181). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (1996) Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society , pp. 155-181
    • McFarlane, A.C.1    Yehuda, R.2
  • 43
    • 0001595581 scopus 로고
    • Appraisal of and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles
    • Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 406-414.
    • (1995) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.21 , pp. 406-414
    • Mikulincer, M.1    Florian, V.2
  • 44
    • 85046519790 scopus 로고
    • Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the gulf war in Israel
    • Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. (1993). Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the gulf war in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 817-826.
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.64 , pp. 817-826
    • Mikulincer, M.1    Florian, V.2    Weller, A.3
  • 45
    • 0037329665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress symptoms among African-American college students after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
    • Murphy, R. T., Wismar, K., & Freeman, K. (2003). Stress symptoms among African-American college students after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 191, 108-114.
    • (2003) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , vol.191 , pp. 108-114
    • Murphy, R.T.1    Wismar, K.2    Freeman, K.3
  • 46
    • 0242345643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for adverse outcomes in natural and human-caused disasters: A review of the empirical literature
    • Norris, F. H., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2001). Risk factors for adverse outcomes in natural and human-caused disasters: A review of the empirical literature. National Center for PTSD [On-line]. Retrieved October 5, 2001 from: http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/disasters/fs_riskfactors.html
    • (2001) National Center for PTSD [On-line]
    • Norris, F.H.1    Byrne, C.M.2    Diaz, E.3    Kaniasty, K.4
  • 49
    • 0021400030 scopus 로고
    • Locus of control, cognitive appraisal, and coping in stressful episodes
    • Parkes, K. R. (1984). Locus of control, cognitive appraisal, and coping in stressful episodes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 655-668.
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 655-668
    • Parkes, K.R.1
  • 50
    • 0022986794 scopus 로고
    • Coping in stressful episodes: The role of individual differences, environmental factors, and situational characteristics
    • Parkes, K. R. (1986). Coping in stressful episodes: The role of individual differences, environmental factors, and situational characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1277-1292.
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 1277-1292
    • Parkes, K.R.1
  • 51
    • 0034050464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posttraumatic stress among children after the death of a friend or acquaintance in a terrorist bombing
    • Pfefferbaum, B., Gurwitch, R., McDonald, N., Leftwih, M., Sconzo, G., Messenbaugh, A. et al. (2000). Posttraumatic stress among children after the death of a friend or acquaintance in a terrorist bombing. Psychiatric Services, 51, 386-388.
    • (2000) Psychiatric Services , vol.51 , pp. 386-388
    • Pfefferbaum, B.1    Gurwitch, R.2    McDonald, N.3    Leftwih, M.4    Sconzo, G.5    Messenbaugh, A.6
  • 54
    • 0032877117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse: The mediating role of attachment style and coping in psychological and interpersonal functioning
    • Shapiro, D. L., & Levendosky, A. A. (1999). Adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse: The mediating role of attachment style and coping in psychological and interpersonal functioning. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 1175-1191.
    • (1999) Child Abuse and Neglect , vol.23 , pp. 1175-1191
    • Shapiro, D.L.1    Levendosky, A.A.2
  • 55
    • 0033746259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma, coping, and depression among women with HIV/AIDS in New York City
    • Simoni, J. M., & Ng, M. T. (2000). Trauma, coping, and depression among women with HIV/AIDS in New York City. AIDS Care, 12, 567-580.
    • (2000) AIDS Care , vol.12 , pp. 567-580
    • Simoni, J.M.1    Ng, M.T.2
  • 56
    • 0025058964 scopus 로고
    • Acute postdisaster psychiatric disorders: Identification of persons at risk
    • Smith, E. M., North, C. S., McCool, R. E., & Shea, J. M. (1990). Acute postdisaster psychiatric disorders: Identification of persons at risk. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 202-206.
    • (1990) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.147 , pp. 202-206
    • Smith, E.M.1    North, C.S.2    McCool, R.E.3    Shea, J.M.4
  • 57
    • 0023189033 scopus 로고
    • Combat stress reactions, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social adjustment: A study of Israeli veterans
    • Solomon, Z., & Mikulincer, M. (1987). Combat stress reactions, posttraumatic stress disorder, and social adjustment: A study of Israeli veterans. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 277-285.
    • (1987) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.175 , pp. 277-285
    • Solomon, Z.1    Mikulincer, M.2
  • 58
    • 0037245431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute stress disorder in diplomats, military, and civilian Americans living abroad following the September 11 terrorist attacks on America
    • Speckhard, A. (2003). Acute stress disorder in diplomats, military, and civilian Americans living abroad following the September 11 terrorist attacks on America. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 151-158.
    • (2003) Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , vol.34 , pp. 151-158
    • Speckhard, A.1
  • 59
    • 0033068227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-disaster stress following the Oklahoma City bombing: An examination of three community groups
    • Sprang, G. (1999). Post-disaster stress following the Oklahoma City bombing: An examination of three community groups. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 169-183.
    • (1999) Journal of Interpersonal Violence , vol.14 , pp. 169-183
    • Sprang, G.1
  • 60
    • 0036588475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The World Trade Center disaster and the apocalyptic
    • Strozier, C. B. (2002). The World Trade Center disaster and the apocalyptic. Psychodynamic Dialogues, 12, 361-380.
    • (2002) Psychodynamic Dialogues , vol.12 , pp. 361-380
    • Strozier, C.B.1
  • 61
    • 0032822547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's symptoms in the wake of Challenger: A field study of distant-traumatic effects and an outline of related conditions
    • Terr, L., Bloch, D. A., Michel, B., Shi, H., Reinhardt, J. A., & Metayer, S. (1999). Children's symptoms in the wake of Challenger: A field study of distant-traumatic effects and an outline of related conditions. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1536-1544.
    • (1999) The American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 1536-1544
    • Terr, L.1    Bloch, D.A.2    Michel, B.3    Shi, H.4    Reinhardt, J.A.5    Metayer, S.6
  • 63
    • 0001294190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Impact of Event Scale-Revised
    • J. Wilson & T. Keane (Eds). New York: Guilford
    • Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. Wilson & T. Keane (Eds), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford.
    • (1997) Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD , pp. 399-411
    • Weiss, D.S.1    Marmar, C.R.2
  • 64
    • 0026437209 scopus 로고
    • Personality: Structure and assessment
    • M. Rosenzweig & L. Porter (Eds.). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews
    • Wiggins, J., & Pincus, A. (1992). Personality: Structure and assessment. In M. Rosenzweig & L. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 43, pp. 473-504). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
    • (1992) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 473-504
    • Wiggins, J.1    Pincus, A.2
  • 65
    • 0020602760 scopus 로고
    • Aftermath of a disaster: The collapse of the Hyatt Regency Hotel skywalks
    • Wilkinson, C. B. (1983). Aftermath of a disaster: The collapse of the Hyatt Regency Hotel skywalks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1134-1139.
    • (1983) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.140 , pp. 1134-1139
    • Wilkinson, C.B.1
  • 67
    • 0020366641 scopus 로고
    • Impact of Event Scale: A cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes
    • Zilberg, N. J., Weiss, D. S., & Horowitz, M. J. (1982). Impact of Event Scale: A cross-validation study and some empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of stress response syndromes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 407-414.
    • (1982) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 407-414
    • Zilberg, N.J.1    Weiss, D.S.2    Horowitz, M.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.