Acute stress disorder in diplomats, military, and civilian americans living abroad following the September 11 terrorist attacks on America

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 151-158

  Speckhard, Anne ^a,b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Vesalius College   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037245431     PISSN: 07357028     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.34.2.151     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727-735.
3. Birmes, P., Carreras, D., Charlet, J. P., Warner, B. A., Lauque, D., & Schmitt, L. (2001). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent assault. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(11), 796-798.
4. Birmes, P., Carreras, D., Ducasse, J. L., Charlet, J. P., Warner, B. A., Lauque, D., & Schmitt, L. (2001). Peritraumatic dissociation, acute stress, and early posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of general crime, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(1), 649-651.
5. Bisson, J. I., McFarlane, A. C., & Rose, S. (2000). Psychological debriefing. In E. Foa, T. Keane, & M. Friedman (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (pp. 39-59). New York: Guilford Press.
6. Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, A. G. (1998). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 625-629.
7. Bryant, R. A., Harvey, A. G., Guthrie, R. M., & Moulds, M. L. (2000). A prospective study of psychophysiological arousal, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 341-344.
8. Cardeña, E., Classen, C., & Spiegel, D. (1991). Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Medical School.
9. Dyregrov, A. (1989). Caring for helpers in disaster situations: Psychological debriefing. Disaster Management, 2, 25-30.
10. Fehon, D. C., Grilo, C. M., & Lipschitz, D. S. (2001). Correlates of community violence exposure in hospitalized adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 283-290.
11. Foa, E. B., Riggs, D., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459-473.
12. Foy, D. W., Eriksson, C. B., & Trice, G. A. (2001). Introduction to group interventions for trauma survivors. Group Dynamics, 5(4), 246-251.
13. Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Epstein, R. S., Crowley, B., Vance, K., Kao, T., et al. (2001). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(9), 1486-1491.
14. Hanson, R. F., Kilpatrick, D. G., Freedy, J. R., & Saunders, B. E. (1995). Los Angeles County after the 1992 civil disturbances: Degree of exposure and impact on mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 987-996.
15. Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1998). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 507-512.
16. Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A. (1999). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A 2-year prospective evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 985-988.
17. Hodgins, G. A., Creamer, M., & Bell, R. C. (2001). Risk factors for posttrauma reactions in police officers: A longitudinal study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 541-547.
18. Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). The Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.
19. Koopman, C., Classen, C., & Spiegel, D. (1994). Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif. firestorm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 888-894.
20. Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Schienger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, K., Kulka, R. A., & Hough, R. L. (1994). Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 902-907.
21. Mitchell, J. T. (1983). When disaster strikes. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 8, 36-39.
22. National Institute of Mental Health. (2002). Mental health and mass violence: Evidence based on early psychological intervention for victims/survivors of mass violence. A workshop to reach consensus on best practices (NIH Publication No. 02-5138). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
23. NATO-Russia Advanced Research Workshop on Social and Psychological Consequences of Chemical, Biological and Radiological Terrorism. (2002, March 25-27). Retrieved April 2, 2002, from http://www.nato.int/science/e/020325-arw2.htm
24. Neria, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2000). Prevention of posttraumatic reactions: Debriefing and frontline treatment. In P. Saigh & J. Bremner (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: A comprehensive text (pp. 309-326). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
25. Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Wraith, R. (1995). A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (pp. 72-95). New York: Wiley.
26. Schwarzwald, J., Weisenberg, M., Waysman, M., Solomon, Z., & Klingman, A. (1993). Stress reaction of school-age children to the bombardment by SCUD missiles. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 404-410.
27. Shalev, A. Y., (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder. Primary Psychiatry, 8(10), 41-46.
28. Shalev, A. Y., & Ursano, R. J. (1990). Group debriefing following exposure to traumatic stress. In J. Lundeberg, U. Otto, & B. Rybeck (Eds.), Wartime medical services (pp. 192-207). Stockholm: Forsvarets For-skningsanstalt.
29. Speckhard, A. (2002). Inoculating resilience to terrorism: Acute and posttraumatic stress responses in U.S. military, foreign & civilian services serving overseas after September 11th. Traumatology, 8(2), 105-122.
30. Stam, H. (1996). Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation. Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press.