Ecology of the Lake Huron fish community, 1970-1999

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 62, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1432-1451

  Dobiesz, Norine E ^a,b   McLeish, David A ^b   Eshenroder, Randy L ^c   Bence, James R ^a   Mohr, Lloyd C ^b   Ebener, Mark P ^d   Nalepa, Thomas F ^e   Woldt, Aaron P ^f   Johnson, James E ^g   Argyle, Ray L ^h   Makarewicz, Joseph C ⁱ  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (Canada)

^c GREAT LAKES FISHERY COMMISSION   (United States)

^d Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority   (United States)

^e NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^f U S FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE   (United States)

^g MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (United States)

^h U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

ⁱ STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION STATUS; ICHTHYOFAUNA; INTRODUCED SPECIES; LAKE ECOSYSTEM; OVERFISHING;

GREAT LAKES; LAKE HURON; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

BYTHOTREPHES; COREGONUS CLUPEAFORMIS; DIPOREIA; DREISSENA; ONCORHYNCHUS; PETROMYZON MARINUS; PETROMYZONTIDAE; SALMONIDAE; SALVELINUS NAMAYCUSH; SEA LAMPREYS;

EID: 27144532382     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/f05-061     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Applegate, V.C. 1950. Natural history of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Michigan. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 55.
2. Argyle, R.L. 1982. Alewives and rainbow smelt in Lake Huron: midwater and bottom aggregations and estimates of standing stocks. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111: 267-285.
3. Barbiero, R.P., and Tuchman, M.L. 2000. Results from the Great Lakes National Program Office's biological open water surveillance program of the Laurentian Great Lakes for 1998. US Environ. Prot. Agency Gt. Lakes Natl. Program Off. EPA 905-R-00-006.
4. Barbiero, R.P., Little, R.E., and Tuchman, M.L. 2001. Results from the U.S. EPA's biological open water surveillance program of the Laurentian Great Lakes: III. Crustacean zooplankton. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 27: 167-184.
5. Batchelder, T.L. 1973. Saginaw Bay baseline biological survey 1971. Internal report, Dow Chemical Co., Saginaw, MI 48603.
6. Beeton, A.M. 1969. Changes in the environment and biota of the Great Lakes. In Eutrophication: causes, consequences, correctives. Publ. 1700. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, Washington, D.C. pp. 150-187.
7. Beeton, A.M., and Saylor, J.H. 1995. Limnology of Lake Huron. In The Lake Huron ecosystem: ecology, fisheries and management. Edited by M. Munawar, T. Edsall, and J. Leach. SPB Academic Publishing, Amersterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 1-37.
8. Beeton, A.M., Sellinger, C.E., and Reid, D.F. 1999. An introduction to the Great Lakes ecosystem. In Great Lakes fisheries policy and management: a binational perspective. Edited by W.W. Taylor and C.P. Ferreri. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Mich. pp. 3-54.
9. Bence, J.R., and Smith, K.D. 1999. An overview of recreational fisheries of the Great Lakes. In Great Lakes fisheries policy and management: a binational perspective. Edited by W.W. Taylor and C.P. Ferreri. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Mich. pp. 259-306.
10. Berst, A.H., and Spangler, G.R. 1972. Lake Huron: effects of exploitation, introductions, and eutrophication on the salmonid community. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 877-887.
11. Berst, A.H., and Spangler, G.R. 1973. Lake Huron: the ecology of the fish community and man's effects on it. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Tech. Rep. No. 21.
12. Brege, D.A., and Kevern, N.R. 1978. Michigan commercial fishing regulations: a summary of public acts and conservation commission orders, 1865 through 1975. Michigan Sea Grant Program, Ann Arbor, Mich. Rep. No. MICHU-SG-78-605.
13. Brown, E.H., Jr., Argyle, R.L., Payne, N.R., and Holey, M.E. 1987. Yield and dynamics of destabilized chub (Coregonus spp.) populations in Lakes Michigan and Huron, 1950-84. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44(Suppl. 2): 371-383.
14. Brown, R.W., Taylor, W.W., and Assel, R.A. 1993. Factors affecting the recruitment of lake whitefish in 2 areas of northern Lake Michigan. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 19: 418-428.
15. Brown, R.W., Ebener, M., and Gorenflo, T. 1999. Great Lakes commercial fisheries: historical overview and prognosis for the future. In Great Lakes fisheries policy and management: a binational perspective. Edited by W.W. Taylor and C.P. Ferreri. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Mich. pp. 307-354.
16. Carpenter, G.F., Mansey, E.L., and Watson, N.H.E. 1974. Abundance and life history of Mysis relicta in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 319-325.
17. Carr, I.A. 1962. Distribution and seasonal movements of Saginaw Bay fishes. US Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 417.
18. Coble, D.W., Bruesewitz, R.E., Fratt, T.W., and Scheirer, J.W. 1990. Lake trout, sea lampreys, and overfishing in the upper Great Lakes: a review and reanalysis. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119: 985-995.
19. Cook, D.G., and Johnson, M.G. 1976. Benthic macroinvertebrates of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 763-782.
20. DesJardine, R.L., Gorenflo, T.K., Payne, R.N., and Schrouder, J.D. 1995. Fish-community objectives for Lake Huron. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Spec. Publ. No. 95-1.
21. De Vault, D.S., Hesselberg, R., Rodgers, P.W., and Feist, T.J. 1996. Contaminant trends in lake trout and walleye from the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 22: 884-895.
22. Diana, J.S. 1990. Food habits of angler-caught salmonines in western Lake Huron. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 16: 271-278.
23. Diana, J.S., and Maruca, S.L. 1997. General Introduction. In History, status, and trends in populations of yellow perch and doublecrested cormorants in Les Cheneaux Islands, Michigan. Edited by J.S. Diana, G.Y. Belyea, and R.D. Clark, Jr. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Division, Ann Arbor, Mich. Spec. Rep. No. 17.
24. Dobiesz, N.E. 2003. An evaluation of the role of top piscivores in the fish community of the main basin of Lake Huron. Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
25. Dobson, H.F.H., Gilbertson, M., and Sly, P.G. 1974. A summary and comparison of nutrients and related water quality in Lakes Erie, Ontario, Huron, and Superior. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 731-738.
26. Ebener, M.P 1997. Recovery of lake whitefish populations in the Great Lakes. Fisheries, 22: 18-20.
27. Ebener, M.P. (Editor). 1998. A lake trout rehabilitation guide for Lake Huron. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, Mich.
28. Eshenroder, R.L. 2003. Persistence of upper Great Lakes walleye (Sander vitreus) populations in relation to river flow. In Proceedings of Percis III: The Third International Percid Fish Symposium, 20-24 July 2003. Edited by T.P. Barry and J.A. Malison. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, Madison, Wis. pp. 69-70.
29. Eshenroder, R.L., and Burnham-Curtis, M.K. 1999. Species succession and sustainability of the Great Lakes fish community. In Great Lakes fishery policy and management: a binational perspective. Edited by W.W. Taylor and C.P. Ferreri. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Mich. pp. 145-184.
30. Eshenroder, R.L., Payne, N.R., Johnson, J.E., Bowen, C., II, and Ebener, M.P. 1995. Lake trout rehabilitation in Lake Huron. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 21(Suppl. 1): 108-127.
31. Eshenroder, R.L., Peck, J.W., and Olver, C.H. 1999. Research priorities for lake trout rehabilitation in the great lakes: a 15-year retrospective. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Tech. Rep. No. 64.
32. Evans, M.S. 1986. Lake Huron rotifer and crustacean zooplankton, April-July 1980. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 12: 281-292.
33. Fahnenstiel, G.L., Krause, A.E., McCormick, M.J., Carrick, H.J., and Schelske, C.L. 1998. The structure of the planktonic food-web in the St. Lawrence, Great Lakes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 24: 531-554.
34. Fitzsimons, J.D. 1995. A critical review of the effects of contaminants on early life state (ELS) mortality of lake trout in the Great Lakes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 21(Suppl. 1): 267-276.
35. Fodale, M.F., Bergstedt, R.A., Cuddy, D.W., Adams, J.V., and Stolyarenko, D.A. 2003. Planning and executing a lampricide treatment of the St. Mary's River using georeferenced data. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 29(Suppl. 1) 706-716.
36. Frank, R., Holdrinet, M., Braun, H.E., Dodge, D.P., and Sprangler, G.E. 1978. Residues of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from Lakes Huron and Superior, Canada - 1968-76. Pestic. Monit. J. 12: 60-68.
37. Hansen, M.J. 1999. Lake trout in the Great Lakes: basinwide stock collapse and binational restoration. In Great Lakes fisheries policy and management: a binational perspective. Edited by W.W. Taylor and C.P. Ferreri. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Mich. pp. 489-513.
38. Hansen, M.J., Peck, J.W., Schorfhaar, R.G., Selgeby, J.H., Schreiner, D.R., Schram, S.T., Swanson, B.L., MacCallum, W.R., Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Curtis, G.L., Heinrich, J.W., and Young, R.J. 1995. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations in Lake Superior and their restoration in 1959-1993. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 21(Suppl. 1): 152-175.
39. Holey, M.E., Elliott, R.F., Marcquenski, S.V., Hnath, J.G., and Smith, K.D. 1998. Chinook salmon epizootics in Lake Michigan: possible contributing factors and management implications. J. Aquat. Anim. Health, 10: 202-210.
40. International Joint Commission, United States and Canada. 1972. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement signed April 12, 1972. International Joint Commission, Ottawa, Ont., and Washington. D.C.
41. International Joint Commission, United States and Canada. 1977. The waters of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Vol. II (Part B). Report to the International Joint Commission (IJC) by the Upper Lakes Reference Group. ZZ1 IJC 77W14, IJC Tech. Rep. No. 7275.
42. Johengen, T.H., Nalepa, T.F., Fahnenstiel, G.L., and Goudy, G. 1995. Nutrient changes in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, after the establishment of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). J. Gt. Lakes Res. 21: 449-464.
43. Kendall, M.G. 1975. Rank correlation methods. Griffin, London, UK.
44. King, J.R., Shuter, B.J., and Zimmerman, A.P. 1997. The response of the thermal stratification of South Bay (Lake Huron) to climatic variability. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 1873-1882.
45. Krueger, C.C., Perkins, D.L., Mills, E.L., and Marsden, J.E. 1995. Predation by alewives on lake trout fry in Lake Ontario: role of an exotic species in preventing restoration of a native species. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 21(Suppl. 1): 458-469.
46. Laxson, C.L., McPhedran, K.N., Makarewicz, J.C., Telesh, I.V., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2003. Effects of the non-indigenous cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi on the lower food web of Lake Ontario. Freshw. Biol. 48: 2094-2106.
47. Lehman, J.T. 1991. Causes and consequences of cladoceran dynamics in Lake Michigan: implications of species invasion by Bythotrephes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 17: 437-445.
48. Li, W.M., Scott, A.P., Siefkes, M.J., Yan, H.G., Liu, Q., Yun, S.S., and Gage, D.A. 2002. Bile acid secreted by mate sea lamprey that acts as a sex pheromone. Science (Wash., D.C.), 296: 138-141.
49. Loftus, K.H., and Regier, H.A. 1972. Introduction to proceedings of 1971 symposium on salmonid communities in oligotrophic lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 613-616.
50. Ludwig, J.P., and Summer, C.L. 1997. Population status and diet of cormorants in Les Cheneaux Islands area. In History, status, and trends in populations of yellow perch and doublecrested cormorants in Les Cheneaux Islands, Michigan. Edited by J.S. Diana, G.Y. Belyea, and R.D. Clark, Jr. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fisheries Division, Ann Arbor, Mich. Spec. Rep. No. 17.
51. Madenjian, C.P., and Gabrey, S.W. 1995. Waterbird predation on fish in western Lake Erie - a bioenergetics model application. Condor. 97: 141-153.
52. Madenjian, C.P., Fahnenstiel, G.L., Johengen, T.H., Nalepa, T.F., Vanderploeg, H.A., Fleischer, G.W., Schneeberger, P.J., Benjamin, D.M., Smith, E.B., Bence, J.R., Rutherford, E.S., Lavis, D.S., Robertson, D.M., Jude, D.J., and Ebener, M.P. 2002. Dynamics of the Lake Michigan food web, 1970-2000. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 736-753
53. Madenjian, C.P., Holuszko, J.D., and Desorcie, T.J. 2003. Growth and condition of alewives in Lake Michigan, 1984-2001. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 132: 1104-1116.
54. Makarewicz, J.C., and Bertram, P. 1991. A lake-wide comparison study of phytoplankton biomass and its species composition in Lake Huron, 1975 to 1985. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 17: 553-564.
55. Makarewicz, J.C., Lewis, T., and Bertram, P. 1989. Phytoplankton and zooplankton composition, abundance and distribution and trophic interactions: offshore region of Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Michigan, 1985. Vol. 1. Interpretative report. US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, Ill. Rep. No. EPA-905/3-90-003.
56. McDonald, G., Fitzsimons, J.D., and Honeyfield, D.C. (Editors). 1998. Early life stage mortality syndrome in fishes of the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. No. 21.
57. McParland, T.L. 1996. Genetic population structure and mixed stock analysis of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in the Lake Erie - Lake Huron corridor. M.Sc. thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.
58. Meisner, J.D., Goodier, J.L., Regier, H.A., Shuter, B.J., and Christie. W.J. 1987. An assessment of the effects of climate warming on Great Lakes basin fisheries. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 13: 340-352.
59. Mills, E.L., Casselman, J.M., Dermott, R., Fitzsimons, J.D., Gal, G., Holeck, K.T., Hoyle, J.A., Johannsson, O.E., Lantry, B.F., Makarewicz, J.C., Millard, E.S., Munawar, I.F., Munawar, M., O'Gorman, R., Owens, R.W., Rudstam, L.G., Schaner, T., and Stewart, T.J. 2003. Lake Ontario: food web dynamics in a changing ecosystem (1970-2000). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 471-490.
60. Mohr, L.C., and Nicol, M.L. 1998. Summary of creel survey data from southern Georgian Bay, 1989 to 1994. Ont. Minist. Nat. Resour. Lake Huron Manag. Unit Rep. No. 02-98.
61. Moll, R.A., Rossmann, R., Rockwell, D.C., and Chang, W.Y.B. 1985. Lake Huron intensive survey, 1980. Spec. Rep. No. 110. Univ. Mich. Gt. Lakes Res. Div. Publ. 10: 9-42.
62. Morse, T.J., Ebener, M.P., Koon, E.M., Morkert, S.B., Johnson, D.A., Cuddy, D.W., Weisser, J.W., Mullett, K.M., and Genovese, J.H. 2003. A case history of sea lamprey control in Lake Huron: 1979-1999. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 29(Suppl. 1): 599-614.
63. Mrozinski, L.E., Schneider, J.C., Haas, R.C., and Shepherd, R.E. 1991. Rehabilitation of walleye in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Spec. Publ. No. 91.
64. Munawar, M., and Munawar, I.F. 1982. Phycological studies in Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior. Can. J. Bot. 60: 1837-1858.
65. Munawar, M., Munawar, I.F., and Legner, M. 1995. Lake Huron, North Channel, and Georgian Bay ecosystems: Part I. Phytoplankton structure and ecology. In The Lake Huron ecosystem: ecology, fisheries, and management. Edited by M. Munawar, T. Edsall, and J. Leach. Ecovision World Monograph Series. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 39-78.
66. Nalepa, T.F., Hartson, D.J., Fanslow, D.L., Lang, G.A., and Lozano, S.J. 1998. Declines in benthic macroinvertebrate populations in southern Lake Michigan, 1980-93. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 2402-2413.
67. Nalepa, T.F., Fahnenstiel, G.L., and Johengen, T.H. 1999. Impacts of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) on water quality: a case study in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. In Nonindigenous freshwater organisms: vectors, biology, and impacts. Edited by R. Claudi and J. H. Leach. Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 80-90.
68. Nalepa, T.F., Fanslow, D.L., Lansing, M.B., and Lang, G.A. 2003. Trends in the benthic macroinvertebrate community of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, 1987 to 1996: responses to phosphorus abatement and the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 29: 14-33.
69. Nicholls, K.H., Hopkins, G., Standke, S.J., and Nakamoto, L. 2001. Trends in total phosphorus in Canadian near-shore waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes: 1976-1999. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 27: 402-422.
70. O'Gorman, R., and Stewart, T.J. 1999. Ascent, dominance, and decline of the alewife in the Great Lakes: food web interactions and management strategies. In Great Lakes fisheries policy and management: a binational perspective. Edited by W.W. Taylor and C.P. Ferreri. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Mich. pp. 489-513.
71. O'Gorman, R., Lantry, B.E., and Schneider, C.P. 2004. Effect of stock size, climate, predation, and trophic status on recruitment of alewives in Lake Ontario, 1978-2000. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 133: 855-867.
72. Pothoven, S.A., Nalepa, T.F., Schneeberger, P.J., and Brandt, S.B. 2001. Changes in diet and body condition of lake whitefish in southern Lake Michigan associated with changes in benthos. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 21: 876-883.
73. Reckahn, J.A., and Thurston, L.W.D. 1991. The present (1989) status of walleye stocks in Georgian Bay, North Channel, and Canadian waters of southern Lake Huron. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Spec. Publ. No. 91.
74. Reid, D.M., Anderson, D.M., and Henderson, B.A. 2001. Restoration of lake trout in Parry Sound, Lake Huron. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 21: 156-169.
75. Ricciardi, A., and MacIsaac, H.J. 2000. Recent mass invasion of the North American Great Lakes by Ponto-Caspian species. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15: 62-65.
76. Ricciardi, A., Whoriskey, F.G., and Rasmussen. J.B. 1997. The role of the zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 2596-2608.
77. Scheider, W.A., Cox, C., Hayton, A., Hitchin, G., and Vaillancourt, A. 1998. Current status and temporal trends in concentrations of persistent toxic substances in sport fish and juvenile forage fish in the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. Environ. Monit. Assess. 53: 57-76.
78. Schelske, C.L., and Roth, J.C. 1973. Limnological survey of lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, and Erie. Univ. Mich. Gt. Lakes Res. Div. Publ. 17: 1-108.
79. Schleen, L.P., Christie, G.C., Heinrich, J.W., Bergstedt, R.A., Young, R.J., Morse, T.J., Lavis, D.S., Bills, T.D., Johnson, J.E., and Ebener, M.P. 2003. Development and implementation of an integrated program for control of sea lampreys in the St. Mary's River. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 29(Suppl. 1): 677-693.
80. Schneider, J.C., Hooper, F.F., and Beeton, A.M. 1969. The distribution and abundance of benthic fauna in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Great Lakes Research.
81. Schuytema, G.S., and Powers, R.E. 1966. The distribution of benthic fauna in Lake Huron. Univ. Mich. Gt. Lakes Res. Div. Publ. 15: 155-163.
82. Sell, D.W. 1982. Size-frequency estimates of secondary production by Mysis relicta in Lakes Michigan and Huron. Hydrobiologia, 93: 69-78.
83. Shrivastava, H.N. 1974. Macrobenthos of Lake Huron. Fish. Res. Board. Can. Tech. Rep. No. 449.
84. Shuter, B.J., and Mason, D.M. 2001. Exotic invertebrates, food-web disruption, and lost fish production: understanding impacts of dreissenid and cladoceran invaders on lower-lakes fish communities and forecasting invasion impacts on upper-lakes fish communities. Available from http://www. foodwebdisruption.org/.
85. Sitar, S.P., Bence, J.R., Johnson, J.E., Ebener, M.P., and Taylor, W.W. 1999. Lake trout mortality and abundance in southern Lake Huron. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 19: 881-900.
86. Smith, S.H. 1968. Species succession and fishery exploitation in the Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25: 667-693.
87. Smith, V.E., Lee, K.W., Filkins, J.C., Hartwell, K.W., Rygwelski, K.R., and Townsend, J.M. 1977. Survey of chemical factors in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron). US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minn. Ecol. Res. Ser. No. EPA-600/3-77-125.
88. Spangler, G.R., and Collins, J.J. 1980. Response of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) to the control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Lake Huron. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 2039-2046.
89. Spangler, G.R., and Collins, J.J. 1992. Lake Huron fish community structure based on gill-net catches corrected for selectivity and encounter probability. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 12: 585-597.
90. Spangler, G.R., and Peters, J.H. 1995. Fisheries of Lake Huron: an opportunity for stewardship. In The Lake Huron ecosystem: ecology, fisheries, and management. Edited by M. Munawar, T. Edsall, and J. Leach. Ecovision World Monograph Series. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 103-124.
91. Sprules, W.G., and Jin, E.H. 1990. Composition and size structure of zooplankton communities in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 379-382.
92. Stevens, R.J.J., and Neilson, M.A. 1989. Inter- and intra-lake distributions of trace organic contaminants in surface waters of the Great Lakes. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 15: 377-393.
93. Stevens, R.J.J., Neilson, M.A.T., and Warry, N.D. 1985. Water quality of the Lake Huron - Georgian Bay system. Environment Canada, Inland Waters Directorate, Ontario Region, Burlington, Ont. Sci. Ser. No. 143.
94. Stevenson, R.J. 1985. Phytoplankton: composition, abundance and distribution in Lake Huron. US Environ. Prot. Agency Rep. No. EPA 905/3-85-004.
95. Teter, H.E. 1960. The bottom fauna of Lake Huron. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 89: 193-197.
96. TeWinkel, L.M., Kroeff, T., Fleischer, G.W., and Toneys, M. 2002. Population dynamics of bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) in Lake Michigan, 1973-1998. Arch. Hydrobiol. Spec. Issues Adv. Limnol. 57: 307-320.
97. Tody, W.H., and Tanner, H.A. 1966. Coho salmon for the Great Lakes. Fisheries Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, Mich. Fish Manag. Rep. No. 1.
98. United States of America and four Native American bands v. State of Michigan et al. 1985. Consent Decree for 1836 Treaty. US District Court, Western District of Michigan, Northern Division, File No. M26 73 CA.
99. United States of America and eight Native American bands v. State of Michigan et al. 2000. Consent Decree for 1836 Treaty. US District Court, Western District of Michigan, Southern Division, Case No. 2:73 CV 26.
100. Van Oosten, J. 1929. Life history of the lake herring (Leucichthys artedi Le Sueur) of Lake Huron as revealed by its scales, with a critique of the scale method. U.S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 44: 265-428.
101. Watson, N.H.F., and Carpenter, G.F. 1974. Seasonal abundance of crustacean zooplankton and net plankton biomass of Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 309-317.
102. Weseloh, D.V., Ewins, P.J., Struger, J., Mineau, P., Bishop, C.A., Postupalsky, S., and Ludwig, J.P. 1995. Double-crested cormorants of the Great Lakes: changes in population size, breeding distribution and reproductive output between 1913 and 1991. Colon. Waterbirds, 18(Spec. Publ. 1): 48-59.
103. Weseloh, D.V.C., Pekaric, C., Havelka, T., Barrett, G., and Reid, J. 2002. Population trends and colony locations of double-crested cormorants in the Canadian Great Lakes and immediately adjacent areas, 1990-2000: a manager's guide. J. Gt. Lakes Res. 28: 125-144.
104. Wilberg, M.J., Hansen, M.J., and Bronte, C.R. 2003. Historic and modern abundance of wild lean lake trout in Michigan waters of Lake Superior: implications for restoration goals. N. Am. J. Fish. Manag. 23: 100-108.