The birth of popular heresy: A millennial phenomenon?

Journal of Religious History

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 8-25

  Moore, R I ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 27144441044     PISSN: 00224227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9809.00098     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. "Conventionally" because it is easy to forget, for example, that the Lombards who entered Italy at the end of the sixth century were characterized, probably wrongly, as Arians, or that Bede, whose direct and indirect influence on Carolingian ecclesiology and scholarship it would be hard to overestimate, was much exercised about the dangers of heresy.
2. R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (London: Allen Lane, 1977; Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), 1-45
3. and for a fine recent discussion H. Fichtenau, Heretics and Scholars in the High Middle Ages (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 13-51.
4. Translations of much of this material may be found in R. I. Moore, The Birth of Popular Heresy (London: Edward Arnold, 1975; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), 8-24
5. and Austin P. Evans and Walter L. Wakefield, Heresies of the High Middle Ages (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), 71-93.
6. Richard Landes, Relics, Apocalypse and the Deceits of History: Ademar of Chabannes, 989-1034 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), e.g., at 127-9, 293-9.
7. For a recent variant of this view, already subject to considerable modification in what follows below, see R. I. Moore, "The Birth of Europe as a Eurasian Phenomenon," Modern Asian Studies 31 (1997): 583-601.
8. London: Seeker and Warburg 1957, frequently reprinted and cited here from the third edition (London: Paladin 1973).
9. Cohn, 10.
10. Cohn, 39-40.
11. Cohn, 49-50.
12. Cohn, 41-6
13. Quoted by Cohn, 51.
14. Cohn. 53-60.
15. Cohn, 51.
16. A. Dondaine, "Aux origines de l'hérésie médiévale," Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, 6 (1952): 43-78.
17. It should be emphasized, however, that the general thrust of Dondaine's work was towards a much more differentiated and less sinister account of the early heresies than had previously prevailed, and especially of Catharism, which he insisted was not a monolithic organization but a tendency followed by a number of sects: His main papers are collected in Antoine Dondaine, Les hérésies et l'Inquisition XIIe-XIIIe siècles (Aldershot: Variorum, 1990).
18. The Medieval Manichee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947).
19. Giorgio Cracco, "Eresiologi d'ltalia tra Otto e Novecento," in Eretici ed eresie medievali nella storiografia contemporanea, ed. G. Merlo, Bollettino della Società Valdesi 174 (Turin: Torrepellice, 1994), 16-38, at 31-36. I am grateful to Peter Biller for a copy of this volume, and for his comments on a draft of this paper.
20. Religiöse Bewegungen im Mittelalter (Berlin: Ehering. 1935; Darmstadt: Wissenschatliche Buchgesellschaft, 1977).
21. Werner Maleczek, "Le ricerce eresiologiche in area germanica," in Merlo, 64-93, at 69-73.
22. Bernhard Töpfer, "Reliquienkult und Pilgerbewegung zur Zeit der klosterreform im burgundisch-aquitanischen Gebiet," in Hellmut Kretzschmar, ed., Vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit (Berlin: Rütten and Loening, 1956), 420-39
23. trans. Janos Bak as "The Cult of Relies and Pilgrimage in Burgundy and Aquitaine at the Time of the Monastic Reform," in The Peace of God: Social Violence and Religious Response in France Around the Year 1000, ed. Thomas Head and Richard Landes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 41-57.
24. This chronology is not intended to slight the work and extensive influence of Austin P. Evans (at Columbia, 1931-52), or of D. Obolensky, The Bogomils (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948).
25. Jeffrey Burton Russell, Dissent and Reform in the Early Middle Ages (Berkeley and Los Angeles: California University Press, 1964).
26. R. I. Moore, "The Origins of Medieval Heresy," History 55 (1970): 21-36 - a paper now interesting, if at all, chiefly for its illustration of the naiveté. which could still pass at that time for social contextualization of religious issues.
27. For a more mature discussion with comprehensive references up to 1991 see R. I. Moore, "Heresy, Repression and Social Change in the Age of Gregorian Reform," in Christendom and its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution and Rebellion, 1000-1500, ed. Scott L. Waugh and Peter D. Diehl (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
28. Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from Bogomil to Hus (London: Edward Arnold, 1977);
29. the second edition has the title Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
30. See the first chapter of the latter for a strikingly honest account, which should be pondered by anyone tempted to revive the Bogomil hypothesis, of the impact of the arguments and theoretical developments of the later 1970s and '80s.
31. Moore, Origins of European Dissent, 45.
32. Most clearly in Georges Duby, The Chivalrous Society, trans. Cynthia Postan (London: Edward Arnold, 1977)
33. and Les trois ordres, ou l'imaginaire du féodalisme (Paris: Gallimard, 1978;
34. trans. A. Goldhammer as The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined [Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980]).
35. Cf. R. I. Moore, "Duby's Eleventh Century," History 69 (1984): 36-49;
36. Claudie Duhamel-Amado and Guy Lobrichon, eds., Georges Duby: l'écriture de l'histoire (Brussels: De Boeck Université, 1996).
37. Pierre Toubert, Les structures du Latium médiévale: le Latium méridional et la Sabine du ixe. siècle à la fin du xii siècle (Rome: Ecole française de Rome, 1973);
38. Pierre Bonnassie, La Catalogne du xe á la fin du xie siècle: croissance et mutations d'une société (Toulouse: Association des publications de l'Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, 1976)
39. 2nd edn, La Catalogne au tournant de l'an mil (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990);
40. Jean-Pierre Poly, La Provence et la société féodale, 879-1166 (Paris: Bordas, 1976).
41. G. Duby, "Recherches sur l'évolution des institutions judiciares pendant le xe siècle et le xi siècle dans le sud de la Bourgogne," Le Moyen Age 52 (1946); 53 (1947)
42. trans. in Chivalrous Society, 15-58.
43. Notably, in addition to the works mentioned above, G. Duby, L'économie rurale et la vie des campagnes dans l'occident médiévale (Paris: Armand Colin, 1962;
44. English translation, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West [London: Edward Arnold, 1968]);
45. Guerriers et paysans, viie-xiie siècles (Paris: Gallimard, 1973;
46. English translation, The Early Growth of the Medieval Economy [London: Weidenfeld, 1977]);
47. Le chevalier, la femme et le prêtre (Paris: Hachette, 1981;
48. English translation, The Knight, the Ladv and the Priest [London: Allen Lane, 1981]).
49. Richard Landes, "The Birth of Heresy: A Millennial Phenomenon," Journal of Religious History 24 (2000): 26-43.
50. Richard Landes, "Between Aristocracy and Heresy: Popular Participation in the Limousin Peace of God (994-1032)," in Head and Landes, eds, Peace of God, 184-218;
51. Landes, Relics, Apocalypse, 27-37.
52. J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, La mutation féodale, xe-xiie siècles (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 1980;
53. trans. C. Higgitt, The Feudal Transformation 900-1200 [New York: Holmes and Meier, 1991]).
54. Dominique Barthélémy, "La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu?," Annales ESC 47 (1992): 767-77;
55. "Qu'est-ce que le servage en France au XIe siècle?" Revue Historique 287 (1992): 238-84;
56. "Qu'est-ce que la chevalerie en France au XIe siècle?" Revue Historique 290 (1994): 15-74;
57. La société dans le comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XVIe siécle (Paris: Fayard, 1993).
58. Dominique Barthélémy "Le paix de dieu dans son contexte," Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévales 40 (1997): 3-35.
59. My The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987) argues that this element of the Western political tradition may be traced to various conflicts of the twelfth century, including the identification and persecution of heresy.
60. For an introduction to the scholarship in question, e.g. Moore, "Heresy, Repression"; recent discussions in otherwise scholarly works which have been taken seriously despite their total failure to take account of it include Poly and Bournazel, Feudal Transformation, 272-308;
61. Yuri Stoyanov, The Hidden Tradition in Europe: The Secret History of Medieval Christian Heresy (London: Penguin, 1994).
62. Chronicon, ed. J. Chavanon, Adémar de Chabannes, Chronique (Paris: Picard, 1897), 173.
63. Daniel F. Callahan, "The Sermons of Ademar of Chabannes and the Cult of St Martial of Limoges," Revue Bénédictine 86 (1976): 251-93;
64. Michael Frassetto, "The Art of Forgery: Ademar of Chabannes and the Sermons and the Cult of St Martial of Limoges," Comitatus 26 (1995): 11-26;
65. "Heresy, Celibacy and Reform in the Sermons of Ademar of Chabannes," in Medieval Purity and Piety: Essays on Medieval Clerical Celibacy and Religious Reform, ed. Michael Frassetto (New York: Garland, 1998), 131-48;
66. "The Manichaeans in the Writings of Ademar of Chabannes and the Origins of Medieval Heresy," 34th International Conference on Medieval Studies, Kalamazoo, 1999. I am grateful to Michael Frassetto for the opportunity to read this paper, and permission to cite it, in advance of publication.
67. P. Bonnassie and R. Landes, "Une nouvelle hérésie est née dans le monde," in Les sociétés méridionales autour de l'an mil, ed. M. Zimmerman (Paris: CNRS, 1992), 435-59.
68. Though by no means the earliest. Cf. The case of Le Puy in 976, also carried through in the context of a conflict often connected with the "Peace of God": R. I. Moore, "Postscript," in Head and Landes, eds, Peace of God, 314-17.
69. Cf. Michel Lauwers, "Un echo des polémiques antiques? A St Victor de Marseille à la fin du xie siècle," in Inventer l'hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l'inquisition, ed. Monique Zerner (Nice: Centre d'études médiévales, 1999), 37-66.
70. "Le paix de dieu," 25.
71. R. H. Bautier, "L'hérésie d'Orléans et le mouvement intellectuel au debut du xie siècle," Enseignement et vie intellectuelle, IXe-XVIe siècles: Actes du 95e congrès des sociétés savantes (Reims, 1970), Section philologique et historique (Paris, 1975), 1:63-88.
72. Chavanon, ed., Adémar, 185.
73. Guy Lobriehon, "The Chiaroscuro of Heresy: Early Medieval Aquitaine as seen from Auxerre," in Head and Landes, eds, Peace of God. 80-103.
74. Relics, 38.
75. "Arras, 1025, ou le vrai procès d'une fausse accusation," in Zerner, ed., Inventer l'hérésie, 67-86.
76. For a partial translation of the Acta synodi atrebatensis (J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina 142, cols. 1271-1312).
77. Moore. Birth of Popular Heresy, 15-19.
78. Duby, The Three Orders, 21-43.
79. Cf. Fichtenau, Heretics and Scholars, 109.
80. Anselm of Liège, Gesta episcoporum. . . . Leodiensis, ed. R. Koepke, Monumenta Gertnaniae Historica, Scriplores VII (Stuttgart and Hanover, 1886), 226-8;
81. Relics, 178-93.
82. Cf. Peter Brown, "Sorcery, Demons and the Rise of Christianity: From Late Antiquity Into the Middle Ages," in his Religion and Society in the Age of St Augustine (London: Faber, 1972), 119-46;
83. Edward Peters, The Magician, the Witch, and the Law (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978), 15-18.
84. John France et al., eds, Rodulfus Glaber Opera (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 88-91.
85. Chronicle of St Pierre du Puy, in C. Devic and J. Vaissette, Histoire du Languedoc (Toulouse, 1875), 5.15;
86. cf. Moore in Head and Landes, eds, Peace of God, 311-12, 317.
87. Patrick Geary, Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 95-124;
88. Lester K. Little, Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing in Romanesque France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993);
89. Geoffrey Koziol, Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992);
90. R. I. Moore "Between Sanctity and Superstition," in M. Rubin, ed., The Work of Jacques le Goff and the Challenges of Medieval History (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 1997), 55-67.
91. Daniel F. Callahan, "The Peace of God and the Cult of the Saints in Aquitaine in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries," in Head and Landes, eds, Peace of God, 165-83.
92. Landes, Relics, Apocalypse, 177-9.
93. Fichtenau, Heretics and Scholars, 16, 19.
94. France, Rodulfus Glaber iii. 9, p. 151.
95. Fichtenau, Heretics and Scholars, 36.
96. France, Rodulfus Glaber, 91.