The birth of Europe as a Eurasian phenomenon

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 583-601

  Moore, R I ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; ETHNICITY; EURASIAN RELATIONS; MEDIEVAL; REGIONAL POLITICS;

EUROPE;

EID: 0031437849     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00017078     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. I should like to express my gratitude to Ian Brown and Victor Lieberman for inviting me to take part in an extraordinarily stimulating conference, and to Victor Lieberman and Elizabeth Redgate for their comments on drafts of this paper.
2. Outstanding general accounts include Jacques le Goff, Medieval Civilization (1964, Engl. trans., Oxford, 1988); Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320 (London, 1992); Robert Fossier, Enfance de l'Europe, Xe-XIIe siècles: aspects économiques et sociaux (2 vols, Paris, 1982); J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, La mutation féodale (Paris, 1980, trans. The Feudal Transformation, New York, 1991), all with excellent bibliographical information.
3. Outstanding general accounts include Jacques le Goff, Medieval Civilization (1964, Engl. trans., Oxford, 1988); Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320 (London, 1992); Robert Fossier, Enfance de l'Europe, Xe-XIIe siècles: aspects économiques et sociaux (2 vols, Paris, 1982); J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, La mutation féodale (Paris, 1980, trans. The Feudal Transformation, New York, 1991), all with excellent bibliographical information.
4. Outstanding general accounts include Jacques le Goff, Medieval Civilization (1964, Engl. trans., Oxford, 1988); Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320 (London, 1992); Robert Fossier, Enfance de l'Europe, Xe-XIIe siècles: aspects économiques et sociaux (2 vols, Paris, 1982); J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, La mutation féodale (Paris, 1980, trans. The Feudal Transformation, New York, 1991), all with excellent bibliographical information.
5. Outstanding general accounts include Jacques le Goff, Medieval Civilization (1964, Engl. trans., Oxford, 1988); Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320 (London, 1992); Robert Fossier, Enfance de l'Europe, Xe-XIIe siècles: aspects économiques et sociaux (2 vols, Paris, 1982); J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, La mutation féodale (Paris, 1980, trans. The Feudal Transformation, New York, 1991), all with excellent bibliographical information.
6. Outstanding general accounts include Jacques le Goff, Medieval Civilization (1964, Engl. trans., Oxford, 1988); Malcolm Barber, The Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320 (London, 1992); Robert Fossier, Enfance de l'Europe, Xe-XIIe siècles: aspects économiques et sociaux (2 vols, Paris, 1982); J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, La mutation féodale (Paris, 1980, trans. The Feudal Transformation, New York, 1991), all with excellent bibliographical information.
7. Lieberman, this volume.
8. As summarized by C. A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian (London, 1989), pp. 35-74.
9. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
10. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
11. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
12. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
13. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
14. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
15. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
16. That is to say, in the sense of V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History? (Harmondsworth, 1942), meaning the appearance of'citied' or complex civilization, though not with all the implications of Childe's rather mechanistic Marxism. For most European medievalists the phrase 'urban revolution' evokes, more straightforwardly, the world of Henri Pirenne's Medieval Cities (trans. F. D. Halsey, Princeton, 1925, revised 1952). For current vigorous debate on the distinct but related argument whether there was a 'feudal revolution' around the year 1000, as adumbrated particularly in the writings of Georges Duby (e.g. The Three Orders, Chicago, 1980) and Pierre Bonnassie (e.g. From Slavery to Feudalism in Northwestern Europe, Cambridge, 1991), a view now powerfully challenged by Dominique Barthélmy, 'La mutation féodale, a-t-elle eu lieu? (Note critique)', Annales ESC xlvii (1992), 767-77; La société dans la comté de Vendôme de l'an mil au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1993) , see Thomas Bisson, 'The Feudal Revolution', Past and Present 142 (1994) , and discussion by D. Barthélmy, S. D. White, T. J. Reuter and C. Wickham to appear in Past and Present, nos 152-4 (1996-97).
17. N. K. Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe (Cambridge, 1990).
18. This volume.
19. J. Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons (Oxford, 1986); Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1987); H. R. Loyn, The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1984); P. Stafford, Unification and Conquest (London, 1989).
20. J. Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons (Oxford, 1986); Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1987); H. R. Loyn, The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1984); P. Stafford, Unification and Conquest (London, 1989).
21. J. Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons (Oxford, 1986); Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1987); H. R. Loyn, The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1984); P. Stafford, Unification and Conquest (London, 1989).
22. J. Campbell, The Anglo-Saxons (Oxford, 1986); Essays in Anglo-Saxon History (London, 1987); H. R. Loyn, The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England (London, 1984); P. Stafford, Unification and Conquest (London, 1989).
23. M, Chibnall, Anglo-Norman England, 1066-1166 (Oxford, 1986); J. le Patourel, The Norman Empire (Oxford, 1976); R. R. Davies, Domination and Conquest: The Expertence of Ireland, Scotland and Wales (Cambridge, 1990); Robin Frame, The Political Development of the British Isles, 1100-1400 (Oxford, 1990).
24. M, Chibnall, Anglo-Norman England, 1066-1166 (Oxford, 1986); J. le Patourel, The Norman Empire (Oxford, 1976); R. R. Davies, Domination and Conquest: The Expertence of Ireland, Scotland and Wales (Cambridge, 1990); Robin Frame, The Political Development of the British Isles, 1100-1400 (Oxford, 1990).
25. M, Chibnall, Anglo-Norman England, 1066-1166 (Oxford, 1986); J. le Patourel, The Norman Empire (Oxford, 1976); R. R. Davies, Domination and Conquest: The Expertence of Ireland, Scotland and Wales (Cambridge, 1990); Robin Frame, The Political Development of the British Isles, 1100-1400 (Oxford, 1990).
26. M, Chibnall, Anglo-Norman England, 1066-1166 (Oxford, 1986); J. le Patourel, The Norman Empire (Oxford, 1976); R. R. Davies, Domination and Conquest: The Expertence of Ireland, Scotland and Wales (Cambridge, 1990); Robin Frame, The Political Development of the British Isles, 1100-1400 (Oxford, 1990).
27. Jean Dunbabbin, The Making of France, 843-1180 (Oxford, 1985); E. M. Hallam, Capetian France, 987-1328 (London, 1980); G. Duby, France in the Middle Aga, 987-1460 (Oxford, 1991).
28. Jean Dunbabbin, The Making of France, 843-1180 (Oxford, 1985); E. M. Hallam, Capetian France, 987-1328 (London, 1980); G. Duby, France in the Middle Aga, 987-1460 (Oxford, 1991).
29. Jean Dunbabbin, The Making of France, 843-1180 (Oxford, 1985); E. M. Hallam, Capetian France, 987-1328 (London, 1980); G. Duby, France in the Middle Aga, 987-1460 (Oxford, 1991).
30. J. F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca, 1975); Bernard F. Reilly, The Medieval Spains (Cambridge, 1993).
31. J. F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain (Ithaca, 1975); Bernard F. Reilly, The Medieval Spains (Cambridge, 1993).
32. This volume.
33. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (Princeton, 1993).
34. V. H. Galbraith, The Making of Domesday Book (Oxford, 1961); W. L. Warren, The Governance of Norman and Angevin England (London, 1987); Donald Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992).
35. V. H. Galbraith, The Making of Domesday Book (Oxford, 1961); W. L. Warren, The Governance of Norman and Angevin England (London, 1987); Donald Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992).
36. V. H. Galbraith, The Making of Domesday Book (Oxford, 1961); W. L. Warren, The Governance of Norman and Angevin England (London, 1987); Donald Matthew, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily (Cambridge, 1992).
37. For example, Harold Berman, Law and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1983); W. C. Jordan, The French Monarchy and the Jews (Philadelphia, 1989); Robert Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal (Oxford, 1988); R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987).
38. For example, Harold Berman, Law and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1983); W. C. Jordan, The French Monarchy and the Jews (Philadelphia, 1989); Robert Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal (Oxford, 1988); R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987).
39. For example, Harold Berman, Law and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1983); W. C. Jordan, The French Monarchy and the Jews (Philadelphia, 1989); Robert Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal (Oxford, 1988); R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987).
40. For example, Harold Berman, Law and Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1983); W. C. Jordan, The French Monarchy and the Jews (Philadelphia, 1989); Robert Bartlett, Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal (Oxford, 1988); R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987).
41. Marc Bloch, French Rural History (1931, Engl. trans., London, 1966); G. Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (London, 1968); Robert Fossier, Peasant Life in the Medieval West (Oxford, 1988).
42. Marc Bloch, French Rural History (1931, Engl. trans., London, 1966); G. Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (London, 1968); Robert Fossier, Peasant Life in the Medieval West (Oxford, 1988).
43. Marc Bloch, French Rural History (1931, Engl. trans., London, 1966); G. Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West (London, 1968); Robert Fossier, Peasant Life in the Medieval West (Oxford, 1988).
44. G. Duby, The Chivalrous Society (London, 1977); D. Barthélmy, 'Kinship', in G. Duby (ed.), A History of Private Life, II, Revelations of the Medieval World (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), pp. 85-155; James Casey, The History of the Family (Oxford, 1989).
45. G. Duby, The Chivalrous Society (London, 1977); D. Barthélmy, 'Kinship', in G. Duby (ed.), A History of Private Life, II, Revelations of the Medieval World (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), pp. 85-155; James Casey, The History of the Family (Oxford, 1989).
46. G. Duby, The Chivalrous Society (London, 1977); D. Barthélmy, 'Kinship', in G. Duby (ed.), A History of Private Life, II, Revelations of the Medieval World (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), pp. 85-155; James Casey, The History of the Family (Oxford, 1989).
47. There is no agreed account of these connections, but see G. Duby, The Knight, the Lody and the Priest (London, 1983); R. I. Moore, 'Duby's Eleventh Century', History 69 (1984), 36-49; David Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983).
48. There is no agreed account of these connections, but see G. Duby, The Knight, the Lody and the Priest (London, 1983); R. I. Moore, 'Duby's Eleventh Century', History 69 (1984), 36-49; David Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983).
49. There is no agreed account of these connections, but see G. Duby, The Knight, the Lody and the Priest (London, 1983); R. I. Moore, 'Duby's Eleventh Century', History 69 (1984), 36-49; David Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983).
50. There is no agreed account of these connections, but see G. Duby, The Knight, the Lody and the Priest (London, 1983); R. I. Moore, 'Duby's Eleventh Century', History 69 (1984), 36-49; David Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge, Mass., 1985); Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983).
51. See the famous essay of G. Duby, 'Youth in Aristocratic Society: Northwestern France in the Twelfth Century', The Chivalrous Society (above, n. 17), pp. 112-22.
52. Robert P. Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fou-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (Cambridge, 1986); J. K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 94-5. The general contrast with Europe suggested here holds, whether the primary dependence of the elite is supposed to be on the office (Ho Ping-ti, The Ladder of Perfection in Imperial China (New York, 1962), pp. 92-125) or on the land (Hilary J. Beattie, Land and Lineage in China (Cambridge, 1979); Patricia B. Ebrey, Family and Property in Sung China: Yuan Tsai's Precepts for Social Life (Princeton, 1984), pp. 15-17).
53. Robert P. Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fou-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (Cambridge, 1986); J. K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 94-5. The general contrast with Europe suggested here holds, whether the primary dependence of the elite is supposed to be on the office (Ho Ping-ti, The Ladder of Perfection in Imperial China (New York, 1962), pp. 92-125) or on the land (Hilary J. Beattie, Land and Lineage in China (Cambridge, 1979); Patricia B. Ebrey, Family and Property in Sung China: Yuan Tsai's Precepts for Social Life (Princeton, 1984), pp. 15-17).
54. Robert P. Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fou-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (Cambridge, 1986); J. K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 94-5. The general contrast with Europe suggested here holds, whether the primary dependence of the elite is supposed to be on the office (Ho Ping-ti, The Ladder of Perfection in Imperial China (New York, 1962), pp. 92-125) or on the land (Hilary J. Beattie, Land and Lineage in China (Cambridge, 1979); Patricia B. Ebrey, Family and Property in Sung China: Yuan Tsai's Precepts for Social Life (Princeton, 1984), pp. 15-17).
55. Robert P. Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fou-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (Cambridge, 1986); J. K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 94-5. The general contrast with Europe suggested here holds, whether the primary dependence of the elite is supposed to be on the office (Ho Ping-ti, The Ladder of Perfection in Imperial China (New York, 1962), pp. 92-125) or on the land (Hilary J. Beattie, Land and Lineage in China (Cambridge, 1979); Patricia B. Ebrey, Family and Property in Sung China: Yuan Tsai's Precepts for Social Life (Princeton, 1984), pp. 15-17).
56. Robert P. Hymes, Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fou-chou, Chiang-hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (Cambridge, 1986); J. K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), pp. 94-5. The general contrast with Europe suggested here holds, whether the primary dependence of the elite is supposed to be on the office (Ho Ping-ti, The Ladder of Perfection in Imperial China (New York, 1962), pp. 92-125) or on the land (Hilary J. Beattie, Land and Lineage in China (Cambridge, 1979); Patricia B. Ebrey, Family and Property in Sung China: Yuan Tsai's Precepts for Social Life (Princeton, 1984), pp. 15-17).
57. For a masterly account which gives full weight to these social dimensions, R. W. Southern, Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe (Oxford, 1994).
58. For a strong case against the alleged analogy between the Islamic madraseh and the European university as both developed in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, see Michael Chamberlain, Knowledge and Social Practice in Medieval Damascus, 1190-1350 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 69-90.
59. G. Duby, The Three Orders (above, n. 5).
60. For everything connected with the church in this period, Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050-1250 (Oxford, 1989).
61. E. Panofsky, Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and its Art Treasures (2nd ed., G. Panofsky-Soergel, Princeton, 1979); O. von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral (Princeton, 1956); P. Frankl, Gothic Architecture (London, 1962); K. J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture (London, 1959).
62. E. Panofsky, Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and its Art Treasures (2nd ed., G. Panofsky-Soergel, Princeton, 1979); O. von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral (Princeton, 1956); P. Frankl, Gothic Architecture (London, 1962); K. J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture (London, 1959).
63. E. Panofsky, Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and its Art Treasures (2nd ed., G. Panofsky-Soergel, Princeton, 1979); O. von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral (Princeton, 1956); P. Frankl, Gothic Architecture (London, 1962); K. J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture (London, 1959).
64. E. Panofsky, Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St. Denis and its Art Treasures (2nd ed., G. Panofsky-Soergel, Princeton, 1979); O. von Simson, The Gothic Cathedral (Princeton, 1956); P. Frankl, Gothic Architecture (London, 1962); K. J. Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture (London, 1959).
65. Rosalind and Christopher Brooke, Popular Religion in the Middle Ages, its title notwithstanding, is a good general account of the religion taught to the laity. James A. Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987) is a minute but enthralling account of its most intimate intrusions.
66. Rosalind and Christopher Brooke, Popular Religion in the Middle Ages, its title notwithstanding, is a good general account of the religion taught to the laity. James A. Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987) is a minute but enthralling account of its most intimate intrusions.
67. R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (London, 1977), pp. 243-62.
68. Lieberman, MS.
69. Historiography in this area is uneven. R. C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Belief in Medieval England (London, 1974); Benedicta Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind (London, 1982); P. A Sigal, L'Homme et le miracle dans la France médiévale (paris, 1985); and J. Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (London, 1975), offer interesting information, analysed with mixed success.
70. Historiography in this area is uneven. R. C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Belief in Medieval England (London, 1974); Benedicta Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind (London, 1982); P. A Sigal, L'Homme et le miracle dans la France médiévale (paris, 1985); and J. Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (London, 1975), offer interesting information, analysed with mixed success.
71. Historiography in this area is uneven. R. C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Belief in Medieval England (London, 1974); Benedicta Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind (London, 1982); P. A Sigal, L'Homme et le miracle dans la France médiévale (paris, 1985); and J. Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (London, 1975), offer interesting information, analysed with mixed success.
72. Historiography in this area is uneven. R. C. Finucane, Miracles and Pilgrims: Popular Belief in Medieval England (London, 1974); Benedicta Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind (London, 1982); P. A Sigal, L'Homme et le miracle dans la France médiévale (paris, 1985); and J. Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (London, 1975), offer interesting information, analysed with mixed success.
73. For a splendid account of all this, Bartlett, above, n. 13, passim.
74. Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, 1984).
75. P. Spufforth, Money and its Uses in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 74-131; M. Montanari, The Culture of Food (Oxford, 1994), pp. 38-67; Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy (London, 1978); Jacques le Goff, Your Money or Your Life (New York, 1988).
76. P. Spufforth, Money and its Uses in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 74-131; M. Montanari, The Culture of Food (Oxford, 1994), pp. 38-67; Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy (London, 1978); Jacques le Goff, Your Money or Your Life (New York, 1988).
77. P. Spufforth, Money and its Uses in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 74-131; M. Montanari, The Culture of Food (Oxford, 1994), pp. 38-67; Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy (London, 1978); Jacques le Goff, Your Money or Your Life (New York, 1988).
78. P. Spufforth, Money and its Uses in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 74-131; M. Montanari, The Culture of Food (Oxford, 1994), pp. 38-67; Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy (London, 1978); Jacques le Goff, Your Money or Your Life (New York, 1988).
79. P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages (New York, 1984).
80. See Simon Lloyd in J. Riley Smith (ed.), Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford, 1995), pp. 34-65.
81. John Gillingham, 'The Beginnings of English Imperialism', Journal of Historical Sociology 5/4 (1992), 392-409.
82. Brian Stock, The Implications of Literacy (Princeton, 1983), e.g. at pp. 244-52; R. I. Moore, 'Literacy and the Making of Heresy, c. 1000-c. 1150', in P. Biller and A. Hudson (eds), Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 19-37.
83. Brian Stock, The Implications of Literacy (Princeton, 1983), e.g. at pp. 244-52; R. I. Moore, 'Literacy and the Making of Heresy, c. 1000-c. 1150', in P. Biller and A. Hudson (eds), Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 19-37.
84. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford, 1993), pp. 8-18.
85. Alexander Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1978).
86. Malcolm Barber, 'Catharism and the Occitan Nobility: the Lordships of Cabaret, Minerve and Termes', The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood, ed. C. Harper-Bill and R. Harvey (Woodbridge, 1986), pp. 1-19.
87. James Given, State and Society in Medieval Europe: Gwynnedd and Languedoc under Outside Rule (Ithaca and London, 1990).
88. Maurice Lombard, The Golden Age of Islam (Amsterdam, 1975); Les métaux dans l'ancien monde du Ve au VIe siècle (Paris, 1974); Karl Leyser, Medieval Germany and its Neighbours (London, 1982), pp. 69-101.
89. Maurice Lombard, The Golden Age of Islam (Amsterdam, 1975); Les métaux dans l'ancien monde du Ve au VIe siècle (Paris, 1974); Karl Leyser, Medieval Germany and its Neighbours (London, 1982), pp. 69-101.
90. Maurice Lombard, The Golden Age of Islam (Amsterdam, 1975); Les métaux dans l'ancien monde du Ve au VIe siècle (Paris, 1974); Karl Leyser, Medieval Germany and its Neighbours (London, 1982), pp. 69-101.
91. T. J. Reuter, 'Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5/35 (1985), 75-94.
92. Janet Abu Lughod Before European Hegemony (New York, 1989).
93. Compare Bartlett (above, n. 13) with Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution (Cambridge, 1988) or W. H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Oxford, 1983).
94. Compare Bartlett (above, n. 13) with Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution (Cambridge, 1988) or W. H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Oxford, 1983).
95. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge, 1979), p. 3.
96. Chris Wickham, 'The Other Transition: from the Ancient World to Feudalism', Past and Present 103 (1984), 3-36; 'The Uniqueness of the East', Journal of Peasant Studies 12, 2/3 (1985), 166-96, reprinted in J. Baechler, J. A. Hall and M. Mann (eds), Europe and the Rise of Capitalism (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-100.
97. Chris Wickham, 'The Other Transition: from the Ancient World to Feudalism', Past and Present 103 (1984), 3-36; 'The Uniqueness of the East', Journal of Peasant Studies 12, 2/3 (1985), 166-96, reprinted in J. Baechler, J. A. Hall and M. Mann (eds), Europe and the Rise of Capitalism (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-100.
98. Chris Wickham, 'The Other Transition: from the Ancient World to Feudalism', Past and Present 103 (1984), 3-36; 'The Uniqueness of the East', Journal of Peasant Studies 12, 2/3 (1985), 166-96, reprinted in J. Baechler, J. A. Hall and M. Mann (eds), Europe and the Rise of Capitalism (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66-100.
99. R. W. Southern The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953). The once greater temptation represented by the title of a similarly classic account of the European experience, Marc Bloch's Feudal Society (Paris, 1941, Engl. trans., London, 1963) raises even greater difficulties as a general description, whether the word feudal is employed with its Marxist connotations (as by Wickham or Perry Anderson, Passages from Feudalism to Antiquity (London, 1974 )), or as Bloch preferred, with reference to a shared set of legal principles relating the tenure of land to the holding of public office and the performance of public obligation, which is no longer generally thought applicable even to western Europe itself in the period under discussion: cf. Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals New York, 1994).
100. R. W. Southern The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953). The once greater temptation represented by the title of a similarly classic account of the European experience, Marc Bloch's Feudal Society (Paris, 1941, Engl. trans., London, 1963) raises even greater difficulties as a general description, whether the word feudal is employed with its Marxist connotations (as by Wickham or Perry Anderson, Passages from Feudalism to Antiquity (London, 1974 )), or as Bloch preferred, with reference to a shared set of legal principles relating the tenure of land to the holding of public office and the performance of public obligation, which is no longer generally thought applicable even to western Europe itself in the period under discussion: cf. Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals New York, 1994).
101. R. W. Southern The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953). The once greater temptation represented by the title of a similarly classic account of the European experience, Marc Bloch's Feudal Society (Paris, 1941, Engl. trans., London, 1963) raises even greater difficulties as a general description, whether the word feudal is employed with its Marxist connotations (as by Wickham or Perry Anderson, Passages from Feudalism to Antiquity (London, 1974 )), or as Bloch preferred, with reference to a shared set of legal principles relating the tenure of land to the holding of public office and the performance of public obligation, which is no longer generally thought applicable even to western Europe itself in the period under discussion: cf. Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals New York, 1994).
102. R. W. Southern The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953). The once greater temptation represented by the title of a similarly classic account of the European experience, Marc Bloch's Feudal Society (Paris, 1941, Engl. trans., London, 1963) raises even greater difficulties as a general description, whether the word feudal is employed with its Marxist connotations (as by Wickham or Perry Anderson, Passages from Feudalism to Antiquity (London, 1974 )), or as Bloch preferred, with reference to a shared set of legal principles relating the tenure of land to the holding of public office and the performance of public obligation, which is no longer generally thought applicable even to western Europe itself in the period under discussion: cf. Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals New York, 1994).
103. Lynda Shaffer, 'Southernization', Journal of World History 5, 1 (1994), 1-21.