Science and the British empire

ISIS

Volumn 96, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 56-63

  Harrison, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; POLITICAL SYSTEM; SCIENCE; UNITED KINGDOM;

COLONIALISM; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; SCIENCE;

EID: 26944481631     PISSN: 00211753     EISSN: 15456994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/430678     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Nicholas Canny, "The Origins of Empire: An Introduction," in The Origins of Empire, ed. Nicholas Canny, vol. 1 of The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998), p. 1.
2. George Basalla, "The Spread of Western Science," Science, 1967, 156:611-622.
3. See Paul Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1957);
4. Andre Gunder Frank, "The Development of Underdevelopment," Monthly Review, 1966, 18:17-31;
5. and Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, 3 vols. (New York: Academic Press, 1974-1980).
6. Carlo M. Cipolla, European Culture and Overseas Expansion (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970);
7. Lucile H. Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanical Gardens (New York: Academic Press, 1979);
8. Vincente Navarro, Medicine under Capitalism (New York: Prodist, 1976);
9. Vincente Navarro, ed., Imperialism, Health, and Medicine (London: Pluto Press, 1982);
10. Meredeth Turshen, The Political Ecology of Disease in Tanzania (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1984);
11. Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1981).
12. Michael Worboys, "Science and British Colonial Imperialism, 1895-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Sussex, 1979).
13. Most of the chapters of this thesis were subsequently published separately: "The Emergence of Tropical Medicine: A Study in the Establishment of Scientific Speciality," in Perspectives on the Emergence of Scientific Disciplines, ed. Gerard Lemaine, Roy MacLeod, Michael Mulkay, and Peter Weingart (The Hague: Mouton, 1976), pp. 76-98;
14. "The Discovery of Colonial Malnutrition between the Wars," in Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, ed. David Arnold (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1988), pp. 208-225;
15. "The Imperial Institute: The State and the Development of the Natural Resources of the Colonial Empire, 1887-1923," in Imperialism and the Natural World, ed. John M. MacKenzie (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1990), pp. 164-186.
16. Donald Flemming, "Science in Australia, Canada, and the United States: Some Comparative Remarks," in Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of the History of Science, 1962 (Paris: Hermann, 1964), p. 182.
17. Daniel Headrick, The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988);
18. Arun Kumar, "Colonial Requirements and Engineering Education: The Public Works Department, 1847-1947," in Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India, 1700-1947, ed. Roy MacLeod and Deepak Kumar (New Delhi: Sage, 1995), pp. 216-234;
19. Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj, 1857-1905 (New Delhi: Oxford, 1995).
20. Ian Inkster, "Scientific Enterprise and the Colonial 'Model': Observations on Australian Experience in Historical Context," Social Studies of Science, 1985, 15:677-704;
21. David Mackay, In the Wake of Cook: Exploration, Science and Empire, 1780-1801 (London: Croom Helm, 1985);
22. Roy MacLeod, ed., The Commonwealth of Science: ANZAAS and the Scientific Enterprise in Australasia, 1888-1898 (Melbourne: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988);
23. Roy MacLeod and Philip F. Rehbock, eds., Nature in Its Greatest Extent: Western Science in the Pacific (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1988);
24. R. W. Home, ed., Australian Science in the Making (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988);
25. R. W. Home and Sally G. Kohlstedt, eds., International Science and National Scientific Identity: Australia between Britain and America (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991);
26. Jan Todd, "Science at the Periphery: An Interpretation of Australian Scientific and Technological Dependency and Development Prior to 1914," Annals of Science, 1993, 50:33-58.
27. Roy MacLeod, "On Visiting the 'Moving Metropolis': Reflections on the Architecture of Imperial Science," in Scientific Colonialism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison, ed. Nathan Reingold and Marc Rothenberg (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987), pp. 217-249.
28. See Lewis Pyneson, Cultural Imperialism and the Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930 (New York: P. Lang, 1985);
29. Lewis Pyneson, "Why Science May Serve Political Ends: Cultural Imperialism and the Mission to Civilize," Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 1990, 13:69-81;
30. Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989).
31. See Sander L. Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1985);
32. Sander L. Gilman, idem, Inscribing the Other (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1991);
33. Malcolm Nicolson, "Medicine and Racial Politics: Changing Images of the New Zealand Maori in the Nineteenth Century," in Arnold, Imperial Medicine (cit. n. 5), pp. 66-104;
34. Megan Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).
35. Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982);
36. Nancy Stepan, "Biology and Degeneration: Races and Proper Places," in Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress, ed. Sander L. Gilman and J. Edward Chamberlain (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1985), pp. 97-120;
37. Seymour Drescher, "The Ending of the Slave Trade and the Evolution of Scientific Racism," Social Science History, Autumn 1990, 14:415-450;
38. Henrika Kuklick, The Savage within: The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991);
39. Saul Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995);
40. W. P. Anderson, The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health, and Racial Destiny in Australia (Melbourne: Melbourne Univ. Press, 2002).
41. On mapping, see Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith, eds., Geography and Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994);
42. Matthew H. Edney, Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843 (Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press, 1997);
43. D. Graham Burnett, Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography, and a British El Dorado (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2000).
44. On race, gender, and geography, see Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), chaps. 4-5;
45. Mrinalini Sinha, Colonial Masculinity: The "Manly Englishman" and the "Effeminate Bengal" in the Late Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1995);
46. Peter Robb, ed., The Concept of Race in South Asia (New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995);
47. David Arnold, ed., Warm Climates and Western Medicine: The Emergence of Tropical Medicine, 1500-1900 (Amsterdam: Rodopi Press, 1996);
48. Mark Harrison, Climates and Constitutions: Health, Race, Environment, and British Imperialism in India, 1600-1850 (New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999);
49. Nancy Stepan, Picturing Tropical Nature (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 2001).
50. See Timothy Mitchell, Colonizing Egypt (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1991);
51. David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1993);
52. Mark Harrison, Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventive Medicine, 1859-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994);
53. Lenore Manderson, Sickness and the State: Health and Illness in Colonial Malaya, 1870-1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996);
54. Mridula Rammana, Western Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay: 1845-1895 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2002).
55. See Vaughan, Curing Their Ills (cit. n. 11);
56. Waltraud Ernst, Mad Tales from the Raj: The European Insane in British India, 1800-1858 (London: Routledge, 1991);
57. Jock McCulloch, Colonial Psychiatry and "the African Mind" (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995);
58. Jonathan Sadowsky, Imperial Bedlam: Institutions of Madness in Colonial Southwest Nigeria (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1999):
59. James H. Mills, Madness, Cannabis, and Colonialism: The "Native-Only" Lunatic Asylums of British India, 1857-1900 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000);
60. S. Kapila, "The Making of Colonial Psychiatry, Bombay Presidency, 1845-1940" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of London, 2002);
61. S. Mahone, "The Psychology of the Tropics: Conceptions of Tropical Danger and Lunacy in British East Africa" (Ph.D. diss., Oxford Univ., 2004).
62. See Judy Whitehead, "Modernising the Motherhood Archetype: Public Health Models and the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929," in Social Reform, Sexuality, and the State, ed. Patricia Uberoi (New Delhi: Sage, 1996), pp. 190-200;
63. Timothy Burke, Lifebuoy Men, Lux Women: Commodification, Consumption, and Cleanliness in Modern Zimbabwe (Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1996);
64. Maneesha Lal, " 'The Ignorance of Women Is the House of Illness': Gender, Nationalism, and Health Reform in Colonial North India," in Medicine and Colonial Identity, ed. Bridie Andrews and Mary Sutphen (London: Routledge, 2003);
65. Sarah Hodges, "Conjugality, Progeny, and Progress: Family and Modernity in Twentieth-Century India" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Chicago, 1999);
66. G. Attewell, "Authority, Knowledge, and Practice in Unani Tibb in India, c.1890-1930" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of London, 2004).
67. Ahsan J. Qaisar, The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture (A.D. 1498-1707) (New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982);
68. Satpal Sangwan, "Indian Response to European Science and Technology 1757-1857," British Journal for the History of Science, 1988, 21:211-232.
69. See, e.g., Dhruv Raina and S. Irfan Habib, "The Unfolding of an Engagement: 'The Dawn' on Science, Technical Education, and Industrialisation: India, 1896-1912," Studies in History, 1993, 9:87-117;
70. S. Irfan Habib, "Science, Technical Education, and Industrialisation: Contours of a Bhadralok Debate, 1890-1915," in MacLeod and Kumar, Technology and the Raj (cit. n. 7), pp. 235-249;
71. Neshat Quaiser, "Politics, Culture, and Colonialism: Unani's Debate with Doctory," in Health, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on Colonial India, ed. Bisamoy Pati and Mark Harrison (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2001), pp. 317-355.
72. See J. Lourdusamy, "Science and National Consciousness: A Study of the Response to Modern Science in Colonial Bengal, c.1870-1930 (Ph.D. diss., Oxford Univ., 1999);
73. Sabrata Dasgupta, Jagadis Chandra Base and the Indian Response to Western Science (New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999);
74. David Arnold, Science, Technology, and Medicine in Colonial India, vol. 3, part 5, of The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000), chap. 5.
75. Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1999).
76. Pratik Chakrabarti, Western Science in Modern India: Metropolitan Methods, Colonial Practices (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2004).
77. Ashis Nandy, Alternative Sciences: Creativity and Authenticity in Two Indian Scientists (New Delhi: Allied, 1980). Chakrabarti criticizes Nandy's essentialist division between "India" and the "West."
78. See also Dhruv Raina, Images and Contexts: The Historiography of Science and Modernity in India (New Delhi: Oxford Univ., 2003), p. 174.
79. See Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion (cit. n. 4);
80. Richard Drayton, Nature's Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the "Improvement" of the World (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2000).
81. See Mark Harrison, "Tropical Medicine in Nineteenth-Century India," Brit. J. Hist. Sci., 1992, 25:299-318;
82. Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens, and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995).
83. C. A. Bayly, Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996);
84. Mark Harrison, "Medicine and Orientalism: Perspectives on Europe's Encounter with Indian Medical Systems," in Pati and Harrison, Health, Medicine, and Empire (cit. n. 18), pp. 37-87.
85. H. Tilley, "Africa as a 'Living Laboratory.' The African Research Survey and the British Colonial Empire: Consolidating Environmental, Medical, and Anthropological Debates, 1920-1940" (PhD diss., Oxford Univ., 2001);
86. D. Gilfoyle, "Veterinary Science and Public Policy at the Cape Colony, 1877-1910" (PhD diss., Oxford Univ., 2002);
87. Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury, " 'Beyond the Reach of Monkeys and Men': O'Shaughnessy and the Telegraph in India, c.1836-1856," Indian Economic and Social History Review, 2000, 37:331-359;
88. Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury, idem, "The Political and Social History of the Telegraph in the Indian Empire" (Ph.D. diss., Cambridge Univ., 2002).
89. Fa-Ti Fan, British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire, and Cultural Encounter (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 2004).
90. See William Willcocks, Egyptian Irrigation (London: E. and F. N. Spon, 1899);
91. Robert McCarrison, Nutrition and National Health (London: Faber and Faber, 1944);
92. Louise E. Howard, Sir Albert Howard in India (London: Faber and Faber, 1953).
93. Robert A. Stafford, Scientist of Empire: Sir Roderick Murchison, Scientific Exploration, and Victorian Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989);
94. Crosbie Smith and M. Norton Wise, Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989);
95. S-J. Li, "British Imperial Medicine in Late Nineteenth-Century China and the Early Career of Patrick Manson" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of London, 1999);
96. Douglas M. Haynes, Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson and the Conquest of Tropical Disease (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).
97. For Murchison, see Stafford, Scientist of Empire (cit. n. 30);
98. for Banks, Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion (cit. n. 4);
99. David P. Miller and Peter H. Reill, eds., Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representations of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996);
100. John Gascoigne, Science in the Service of Empire: Joseph Banks, the British State, and the Uses of Science in the Age of Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998);
101. Drayton, Nature's Government (cit. n. 24).
102. Steven J. Harris, "Long-Distance Corporations, Big Sciences, and the Geography of Knowledge," Configurations, Spring 1998, 6:269-304.
103. See Kumar, Science and the Raj (cit. n. 7), chaps. 2-3;
104. Chakrabarti, Western Science (cit. n. 21), chaps, 1-2;
105. Ray Desmond, The European Discovery of the Indian Flora (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992);
106. and Arnold, Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India (cit. n. 19). chap. 1.
107. Roy MacLeod, "Introduction," in Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise, ed. Roy MacLeod, Osiris, 2000, 15:10;
108. William Clark, Jan Golinski, and Simon Schaffer, "Introduction, " in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe, ed. William Clark, Jan Golinski, and Simon Schaffer (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1999), pp. 23-28.
109. See Andrew Grout, "Geology and India, 1775-1805: An Episode in Colonial Science," South Asia Research, 1990, 10:1-18.
110. For the republic of letters, see, e.g., Lorraine Daston, "The Ideal and Reality of the Republic of Letters in the Enlightenment," Science in Context, 1991, 4:367-386;
111. Anne Goldgar, Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1995).
112. See correspondence between Roxburgh and Rev. C. John, Tranquebar, Roxburgh Papers, MSS Eur D. 809, British Library.
113. Desmond, European Discovery (cit. n. 33), chap. 8.
114. See R. W. Home, A. M. Lucas, Sara Maroske, D. M. Sinkora, and J. H. Voigt, eds., Regardfully Yours: Selected Correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller (Bern: Peter Lang, 1998).
115. Lind enjoyed a long friendship with James Watt and was the cousin of another member of the Lunar Society, James Kier: Watt Papers, JWP C1/15 and JWP W/9, Birmingham City Archive. On the Lunar Society, see Jennifer Uglow, The Lunar Men: The Friends Who Made the Future, 1730-1810 (London: Faber and Faber, 2002).
116. Mark Harrison, "Networks of Knowledge: Re-thinking Science and Medicine in Early Colonial India," unpublished paper, 2004.
117. Drayton, Nature's Government (cit. n. 24);
118. Drayton, idem, "Knowledge and Empire,ß in The Eighteenth Century, ed. P. J. Marshall, pp. 231-252, vol. 2 of The Oxford History of the British Empire, ed. William Roger Louis (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1998);
119. Sujit Sivasundaram, "Natural History Spiritualized: Civilizing Islanders, Cultivating Breadfruit, and Collecting Souls," History of Science, 2001, 32:417-443.
120. MacLeod, "Introduction" (cit. n. 34), p. 6.
121. D. Wade Chambers and R. Gillespie, "Locality in the History of Science: Colonial Science, Technoscience, and Indigenous Knowledge," in MacLeod, Nature and Empire (cit. n. 34), pp. 221-240.
122. Paolo Palladino and Michael Worboys, "Science and Imperialism,"
123. and Lewis Pyneson, "Cultural Imperialism and the Exact Sciences Revisited," Isis, 1993, 84:91-102, 103-108.