'The question of the day': The maintenance of racial rhetoric in Queensland, Australia: William Lane and Pauline Hanson as racial ideologues

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 45-66

  Saunders, Kay ^a   McConnel, Katie ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 26444619478     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Ann Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, NC, 1995);
2. Frederick Cooper and Ann Stoler, Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, CA, 1997);
3. Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis, Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class (London, 1995).
4. For a detailed coverage refer to Michael Leach et al. (eds.), The Rise and Fall of One Nation (St. Lucia, 2000);
5. Jim Chalmers, 'Electoral Gatecrashers: One nation's Challenge to the Two party System in Queensland in 1988', B.Commerce Honours thesis, Griffith University, 1999;
6. B. Grant, Pauline Hanson, One Nation and Australian Politics (Armidale, NSW, 1997);
7. S. Jackman, 'Pauline Hanson, the Mainstream, and Political Elites', Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol.33, No.2 (1998), pp.167-86.
8. The Coalition consists of the urban-based Liberal party and the rural and regional based National party.
9. Dean Wells, The Deep North (Collingwood, 1979).
10. Ross Fitzgerald, From the Dreaming to 1915: A History of Queensland (St Lucia, 1982).
11. William Thorpe, Colonial Queensland: Perspectives on a Frontier Society (St Lucia, 1996);
12. Kay Saunders, Workers in Bondage: The Origins and Bases of Unfree Labour in Queensland 1824-1916 (St Lucia, 1982);
13. Kay Saunders (ed.), Indentured Labour in the British Empire, 1834-1920 (London, 1984);
14. Raymond Evans, Kay Saunders and Kathryn Cronin, Exclusion, Exploitation and Extermination: Race Relations in Colonial Queensland (Sydney, 1975; St Lucia, 1988 and 1993);
15. Regina Ganter, The Pearl-Shellers of Torres Strait: Resource, Use, Development and Decline 1860-1960 (Melbourne, 1994);
16. Ros Kidd, The Way We Civilise: Aboriginal Affairs: The Untold Story (St Lucia, 1997);
17. J.A. Walker, Jondaryan Station: The Relationship Between Pastoral Capital and Pastoral Labour, 1840-1890 (St Lucias, 1984).
18. Thom Blake and Jackie Huggins, 'Protection or Persecution? Gender Relations in the Era of Segregation', in Kay Saunders and Raymond Evans (eds.), Gender Relations in Australia (Sydney, 1992), pp.42-58;
19. Anna Haebich, For their Own Good: Aborigines and Government in the Southwest of Western Australia (Perth, 1988);
20. Garth Nettheim, Outlawed: Queensland's Aborigines and Islanders and the Rule of Law (Sydney, 1973);
21. Andrew Markus, Race Relations in Australia, 1788-1993 (Sydney, 1994).
22. The specific cases including Karawata vs the Government of Queensland (1978) see W.G. McMinn, A Constitutional History of Australia (Melbourne, 1979).
23. Britain claimed Australia by right of discovery and declared it terra millius, an 'empty land' devoid of a sovereign power; Markus, Australian Race Relations, pp.20-21.
24. Tim Rowse, After Mabo: Interpreting Indigenous Traditions (Carlton, 1993);
25. Essays on the Mabo Decision (Sydney, 1993);
26. M.A. Stephenson and Suri Ratmapala (eds.), Mabo: A Judicial Revolution: The Aboriginal Land Rights' Decision and its Impact on Australian Law (St Lucia, 1993);
27. Bain Attwood (ed.), In the Age of Mabo: History, Aborigines and Australia (Sydney, 1996).
28. 'Southern Crusaders', Documentary in ABC series Hindsight, 7 Nov. 1990.
29. Lloyd Ross, William Lane and the Australian Labour Movement (Sydney, 1935), p.49. Lane in World War One became a fervent Imperialist and renounced his former beliefs.
30. Gavin Souter, 'Lane, William', Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol.9, 1891-1939, Gil-Las (Melbourne, 1983), p.658.
31. Andrew Messner, 'Land, Leadership, Culture, and Emigration: Some Problems in Chartist historiography', The Historical Joumal, Vol.42, No.2 (1999), pp.1102-09.
32. Stuart Svensen, 'William Lane - The Brisbane Years, 1885-1892', B.A. Honours thesis, The University of Queensland, 1983, pp.28-31.
33. Queensland Figaro, 31 Oct. 1885. In an article entitled 'As Others see us, X11' under his pseudonym, Lucinda Sharpe.
34. The Australian, 3 June 1998, p.5; www.news.com.au.
35. Humphrey McQueen, A New Britannia (Ringwood, 1970), pp.191-94;
36. Graeme Davison, 'Unemployment, Race and Public Opinion: Reflections on the Asian Immigration Controversy of 1888', in Andrew Markus and M.C. Ricklefs (eds.), Surrender Australia? Essays in the Study and Uses of History: Geoffrey Blainey and Asian Immigration (Sydney, 1985), p.109.
37. Michael Wilding preface to William Lane's, The Working Man's Paradise (Sydney, 1980), p.114;
38. Kathryn Cronin, 'The Yellow Agony', in Evans, Saunders and Cronin, Exclusion, pp.235-340;
39. Bruce Scates 'We are not Aboriginal ... we are Australian: William Lane, Racism and the Construction of Aboriginality', Labour History, No.72 (May 1997), pp.35-49.
40. John Docker, The Nervous Nineties: Australian Cultural Life in the 1890s (Melbourne, 1991), Ch.13, 'The Radical Intelligentsia as Utopian Ideal, William Lane's The Working Man's Paradise';
41. Svensen, 'William Lane', p.38.
42. For an overview of the changes refer to Andrew Markus, 'How Australians See Each Other';
43. Stephen Castles, 'Possible Social Impacts on Alternative Immigration Scenarios', both contained in Immigration: A Commitment to Australia (Canberra, 1988);
44. S. Castles, 'Australian Multiculturalism: Social Policy and Identity in a Changing Society', in Gary P. Freedman and James Jupp (eds.), Nations of Immigrants: Australia, the United States and International Migration (Melbourne, 1992), pp.184-201;
45. James E. Loughlan and Deborah J. McNamara (eds.), Asians in Australia: Patterns of Migration and Settlement (Melbourne, 1997), introduction pp.1-9;
46. L.S. Williams and F. McKenzie, Understanding Australia's Population (Canberra, 1996).
47. Jon Stratton, Race Daze: Australia in Identity Crisis (Sydney, 1998), pp.4-43;
48. Leach, The Rise and Fall of One Nation, pp.50-2.
49. Peter Gale, 'Constructions of "Whiteness" and the "Race Debate": Representations of Australia in the Media (1996-1997)', Conference Paper presented Adventures of Identity: Constructing the Multicultural Subject, Sydney, July/Aug. 1998.
50. University of NSW political scientist, Elaine Thompson found in a detailed study of the 1998 election results in NSW that the most direct indication of a high One Nation vote was geographical. With the lowest support in the inner city and support incrementally increasing as seats radiated outwards from the inner city; The Australian, 4 Feb. 1999.
51. F.L. Jones, 'National Identity and Social Values', People and Place, Vol.4, No.4 (1996), p.18.
52. K. Betts, 'Immigration and Public Opinion in Australia', People and Place, Vol.4, No.3 (1996), pp.27-8;
53. Jamie Mackie, 'The Politics of Asian Immigration', in Loughlan and McNamara, Asians in Australia, pp.32-3.
54. Jones, 'National Identity and Social Values', p.25;
55. Ellie Vasta, 'Multi Culturalism and Ethnic Identity: The Relationships between Racism and Resistance', Australia and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, Vol.29, No.2 (1993), pp.209-5;
56. Murray Goot, 'Public Opinion as Paradox: Australia Attitudes to the Rate of Immigration and the Rate of Asian Immigration, 1984-1990', International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol.3, No.3 (1993), pp.277-94;
57. Adam Jamroznik et al., Social Change and Cultural Transformation in Australia, (Melbourne, 1995), p.11 passim.
58. D. Leser, Good Weekend magazine of Sydney Morning Herald, 30 Nov. 1996.
59. The Report of the Committee to Advise on Australia's Immigration Policies (Canberra: 1988), pp.3-4.
60. The Report of the Committee to Advise on Australia's Immigration Policies Ibid., p.7.
61. Gary P. Freeman and Katharine Betts, 'The Politics of Interests and Immigration Policymaking in Australia and the United States', in Freeman and Jupp, Nations of Immigrants, pp.73-5.
62. Jones, 'National Identity and Social Values', pp.17-18.
63. Paul Sheehan, Among the Barbarians: The Dividing of Australia (Sydney, 1998).
64. Raymond Evans, Clive Moore, Kay Saunders and Bryan Jamison, 1901: Our Future's Past: Documenting Australia's Federation (Sydney, 1997) identifies those broad areas of change and similarity between the 1890s and 1990s, though it does not compare Lane or Hanson in any respect.
65. C.M.H. Clarke, A History of Australia, vol. 4, The Earth Abideth ForEver 1851-1888 (Carlton, 1978), pp.63-4, 112, 298-9, 405-6. Henry Lawson was the founder of the Australian Republican Party in 1887, whilst Charters Towers produced The Australian Republican newspaper.
66. Svensen, 'William Lane', pp.32-60.
67. Evans et al., 1901, pp.118-20; 217-24.
68. Kay Saunders, 'The North Comes In! The 1899 Referendum Campaign in Queensland', The New Federalist: The Journal of Australian Federation History, No.4 (1999), pp.7-13;
69. Katie McConnel, 'The Separation Question and Federation in Queensland', in The New Federalist: The Journal of Australian Federation History, ibid., pp.14-21. The 'yes' vote in Queensland was 55 per cent, in Tasmania 95 per cent.
70. Peter Spearritt, 'Celebration of a Nation: The Triumph of Spectacle', in Susan Janson and Stuart McIntyre (eds.), 'Making the Bicentenary', Australian Historical Studies, Vol.23, No.91 (1988), pp.3-20.
71. Quote cited in Mark McKenna, The Captive Republic: A History of Republicanism in Australia 1788-1996 (Cambridge, 1996), p.240.
72. Mark McKenna, The Captive Republic: A History of Republicanism in Australia 1788-1996 Ibid., p.262.
73. Quote cited in McKenna, The Captive Republic, p.262.
74. Hank Nelson, 'Gallipoli, Kokoda and the Making of National Identity', Journal of Australian Studies, No.53 (1997), pp.157-69;
75. Tony Griffiths, Beautiful Lies! Australia from Kokoda to Keating (Adelaide, 1997);
76. Matthew Allen, 'Forgetting and Remembering: The Contradictions of Australia Remembers 1945-1995', in J. Gregory (ed.), On the Homefront: Western Australia and World War II (Perth, 1996), pp.272-28;
77. Kay Saunders conference paper at Australian Identities Conference, University College Dublin, July 1996.
78. Christopher Carr, 'The Surprise Treaty', IPA Review, Vol.48, No.4 (1996), pp.22-5;
79. Alan Du Pont, 'The Australia-Indonesia Security Agreement', Australian Quarterly, Vol.68, No.2 (1996), pp.49-63;
80. Alison Cottrell and Toni Makkai, 'Australian Perceptions of Indonesia as a Threat', Asian Studies Review, Vol.19, No.2 (1995), pp.59-71.
81. Stephen Fitzgerald, Is Australia an Asian Country? Can Australia Survive an East Asian Future? (Sydney, 1997), pp.1-15.
82. P. Hanson speech, 11 Oct. 1996 in Pauline Hanson - The Truth, p.12.
83. In the newspaper Pauline Hanson's One Nation, Vol.1, No.1 (1998), the headline calls it 'the speech that unified a nation'.
84. McKenna, The Captive Republic, p.259.
85. 'The Gun Control Debate: Political Correctness and the Assault on Traditional Australia', in Pauline Hanson - The Truth: On Asian Immigration, The Aboriginal Question, The Gun Debate and the Future of Australia (Ipswich, 1997), pp.156-220.
86. Major General J. Bevan Edwards report in M.J. Jennings (ed.), Federation: A Collection of Contemporary Documents (Melbourne, 1967), pp.33-8.
87. Record of the Proceedings and Debates of the Australasian Federation Conference (1890), p.40.
88. Evans et al., 1901, pp.192-9.
89. In the anonymous novella published in the Sydney Quarterly Magazine in 1885 entitled The Fall of Melbourne, the colonies are invaded by the French from an attack launched in New Caledonia.
90. In The Battle of Mondialloc or How We Lost Australia published anonymously in 1888 the Russians join forces with the Chinese to invade Australia.
91. The Battle of Mondialloc or How We Lost Australia Ibid., p.225.
92. Ouyang, Yu, 'Australian Invention of Chinese Invasion: A Century of Paranoia, 1888-1988', Australian Literary Studies, Vol.17, No.1 (May 1995), pp.74-83.
93. The Boomerang, 21 April 1888.
94. The Boomerang, Ibid., 14 July 1888. In the next decade the Japanese took over as the perceived potential aggressor.
95. The Boomerang, Ibid., 4 Jan. 1888.
96. The Boomerang, Ibid., 18 Feb. 1888.
97. Docker, The Nervous Nineties, pp.73-4;
98. Jancen Webb and Andrew Enstice, Aliens and Savages: Fiction, Politics and Prejudice in Australia (Melbourne, 1998), pp.150-8.
99. The Boomerang, 27 April 1888; refer to Cronin, for a more extensive analysis of this question.
100. Webb and Enstice, Aliens and Savages, pp.151-2.
101. Maiden Speech in House of Representatives 10 September 1996 cited in Pauline Hanson - The Truth, pp.7 and 10.
102. This echoes Blainey's argument in All for Australia, p.52.
103. Weekend Australian, 12-13 Oct. 1996.
104. Chris Gallus speech in House of Representatives, Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, Vols.9-10 (1996), pp.5330-1.
105. Paul Kelly, The End of Certainty (Sydney, 1992), p.1124;
106. Mackie 'The Politics of Asian Immigration', p.30.
107. J.C.A. Dique, Immigration: The Quiet Invasion (Sydney, 1985), p.39. This is an interesting analysis by its reference to nineteenth-century polygenicist thought. Today even the most virulent racist does not use this type of racial theory for verification of propositions.
108. M.C. Ricklefs, 'The Asian Immigration Controversies of 1984-5, 1988-9 and 1996-7; A Historical Review', in Geoffrey Gray and Christine Winter (eds.), The Resurgence of Racism: Howard, Hanson and the Race Debate (Clayton, 1997), p.49.
109. This is an excellent overview of race debates in the 1980s and 1990s; M.C. Ricklefs, 'Why Asians?' and John Nicholson, 'Land Rights, Immigration and Multiculturalism: The Assault from the Right', in A. Markus and R. Rasmussan (eds.), Prejudice in the Public Arena: Racism (Monash, 1987), pp.45-55.
110. J. Jupp, 'Immigration Tensions on the Rise Again', Canberra Times, 30 March 1994.
111. Lane, A Working Man's Paradise, p.9;
112. Van Ikin, 'Political Persuasions: "The Working Man's Paradise'", in Westerly, No.1 (March 1983), pp.37-43.
113. Cronin, 'The Yellow Agony', explores this question in great detail.
114. Hanson speech to Australian Reform Party, Oct. 1996, op. cit.
115. Jones, 'National Identity and Social Values', p.24;
116. Mackie, 'The Politics of Asian Immigration', pp.13-18.
117. Mackie, 'Asian Settlement in Australia: An Overview' in Loughlan and McNamara, Asians in Australia, pp.308-17;
118. Nancy Viviani, The Indochinese in Australia 1974-1995: From burnt boats to barbecues (Melbourne, 1996), pp.65-100;
119. R. Jones and I. McAlister, Migrant Unemployment and Labour Market Programs (Canberra, 1991).
120. Cronin, 'The Yellow Agony', pp.301-5.
121. The Northern Miner, 28 July 1893.
122. Pauline Hanson: The Truth, footnote 22, p.119.
123. Pauline Hanson: The Truth, Ibid., pp.103-6. They use a disclaimer that Hanson never claimed all Asians were involved in crime and blame 'new class intellectuals' for censoring public debate on the issue as 'racist' (p.107).
124. Pauline Hanson: The Truth, Ibid., p.83.
125. Hanson, speech to Australian Reform Party, Oct. 1996.
126. The Courier-Mai, 8 May 1998.
127. Quote cited in Peter Wear, 'High Wire and Hanson', The Bulletin, 22 Oct. 1996, pp.18-22.
128. Peter Wear, The Bulletin, Ibid., pp.158-61;
129. refer also to Richard Hall, Black Armband Days: Truth from the Dark Side of Australia's Past (Milson's Point, 1998), pp.216-7.
130. Richard Hall, Black Armband Days: Truth from the Dark Side of Australia's Past Ibid., pp.161-4.
131. Ouyang Yu, 'Australian Invention of Chinese Invasion', p.81.
132. Judith Brett, 'John Howard, Pauline Hanson and the Politics of Grievance', in Grey and Winter, The Resurgence of Racism;
133. Ann Curthoys, 'Whose Home? Expulsion, Exodus and Exile in White Australian Historical Mythology', in M. Jolly and N. Thomas (eds.), Governing Bodies: Race, Gender and Person Beyond Europe (Durham, NC, 1999);
134. Richard Broome, 'Aboriginal Victims and Voyagers; Confronting Frontier Myths', Journal of Australian Studies, No.42 (1994), pp.70-7.
135. Wendy Brown, States of Injury: Power to Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton, NJ, 1995), pp.66-7.
136. David Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History (New York, 1990).
137. Annette Hamilton, 'Fear and Desire: Aborigines, Asians and the National Imaginary', Australian Cultural History, No.9 (1990), p.16.
138. Her work builds on paradigms constructed by Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983)
139. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York, 1978);
140. refer also to A. Jakubowicz (ed.), Racism, Ethnicity and the Media (Sydney, 1994), Part II 'Representing Australia: Nation and National Identity', pp.53-92.
141. Pauline Hanson - The Truth, p.4. Maiden speech in House of Representatives.
142. Curthoys, 'Whose Home?'.
143. The Weekend Australian, 13-14 Feb. 1999.