12-month outcome of patients with bipolar disorder following hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 155, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 646-652

  Keck Jr , Paul E ^a   McElroy, Susan L ^a   Strakowski, Stephen M ^a   West, Scott A ^a   Sax, Kenji W ^a   Hawkins, John M ^a   Bourne, Michelle L ^a   Haggard, Patrick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; LITHIUM; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; VALPROIC ACID;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIA; MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL CLASS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 2642658369     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.155.5.646     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL: Outcome in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996; 16 (April suppl 1):15S-23S
2. Tohen M, Waternaux CM, Tsuang MT: Outcome in mania: a 4-year prospective follow-up of 75 patients utilizing survival analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:1106-1111
3. Tohen M, Waternaux CM, Tsuang MT, Hunt AT: Four-year follow-up of twenty-four first-episode manic patients. J Affect Disord 1990; 19:79-86
4. Harrow M, Goldberg JF, Grossman LS, Meltzer HY: Outcome in manic disorders: a naturalistic follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:665-671
5. O'Connell RA, Mayo JA, Flatlow L, Cuthbertson B, O'Brien BE: Outcome of bipolar disorder on long-term treatment with lithium. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:123-129
6. Coryell W, Scheftner W, Keller M, Endicott J, Maser J, Klerman GL: The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:720-727
7. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Coryell W, Endicott J, Mueller TI: Bipolar I: a five-year prospective follow-up. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181:238-245
8. Winokur G, Coryell W, Akiskal HS, Endicott J, Keller M, Mueller T: Manic-depressive (bipolar) disorder: the course in light of a prospective ten-year follow-up of 131 patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89:102-110
9. Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Grossman LS: Course and outcome in bipolar affective disorder: a longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:379-384
10. Gitlin MJ, Swendsen J, Heller TL, Hammen C: Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1635-1640
11. Feinman JA, Dunner DL: The effect of alcohol and substance abuse on the course of bipolar affective disorder. J Affect Disord 1996; 37:43-49
12. Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, West SA, Sax KW, Hawkins JM, Kmetz GF, Upadhyaha VH, Tugrul KC, Bourne ML: Twelve-month outcome following a first hospitalization for affective psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:49-55
13. Dion GL, Tohen M, Anthony WA, Waternaux CM: Symptoms and functioning of patients with bipolar disorder six months after hospitalization. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1988; 39:652-657
14. Fahndrich E, Wirtz EF: Ver Laufspradikotoren affecttiver Psychosen. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1987; 138:17-30
15. Bratfos O, Hang JO: The course of manic-depressive psychosis: a follow-up investigation of 215 patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1968; 44:89-112
16. Loyd D, Simpson JC, Tsuang MT: Are there sex differences in the long-term outcome of schizophrenia? comparisons with mania, depression, and surgical controls. J Nerv Ment Dis 1985; 173:643-649
17. Cassidy WL, Flanagan NB, Spellman M, Cohen ME: Clinical observations in manic-depressive disease. JAMA 1955; 164:1535-1546
18. Mander AJ: Clinical prediction of outcome and lithium response in bipolar affective disorder. J Affect Oisord 1986; 11:35-41
19. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Coryell W, Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Clayton PJ, Klerman GL, Hirschfeld RM: Differential outcome of pure manic, mixed/cycling, and pure depressive episodes in patients with bipolar illness. JAMA 1986; 255:3138-3142
20. Winokur G, Clayton PJ, Reich T: Manic-Depressive Illness. St Louis, CV Mosby, 1969
21. Morgan HG: The incidence of depressive symptoms during recovery from hypomania. Br J Psychiatry 1972; 120:537-539
22. Himmelhoch JM, Mulla D, Neil JF, Detre TP, Kupfer DJ: Incidence and significance of mixed affective state in a bipolar population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:1062-1066
23. Kotin J, Goodwin F: Depression during mania: clinical observations and theoretical implications. Br J Psychiatry 1972; 129:679-686
24. Nunn CMH: Mixed affective states and the natural history of manic-depressive psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134:153-160
25. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Kane JM, Gelenberg AJ, Rosenbaum JF, Walzer EA, Baker LA: Subsyndromal symptoms in bipolar disorder: a comparison of standard and low-serum levels of lithium. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 49:371-376
26. Goodnick PJ, Fieve RR, Schlegel A, Kaufman K: Interepisode major and subclinical symptoms in affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 74:597-600
27. Goodnick PJ, Fieve RR, Schlegel A, Baxter N: Predictors of interepisode symptoms and relapse in affective disorder patients treated with lithium carbonate. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:367-369
28. Shobe FO, Brion P: Long-term prognosis in manic-depressive illness: a follow-up investigation of 111 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24:334-337
29. Rosen LN, Rosenthal NE, Dunner DL, Fieve RR: Social outcome compared in psychotic and nonpsychotic bipolar I patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1983; 171:272-275
30. Tohen M, Tsuang MT, Goodwin DC: Prediction of outcome in mania by mood-congruent or mood-incongruent psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1580-1584
31. Miklowitz DJ: Longitudinal outcome and medication noncompliance among manic patients with and without mood-incongruent psychotic features. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992; 180:703-711
32. Fennig S, Bromet EJ, Karant MT, Ram R, Jandorf L: Mood-congruent versus mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms in first-admission patients with affective disorder. J Affect Disord 1996; 37:23-29
33. Tohen M, Stoll AL, Strakowski SM, Faedda GL, Mayer PV, Goodwin DC, Kolbrener ML, Madigan AM: The McLean first-episode psychosis project: six-month recovery and recurrence outcome. Schizophr Bull 1992; 18:273-282
34. Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, Keller MB, Kupfer DJ, Lavori PW, Rush AJ, Weissman MM: Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder: remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:851-855
35. McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, Tugrul KC, West SA, Lonczak HS: Differences and similarities in mixed and pure mania. Compr Psychiatry 1995; 36:187-194
36. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, West SA, Hawkins JM, Huber TJ, Newman RM: Outcome and comorbidity in first-compared with multiple-episode mania. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995; 183:320-324
37. Hollingshead AB: Two-Factor Index of Social Position. New Haven, Conn, Yale University, 1965
38. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), I: history, rationale, and description. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:624-629
39. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R - Patient Version (SCID-P). New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, 1990
40. Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB, Spitzer RL, Davies M, Borus J, Howes MJ, Kane J, Pope HG, Rounsaville B, Wittchen H-U: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), II: multisite test-retest reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:630-636
41. Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA: A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978; 133:429-435
42. Hamilton M: A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960; 23:56-62
43. Andreasen NC: Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City, University of Iowa, 1984
44. Cannon-Spoor H, Potkin S, Wyatt RJ: Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1982; 8:470-484
45. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Friedman B, Nielsen E, Endicott J, McDonald-Scott P, Andreasen NC: The Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation: a comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:540-548
46. Coryell W, Keller M, Lavori P, Endicott J: Affective syndromes, psychotic features, and prognosis, II: mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:658-662
47. Strakowski SM, Tohen M, Stoll AL, Faedda GL, Mayer PV, Kolbrener ML, Goodwin DC: Comorbidity in psychosis at first hospitalization. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:752-757
48. Iacono WG, Beiser M: Age of onset, temporal stability, and eighteen-month course of first-episode psychosis, in The Emergence of a Discipline: Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, vol I. Edited by Cicchetti D. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989, pp 221-260
49. Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, Stanton SP, Kizer DL, Balistreri TM, Bennett JA, Tugrul KC, West SA: Factors associated with pharmacologic noncompliance in patients with mania. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57:292-297
50. Leckman JF, Scholomskas D, Thompson WED, Belanger A, Weissman MM: Best estimates of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: a methodologic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39:879-883
51. Reynolds CF III, Frank E, Perel JM, Imber SD, Cornes C, Morycz RK, Mazumdar S, Miller MD, Pollock BG, Rifai AH, Stack JA, George CJ, Houck PR, Kupfer DJ: Combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the acute and continuation treatment of elderly patients with recurrent major depression: a preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1687-1692
52. Christensen E: Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression. Hepatology 1987; 7:1346-1358
53. Fleiss JL: Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1981, pp 59-60
54. SAS: Statistical Analysis System. Cary, NC, SAS Institute, 1986
55. Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL: The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1980
56. Cochran SD: Compliance with lithium regimens in the outpatient treatment of bipolar affective disorders. J Compliance Health Care 1986; 1:153-170