Acute cerebral ischemic infarction: A pathophysiologic review and radiologic perspective

American Journal of Roentgenology

Volumn 171, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 73-84

  Beauchamp Jr , Norman J ^a   Bryan, R Nick ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

6,7 DICHLORO 5 NITRO 2,3 QUINOXALINEDIONE; ALTEPLASE; APTIGANEL; CITICOLINE; DICHLOROACETIC ACID; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1 ANTIBODY; LACTIC ACID; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; NIMODIPINE; OMEGA CONOTOXIN MVIIA; STREPTOKINASE; TIRILAZAD; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BLEEDING; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HUMAN; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STROKE;

EID: 2642608685     PISSN: 0361803X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2214/ajr.171.1.9648768     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke: the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study. JAMA 1995;274:1017-1025
2. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995;355:1581-1587
3. Plum F, Posner JB. The diagnosis of stupor and coma. Philadelphia: FA Davis, 1980
4. Astrup J, Siesjo BK, Symon L. Thresholds in cerebral ischemia - the ischemic penumbra. Stroke 1981;723-725
5. Castillo J, Davalos A, Noya M. Progression of ischaemic stroke and excitotoxic amino acids. Lancet 1997;349:79-83
6. Bryan RN, Levy LM, Whitlow WD, et al. Diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction: comparison of CT and MR imaging. AJNR 1991;12:611-620
7. Saunders DE, Howe FA, van den Boogaart A, McClean MA, Griffiths JR, Brown MM. Continuing ischemic damage after acute middle cerebral artery infarction in humans demonstrated by short echo proton spectroscopy. Stroke 1995;26: 1007-1013
8. Boysen G. Cerebral blood flow measurements as a safeguard during carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1971;2:1-10
9. Astrup J. Energy requiring cell function in the ischemic brain: their critical supply and possible inhibition in protective therapy. J Neurosurg 1982; 56:482-197
10. Collen D. On the regulation and control of fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 1980;43:77-89
11. Thompson AR, Harker LA. Manual of hemostasis and thrombosis. Philadelphia: Davis, 1983: 35-36
12. del Zoppo GJ. Reperfusion damage: the role of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte. In: Welch KMA, Caplan LR, Reis DJ, Siesjo BK, Weir B, eds. Primer on cerebrovascular diseases. San Diego: Academic Press, 1997:217-220
13. Plum F. What causes infarction in ischemic brain? Neurology 1983;33:222-233
14. Mori E, del Zoppo GJ, Chambers JD, Copeland B, Arfors KE. Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence suppresses no-reflow after focal cerebral ischemia in baboons. Stroke 1992; 23:712-718
15. Siesjo BK, Zhao Q, Pahlmark K, Siesjo P, Katsura K, Folbergrova J. Glutamate, calcium, and free radicals as mediators of ischemic brain damage. Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59:1316-20
16. Choi DW. Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1998;1:623-634
17. Beneviste H, Drejer J, Schousboe A, Diemer NH. Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in ral hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurochem 1984;43: 1369-1374
18. Sussman BJ, Fitch TS. Thrombolysis with fibrinolysis in cerebral arterial occlusion. JAMA 1958; 167:1705-1709
19. Wardlaw JM, Warlow CP. Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: does it work? Stroke 1992; 23:1826-1829
20. Levy DE, Brott TG, Haley EC, et al. Factors related to intracranial hematoma formation in patients receiving tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994;25:291-297
21. Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial - Italy (MAST-I) Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of streptokinase, aspirin, and combination of both in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Lancet 1995; 346: 1509-1514
22. The Multicenter Acute Stroke Trial - Europe Study Group. Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase in acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1996;335:145-150
23. Donnan GA, Davis SM, Chambers B, et al. Streptokinase for acute ischemic stroke with relationship to time of administration. JAMA 1996;276: 961-966
24. Hachinski V. Thrombolysis in stroke: between the promise and the peril (editorial, comment). JAMA 1996;276:995-996
25. Riggs JE. Tissue plasminogen activator should not be used in acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1996;53:1306-1308
26. Zhang RL, Chopp M, Jiang N, et al. Anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient but not permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the Wistar rats. Stroke 1995;26:1438-1443
27. Xue D, Slivka A, Buchn AM. Tirilazad reduces cortical infarction after transient but not permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 1992; 23:894-899
28. Miljanich GP, Ramachandran J. Antagonists of neuronal calcium channels: structure, function, and therapeutic implication. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1995;35:707-734
29. Park CK, Nehls DG, Graham DI, Teasdale GM, McCulloch J. The glutamate antagonist MK-801 reduces focal ischemic brain damage in the rat. Ann Neurol 1988;24:543-551
30. Koroshetz WJ, Moskowitz MA. Emerging treatments for stroke in humans. Top Pharmacol 1996; 17:227-234
31. Dorman PJ, Sandercock PAG. Considerations in the design of clinical trials of neuroprotective therapy in acute stroke. Stroke 1996;27:1507-1515
32. Kaste M, Fogelholm R, Erila T. A randomized double blind controlled trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic hemispheric stroke. Stroke 1994; 25:1348-1353
33. Chiu D, Drotta J. Current clinical status of cytoprotection. In: Welch KMA, Caplan LR, Reis DJ, Siesjo BK, Weir B, eds. Primer on cerebrovascular diseases. San Diego: Academic Press, 1997:731-737
34. Muir KW, Lees KR. Clinical experience with excitatory amino acid antagonist drugs. Stroke 1995;26: 503-513
35. McColloch J. Excitatory amino acid antagonists and their potential for the treatment of ischaemic brain damage in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34:106-114
36. Bowersox SS, Singh T, Luther RR. Selective blockade of N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels protects against brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1997;747:343-347
37. Argentino C, Sacchetti ML, Toni D, et al. GMI ganglioside therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1989;20:1143-1149
38. Hoffbrandt BI, Bingley PJ, Oppenheimer SM, Sheldon CD. Trial of ganglioside GMI in acute stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51: 1213-1214
39. American Nimodipine Study Group. Clinical trial of nimodipine in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992;23:3-8
40. Hommel M, Boissel JP, Cornu C, et al. Termination of trial of streptokinase in severe acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1995;345:578-579
41. Wroe SJ, Sandercock P, Bamford J, Dennis M, Slattery J, Warlow C. Diurnal variation in incidence of stroke: Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. Br Med J 1992;304:155-157
42. International Stroke Trial Pilot Study Collaborative Group. Study design of the international stroke trial (IST), baseline data, and outcome in 984 randomized patients in the pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60:371-376
43. Practice advisory: thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke - summary statement. Neurology 1996;47:835-839
44. Libman RB, Wirkowski E, Alvir J, Rao TH. Conditions that mimic stroke in the emergency department. Arch Neurol 1995;52:1119-1122
45. Kothari R, Barsan W, Brott T, Broderick J, Ashbrock S. Frequency and accuracy of prehospital diagnosis of acute stroke. Stroke 1995;26:937-941
46. Fisher M, Pessin MS, Furian AJ. ECASS: lessons for future thrombolytic stroke trials, European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (editorial). JAMA 1995;274:1058-1059
47. von Kummer R, Holle R, Gryska U, et al. Interobserver agreement in assessing early CT signs of middle cerebral artery infarction. AJNR 1995; 17:1743-1748
48. Ketley D, Woods KL. Impact of clinical trials on clinical practice: example of thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993;342: 891-894
49. De Haan R, Horn J, Limburg M, Van Der Meulen J, Bossuyt P. A comparison of five stroke scales with measures of disability, handicap and quality of life. Stroke 1993;24:1178-1181
50. del Zoppo GJ. Acute stroke: on the threshold of a therapy? N Engl J Med 1995;333:1632-1633
51. Yatsu FM, Yeakley JW, Fenstermacher MJ. The role of neuroimaging in acute ischemic stroke therapy. In: Amery WK, Bousser M-G, Clifford Rose F, eds. Clinical trial methodology in stroke. London: Balliere Tindall, 1989:75-90
52. Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Aubin ML, Vignard J, Laval-Jeantet M. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion in MR imaging. Radiology 1988;168:497-505
53. Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Mintorovitch J, et al. Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion and T2W MRI and spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1990;14:330-346
54. Oatridge A, Bydder GM. Contributions to contrast in diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain. In: Lebihan D, ed. Diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: applications to functional imaging. New York: Raven Press, 1995: 150-159
55. Stejskal EO, Tanner JE. Spin diffusion measurements. Spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 1965;42: 288-292
56. Ulug AM, Beauchamp NJ, Bryan RN, van Zijl PCM. Absolute quantitation of diffusion constants in human stroke. Stroke 1997;28:483-490
57. Welch KMA, Windham J, Knight RA, et al. A model to predict the histopathology of human stroke using diffusion and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 1995;26:1983-1989
58. Warach S, Moseley M, Sorenson AG, Koroshetz W. Time course of diffusion imaging abnormalities in human stroke. Stroke 1996;27:1254-1256
59. Detre JA, Williams DS, Zhang W, Roberts DA, Leigh JS, Koretsky AP. Noninvasive perfusion MR imaging using spin labeling of arterial water. In: Lebihan D, ed. Diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: applications to functional imaging. New York: Raven Press, 1995:296-305
60. Edelman RR, Mattle HP, Atkinson DJ, et al. Cerebral blood flow: assessment with dynamic contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1990;176:211-220
61. Barker PB, Gillard JH, van Zijl PCM, et al. Acute stroke: evaluation with serial proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1994;192:723-732
62. Duyn JH, Frank JA, Moonen CTW. Incorporation of lactate measurements in multi-spin-echo proton spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 1995;33:101-107
63. Patel MR, Edelman RR, Warach S. Detection of hyperacute primary hemorrhage by magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 1996;27:2321-2324
64. Graham GD, Kalvach P, Blamire AM, Brass LM, Fayad PB, Prichard JW. Clinical correlates of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings after acute cerebral infarction. Stroke 1995;26: 225-229
65. Gillard JH, Barker PB, vanZijl PCM, Bryan RN, Oppenheimer SM. Proton MR spectroscopy in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. AJNR 1996; 17:873-886