Patterns of risk and trajectories of preschool problem behaviors: A person-oriented analysis of attachment in context

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 349-384

  Keller, Thomas E ^a   Spieker, Susan J ^b   Gilchrist, Lewayne ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD GROWTH; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COMPETENCE; CONDUCT DISORDER; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; EMOTIONALITY; FAMILY LIFE; FEMALE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; MENTAL STRESS; MOTHER CHILD RELATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SATISFACTION; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF ESTEEM; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SOCIALIZATION; VALIDATION PROCESS; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; FOSTER HOME CARE; HUMANS; MALE; MATERNAL BEHAVIOR; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 25844474075     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579405050170     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parent Stress Index - Short form. Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
3. Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2-3 and 1992 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
4. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1981). Behavior problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four to sixteen. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46(Serial No. 188).
5. Agresti, A. (1990). Categorical data analysis. New York: Wiley.
6. Aguilar, B., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (2000). Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 109-132.
7. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Aldenderfer, M. S., & Blashfield, R. K. (1984). Cluster analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
9. Anderberg, M. R. (1973). Cluster analysis for applications. New York: Academic Press.
10. Arend, R., Gove, F. L., & Sroufe, L. A. (1979). Continuity of individual adaptation from infancy to kindergarten: A predictive study of ego-resiliency and curiosity in preschoolers. Child Development, 50, 950-959.
11. Azar, S. T., Robinson, D. R., Hekimian, E., & Twentyman, C. T. (1984). Unrealistic expectations and problem-solving ability in maltreating and comparison mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 687-691.
12. Azar, S. T., & Rohrbeck, C. A. (1986). Child abuse and unrealistic expectations: Further validation of the Parent Opinion Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 867-868.
13. Azar, S. T., & Twentyman, C. T. (1986). Cognitive behavioral perspectives on the assessment and treatment of child abuse. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5, pp. 237). New York: Academic Press.
14. Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, J. (1978). Youth in transition, Vol. 4: Adolescence to adulthood - Change and stability in the lives of young men. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
15. Baker, P. C., & Mott, F. L. (1989). NLSY child handbook 1989. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, Center for Human Resource Research.
16. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van lJzendoorn, M. V., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 195-215.
17. Barnard, K. E. (1979). Instructor's learning resource manual. Seattle, WA: NCAST, University of Washington.
18. Bates, J. E., Maslin, C. A., & Frankel, K. A. (1985). Attachment security, mother-child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior-problem ratings at age three years. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2, Serial No. 209), 167-193.
19. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(1, Pt. 2).
20. Belsky, J., & Fearon, R. M. P. (2002). Infant-mother attachment security, contextual risk, and early development: A moderational analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 293-310.
21. Belsky, J., Hsieh, K., & Crnic, K. (1998). Mothering, fathering, and infant negativity as antecedents of boys' externalizing problems and inhibition at age 3: Differential susceptibility to rearing influence? Development and Psychopathology, 10, 301-319.
22. Bergman, L. R., & El-Khouri, B. (1987). Exacon: A Fortran 77 program for the exact analysis of single cells in a contingency table. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 155.
23. Bergman, L. R., & El-Khouri, B. M. (1998). SLEIPNER: A statistical package for pattern-oriented analyses, V 2.0. Stockholm: Stockholm University Department of Psychology.
24. Bergman, L. R., & Magnusson, D. (1997). A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 291-319.
25. Booth, C. L., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Rubin, K. H. (1991). Relating preschoolers' social competence and their mothers' parenting behaviors to early attachment security and high-risk status. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 363-382.
26. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
27. Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2, Serial No. 209).
28. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513-531.
29. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (5th ed., pp. 993-1023). New York: Wiley.
30. Brooks-Gunn, J., & Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. (1986). The children of adolescent mothers: Physical, academic, and psychological outcomes. Developmental Review, 6, 224-251.
31. Burgess, K. B., Marshall, P. J., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2003). Infant attachment and temperament as predictors of subsequent externalizing problems and cardiac physiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 819-831.
32. Caldwell, B. M., & Bradley, R. H. (1984). Manual for the Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment. Little Rock, AK: University of Arkansas Press.
33. Campbell, S. B. (1995). Behavior problems in preschool children: A review of recent research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 113-149.
34. Campbell, S. B., Shaw, D. S., & Gilliom, M. (2000). Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 467-488.
35. Carlson, E. A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development, 69, 1107-1128.
36. Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995). Contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 581-617). New York: Wiley.
37. Carter, A. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Jones, S. M., & Little, T. D. (2003). The Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 495-514.
38. Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial No. 240), 228-249.
39. Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994).Tbe insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research. Child Development, 65, 971-981.
40. Cassidy, J., Kirsh, S. J., Scolton, K.-L., & Parke, R.-D. (1996). Attachment and representations of peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 32, 892-904.
41. Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. J. (1995). Perspectives on developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 3-20). New York: Wiley.
42. Cicchetti, D., Cummings, E. M., Greenberg, M. T., & Marvin, R. S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 3-49). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. Cicchetti, D., & Richters, J. (1993). Developmental considerations in the investigation of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 331-344.
44. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597-600.
45. Cicchetti, D., Toth, S. L., Bush, M. A., & Gillespie, J. F. (1988). Stage-salient issues: A transactional model of intervention. In E. D. Nannis & P. A. Cowan (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology and its treatment. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
46. Coddington, R. D. (1972). The significance of life events as etiologic factors in the diseases of children: II. A study of normal populations. Journal of Psychometric Research, 16, 205-213.
47. Coie, J. D., Watt, N. F., West, S. G., Hawkins, J. D., Asarnow, J. R., Markman, H. J., Ramey, S. L., Shure, M. B., & Long, B. (1993). The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. American Psychologist, 48, 1013-1022.
48. Coley, R. L., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (1998). Adolescent pregnancy and parenthood: Recent evidence and future directions. American Psychologist, 53, 152-166.
49. Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-proces sing mechanisms in children's social development. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101.
50. Crittenden, P. M. (1992). Quality of attachment in the preschool years. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 209-241.
51. Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496.
52. Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1998). Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: Group and individual differences. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 469-493.
53. Dishion, T. J., French, D. C., & Patterson, G. R. (1995). The development and ecology of antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation. New York: Wiley.
54. Dodge, K. A. (1993). Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 559-584.
55. Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired and chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 37-51.
56. Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincon, C., & Freitas, A. L. (1998). Rejection sensitivity and children's interpersonal difficulties. Child Development, 69, 1074-1091.
57. Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., Strycker, L. A., Li, F., & Alpert, A. (1999). An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1992). Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 14. Emotion and social behavior (pp. 119-150). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
59. Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 147-166.
60. Fagot, B. I., & Kavanagh, K. (1990). The prediction of antisocial behavior from avoidant attachment classifications. Child Development, 61, 864-873.
61. Field, T., Widmayer, S., Adler, S., & De Cubas, M. (1990). Teenage parenting in different cultures, family constellations, and caregiving environments: Effects on infant development. Infant Mental Health Journal, 11, 158-174.
62. Garcia Coll, C. G., Hoffman, J., & Oh, W. (1987). The social ecology and early parenting of Caucasian adolescent mothers. Child Development, 58, 955-963.
63. Goldberg, S. (1997). Attachment and childhood behavior problems in normal, at-risk, and clinical samples. In L. Atkinson & K. J. Zucker (Eds.), Attachment and psychopathology (pp. 171-195). New York: Guilford Press.
64. Goldberg, S., Gotowiec, A., & Simmons, R. J. (1995). Infant-mother attachment and behavior problems in healthy and chronically ill preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 267-282.
65. Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 469-496). New York: Guilford Press.
66. Greenberg, M. T., DeKlyen, M., Speltz, M. L., & Endriga, M. C. (1997). The role of attachment processes in externalizing psychopathology in young children. In L. Atkinson & K. J. Zucker (Eds.), Attachment and psychopathology (pp. 196-222). New York: Guilford Press.
67. Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., & DeKlyen, M. (1993). The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 191-213.
68. Greenberg, M. T., Speltz, M. L., DeKlyen, M., & Jones, K. (2001). Correlates of clinic referral for early conduct problems: Variable- and person-oriented approaches, Development and Psychopathology, 13, 255-276.
69. Hinshaw, S. P., Lahey, B. B., & Hart, E. L. (1993). Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 31-49.
70. Huberty, C. J., DiStefano, C., & Kamphaus, R. W. (1997). Behavioral clustering of school children. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32, 105-134.
71. Kalmuss, D., Davidson, A., & Cushman, L. (1992). Parenting expectations, experiences and the transition to parenthood: A test of the violated expectations model. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 516-526.
72. Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95-113.
73. Keller, T. E., Gilchrist, L., & Spieker, S. J. (2000). Disrupted relationships: Prolonged separations between adolescent mothers and their children in the first three years of life. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington.
74. Kerr, M., Tremblay, R. E., Pagani, L., & Vitaro, F. (1997). Boys' behavioral inhibition and the risk of later delinquency. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 809-816.
75. Lahey, B. B., Waldman, I. D., & McBurnett, K. (1999). Annotation: The development of antisocial behavior: An integrative causal model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 669-682.
76. Lengua, L. J., West, S. G., & Sandler, I. (1998). Temperament as a predictor of symptomatology in children: Addressing contamination of measures. Child Development, 69, 164-181.
77. Lewis, M., Feiring, C., McGuffog, C., & Jaskir, J. (1984). Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Development, 55, 126-136.
78. Lewis, R. J., Dlugokinski, E. L., Caputo, L. M., & Griffin, R. B. (1988). Children at risk for emotional disorders: Risk and resource dimensions. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 417-440.
79. Li, F., Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., & Acock, A. (2001). Latent growth modeling of longitudinal data: A finite growth mixture modeling approach. Structural Equation Modeling, 8, 493-530.
80. Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley.
81. Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371-410.
82. Loeber, R., & Keenan, K. (1994). Interactions between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 497-523.
83. Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 64-73.
84. Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. (1993). Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom. Child Development, 64, 572-585.
85. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
86. Magnusson, D. (1995). Individual development: A holistic, integrated model. In P. Moen, G. H. Elder, Jr., & K. Luscher (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 19-60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
87. Magnusson, D. (1998). The logic and implications of a person-oriented approach. In R. B. Cairns, L. R. Bergman, & J. Kagan (Eds.), Methods and models for studying the individual (pp. 33-63). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
88. Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 415-426.
89. Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents' unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161-182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
90. Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg & D. Cicchetti & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 121-160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
91. Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674-701.
92. Munson, J. A., McMahon, R. J., & Spieker, S. J. (2001). Structure and variability in the developmental trajectory of children's externalizing problems: Impact of infant attachment, maternal depressive symptomatology, and child sex. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 277-296.
93. Muthén, B. (2001). Second-generation structural equation modeling with a combination of categorical and continuous latent variables: New opportunities for latent class/latent growth modeling. In L. Collins & A. Sayer (Eds.), New methods for the analysis of change (pp. 291-322). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
94. Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. K. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 882-891.
95. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus user's guide. Los Angeles: Author.
96. Osofsky, J. D., Hann, D. M., & Peebles, C. (1993). Adolescent parenthood: Risks and opportunities for mothers and infants. In C. H. Zeanah, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (pp. 106-119). New York: Guilford Press.
97. Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D., & Bank, L. (1991). An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 139-168). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
98. Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329-335.
99. Pianta, R. C. (Ed.). (1992). Beyond the parent: The role of other adults in children's lives. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
100. Radke-Yarrow, M., McCann, K., DeMulder, E., Belmont, B., Martinez, P., & Richardson, D. T. (1995). Attachment in the context of high-risk conditions. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 247-265.
101. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
102. Radloff, L. S. (1991). The use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 149-166.
103. Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111-163.
104. Reid, J. B. (1993). Prevention of conduct disorder before and after school entry: Relating interventions to developmental findings. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 243-262.
105. Renken, B., Egeland, B., Marvinney, D., Mangelsdorf, S., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Early childhood antecedents of aggression and passive-withdrawal in early elementary school. Journal of Personality, 57, 257-281.
106. Richters, J. E., & Saltzman, W. (1990). Survey of exposure to community violence: Self report version. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
107. Roberts, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1991). Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 58-66.
108. Robins, L. N. (1991). Conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 193-212.
109. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
110. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley.
111. Rothbaum, F., & Weisz, J. R. (1994). Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 55-74.
112. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611.
113. Rutter, M. (1990). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. In J. Rolf, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. H. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
114. Rutter, M. (1995). Clinical implications of attachment concepts: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36, 549-571.
115. Rutter, M., Cox, A., Tupling, C., Berger, M., & Yule, W. (1975). Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas: 1. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 493-509.
116. Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., & Bartko, W. T. (1997). Environmental perspectives on adaptation during childhood and adolescence. In S. S. Luthar & J. A. Burack (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment, risk, and disorder (pp. 507-526). New York: Cambridge University Press.
117. Sanson, A., Oberklaid, F., Pedlow, R., & Prior, M. (1991). Risk indicators: Assessment of infancy predictors of pre-school behavioural maladjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 609-626.
118. Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
119. Seattle-King County Department of Public Health. (1998, May). Epidemiology, planning and evaluation. Seattle, WA: Author.
120. Seifer, R., Sameroff, A. J., Barrett, L. C., & Krafchuk, E. (1994). Infant temperament measured by multiple observations and mother report. Child Development, 64, 1478-1490.
121. Shaw, D. S., Gilliom, M., Ingoldsby, E. M., & Nagin, D. S. (2003). Trajectories leading to school-age conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 189-200.
122. Shaw, D. S., Owens, E. B., Vondra, J. I., Keenan, K., & Winslow, E. B. (1996). Early risk factors and pathways in the development of early disruptive behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 679-700.
123. Shaw, D. S., & Vondra, J. I. (1995). Infant attachment security and maternal predictors of early behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low-income families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 335-357.
124. Shaw, D. S., Vondra, J. I., Hommerding, K. D., & Keenan, K., Dunn, M. (1994). Chronic family adversity and early child behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low income families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35, 1109-1122.
125. Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E. B., Owens, E. B., & Hood, N. (1998). Young children's adjustment to chronic family adversity: A longitudinal study of low-income families. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 545-553.
126. Solomon, J., & George, C. (1999). The measurement of attachment security in infancy and childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 287-316). New York: Guilford Press.
127. Spieker, S. J., & Bensley, L. (1994). Roles of living arrangements and grandmother social support in adolescent mothering and infant attachment. Developmental Psychology, 30, 102-111.
128. Spieker, S. J., Larson, N. C., Lewis, S. M., Keller, T. E., & Gilchrist, L. (1999). Developmental trajectories of disruptive behavior problems in preschool children of adolescent mothers. Child Development, 70, 443-458.
129. Spieker, S. J., Larson, N. C., Lewis, S. M., White, R. D., & Gilchrist, L. (1997). Children of adolescent mothers: Cognitive and behavioral status at age six. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 14, 335-364.
130. Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Psychopathology as an outcome of development. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 251-268.
131. Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. (1999). Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 1-13.
132. Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 54, 17-29.
133. Stattin, H., & Magnusson, D. (1996). Antisocial development: A holistic approach. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 617-645.
134. Stormshak, E. A., Bierman, K. L., & the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (1998). The implications of different developmental patterns of disruptive behavior problems for school adjustment. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 451-467.
135. Straus, M. A. (1974). Leveling, civility and violence in the family. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 36, 13-29. [addendum, pp. 442-445]
136. Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 75-88.
137. Straus, M. A., & Hamby, S. L. (1997). Measuring physical and psychological maltreatment of children with the Conflict Tactics Scale. In G. K. Kantor & J. L. Jasinski (Eds.), Out of darkness: Contemporary perspectives on family violence (pp. 119-135). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
138. Suess, G. J., Grossman, K. E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Effects of infant attachment to mother and father on quality of adaptation in preschool: From dyadic to individual organisation of self. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15, 43-65.
139. Teti, D. M. (1999). Conceptualizations of disorganization in the preschool years: An integration. In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disorganization (pp. 213-242). New York: Guilford Press.
140. Thompson, R., Lamb, M., & Estes, D. (1983). Stability of infant-mother attachment and its relationship to changing life circumstances in an unselected middle-class sample. Child Development, 53, 144-148.
141. Tremblay, R. E., LeMarquand, D., & Vitaro, F. (1999). The prevention of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 525-555). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
142. van IJzendoorn, M. V., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225-249.
143. Vaughn, B., Egeland, B., Sroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. (1979). Individual differences in infant-mother attachment at twelve and eighteen months: Stability and change in families under stress. Child Development, 50, 971-975.
144. Ward, M. J., & Carlson, E. A. (1995). Associations among adult attachment representations, maternal sensitivity, and infant-mother attachment in a sample of adolescent mothers. Child Development, 66, 69-79.
145. Wilcox, H., Field, T., Prodromidis, M., & Scafidi, F. (1998). Correlations between the BDI and CES-D in a sample of adolescent mothers. Adolescence, 33, 565-574.
146. Youngstrom, E., Izard, C., & Ackerman, B. (1999). Dysphoria-related bias in maternal ratings of children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 905-916.
147. Zeanah, C. H., Boris, N. W., & Larrieu, J. A. (1997). Infant development and developmental risk: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 165-178.