OT constraints are categorical

Phonology

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 75-138

  McCarthy, John J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 25644454779     PISSN: 09526757     EISSN: 14698188     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0952675703004470     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (184)

1. Akinlabi, Akinbiyi (1996). Featural affixation. JL 32. 239-289
2. Alber, Birgit (1998). Stress preservation in German loan-words. In Wolfgang Kehrein & Richard Wiese (eds.) Phonology and morphology of the Germanic languages. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 113-141
3. Archangeli, Diana & Douglas Pulleyblank (1994a). Kinande vowel harmony: domains, grounded conditions, and one-sided alignment. Ms, University of Arizona & University of British Columbia
4. Archangeli, Diana & Douglas Pulleyblank (1994b). Grounded phonology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
5. Aronoff, Mark, Azhar Arsyad, Hasan Basri & Ellen Broselow (1987). Tier configuration in Makassarese reduplication. CLS 23:2. 1-15
6. Austin, Peter (1981). A grammar of Diyari, South Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
7. Baković, Eric (1998). Unbounded stress and factorial typology. In Ron Artstein & Madeleine Holler (eds.) RuLing Papers 1: Working Papers from Rutgers University. New Brunswick: Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University. 15-28. Reprinted in McCarthy (2003b). 202-214
8. Baković, Eric (2000). Harmony, dominance, and control. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University. Available as ROA-360 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
9. Baković, Eric & Colin Wilson (2000). Transparency, strict locality, and targeted constraints. WCCFL 19. 43-56
10. Banksira, Degif Petros (1997). The sound system of Chaha. PhD dissertation, UQAM
11. Bat-El, Outi (1996). Selecting the best of the worst: the grammar of Hebrew blends. Phonology 13. 283-328
12. Beckman, Jill, Laura Walsh Dickey & Suzanne Urbanczyk (eds.) (1995). Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: GLSA
13. Benua, Laura (1997). Transderivational identity: phonological relations between words. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
14. Published 2000 as Phonological relations between words. New York: Garland
15. Blevins, Juliette (1992). Review of Halle & Vergnaud (1987). Lg 68. 159-165
16. Boersma, Paul (1998). Functional phonology: formalizing the interactions between articulatory and perceptual drives. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics
17. Bonet, Eulália, Maria-Rosa Lloret & Joan Mascaró (2003). Phonology-morphology conflicts in gender allomorphy: a unified approach. Handout of paper presented at the 2003 GLOW colloquium, Lund
18. Broselow, Ellen (1982). On predicting the interaction of stress and epenthesis. Glossa 16. 115-132
19. Broselow, Ellen & John McCarthy (1983). A theory of internal reduplication. The Linguistic Review 3. 25-88
20. Buckley, Eugene (1994). Persistent and cumulative extrametricality in Kashaya. NLLT 12. 423-464
21. Buckley, Eugene (1997). Explaining Kashaya infixation. BLS 23. 14-25
22. Buckley, Eugene (1998). Alignment in Manam stress. LI 29. 475-496
23. Carlson, Katy (1998). Reduplication and sonority in Nakanai and Nuxalk. Proceedings of the Eastern States Conference on Linguistics 14. 23-33
24. Carpenter, Angela (2002). Noncontiguous metathesis and adjacency. In Carpenter et al. (2002). 1-26
25. Carpenter, Angela, Andries Coetzee & Paul de Lacy (eds.) (2002). Papers in Optimality Theory II. Amherst: GLSA
26. Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
27. Cohn, Abigail (1989). Stress in Indonesian and bracketing paradoxes. NLLT 7. 167-216
28. Cohn, Abigail (1992). The consequences of dissimilation in Sundanese. Phonology 9. 199-220
29. Cohn, Abigail & John J. McCarthy (1994). Alignment and parallelism in Indonesian phonology. Published 1998 in Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory 12. 53-137
30. Cole, Jennifer & Charles Kisseberth (1995). Nasal harmony in Optimal Domains Theory. Ms, University of Illinois. Available as ROA-49 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
31. Crowhurst, Megan (1996). An optimal alternative to Conflation. Phonology 13. 409-424
32. Crowhurst, Megan & Mark Hewitt (1995). Directional footing, degeneracy, and alignment. NELS 25. 47-61
33. Crowhurst, Megan & Mark Hewitt (1997). Boolean operations and constraint interactions in Optimality Theory. Ms, University of North Carolina & Brandeis University. Available as ROA-229 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
34. Dekkers, Joost, Frank van der Leeuw & Jeroen van de Weijer (eds.) (2000). Optimality Theory: phonology, syntax, and acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
35. de Lacy, Paul (1998). Sympathetic stress. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-294 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
36. de Lacy, Paul (1999). Circumscriptive morphemes and haplologizing reduplicants. In Catherine Kitto & Carolyn Smallwood (eds.) Proceedings of AFLA VI: The 6th Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association. Toronto: Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto. 107-120
37. de Lacy, Paul (2002). The formal expression of markedness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-542 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
38. Eisner, Jason (1999). Doing OT in a straitjacket. Ms, UCLA. Available July 2003 at http://www.cs.jhu.edu/jason/papers/#ucla99
39. Elenbaas, Nine & René Kager (1999). Ternary rhythm and the Lapse constraint. Phonology 16. 273-329
40. Ellison, Mark T. (1994). Phonological derivation in Optimality Theory. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING). Kyoto. 1007-1013
41. Fitzgerald, Colleen M. (1997). O'odham rhythms. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona. Available as ROA-190 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
42. Franks, Steven (1989). The monosyllabic head effect. NLLT 7. 551-563
43. Fulmer, Lee S. (1997). Parallelism and planes in Optimality Theory: evidence from Afar. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona. Available as ROA-189 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
44. Gafos, Diamandis (1996). The articulatory basis of locality in phonology. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University
45. Gafos, Diamandis (1998). Eliminating long-distance consonantal spreading. NLLT 16. 223-278
46. Goldsmith, John (1990). Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Oxford & Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell
47. Gordon, Matthew (2002). A factorial typology of quantity-insensitive stress. NLLT 20. 491-552
48. Gouskova, Maria (2001). Split scrambling: barriers as violable constraints. In Graham Horwood & Se-Kyung Kim (eds.) RuLing Papers II: Working Papers from Rutgers University. New Brunswick: Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University. 49-82
49. Gouskova, Maria (2003). Economy of representation in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
50. Green, Thomas & Michael Kenstowicz (1995). The Lapse constraint. Ms, MIT. Available as ROA-101 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
51. Grimshaw, Jane (2001). Optimal clitic positions and the lexicon in Romance clitic systems. In Géraldine Legendre, Jane Grimshaw & Sten Vikner (eds.) Optimality-theoretic syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 205-240
52. Hale, Kenneth & Abanel Lacayo Blanco (1989). Diccionario elemental del Ulwa (Sumu meridional). Cambridge, Mass.: Center for Cognitive Science, MIT
53. Halle, Morris (1973). Stress rules in English: a new version. LI 4. 451-464
54. Halle, Morris (2001). Infixation versus onset metathesis in Tagalog, Chamorro, and Toba Batak. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.) Ken Hale: a life in language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 153-168
55. Halle, Morris & Michael Kenstowicz (1991). The Free Element Condition and cyclic versus noncyclic stress. LI 22. 457-501
56. Halle, Morris & Jean-Roger Vergnaud (1978). Metrical structures in phonology. Ms, MIT
57. Halle, Morris & Jean-Roger Vergnaud (1987). An essay on stress. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
58. Hamano, Shoko (1986). The sound-symbolic system of Japanese. PhD dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville
59. Hammond, Michael (1986). The obligatory-branching parameter in metrical theory. NLLT 4. 185-228
60. Hammond, Michael (1989). Lexical stresses in Macedonian and Polish. Phonology 6. 19-38
61. Harms, Robert T. (1981). A backwards metrical approach to Cairo Arabic stress. Linguistic Analysis 7. 429-450
62. Harrikari, Heli (1999). The gradient OCP - tonal evidence from Swedish. Ms, University of Helsinki. Available as ROA-355 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
63. Harris, James W. (1983). Syllable structure and stress in Spanish: a nonlinear analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
64. Hayes, Bruce (1980). A metrical theory of stress rules. PhD dissertation, MIT. Published 1985, New York: Garland
65. Hayes, Bruce (1995). Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
66. Hetzron, Robert & Habte Mariam Marcos (1966). Des traits pertinents superposés en ennemor. Journal of Ethiopian Studies 4. 17-30
67. Hooper [Bybee], Joan (1976). An introduction to natural generative phonology. New York: Academic Press
68. Horwood, Graham (to appear). Relational faithfulness. PhD dissertation, Rutgers University
69. Hudson, Grover (1974). The representation of non-productive alteration. In John M. Anderson & Charles Jones (eds.) Historical linguistics. Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North Holland. 203-229
70. Hume, Elizabeth (1998). Metathesis in phonological theory: the case of Leti. Lingua 104. 147-186
71. Hung, Henrietta (1994). The rhythmic and prosodic organisation of edge constituents. PhD dissertation, Brandeis University. Available as ROA-24 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
72. Inkelas, Sharon (1989). Prosodic constituency in the lexicon. PhD dissertation, Stanford University. Published 1990, New York: Garland
73. Johnston, Raymond Leslie (1980). Nakanai of New Britain: the grammar of an Oceanic language. Canberra: Australian National University
74. Kager, René (1993). Alternatives to the iambic-trochaic law. NLLT 11. 381-432
75. Kager, René (1996). On affix allomorphy and syllable counting. In Ursula Kleinhenz (ed.) Interfaces in phonology. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 155-171
76. Kager, René (1999). Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
77. Kager, René (2000). Stem stress and peak correspondence in Dutch. In Dekkers et al. (2000). 121-150
78. Kager, René (2001). Rhythmic directionality by positional licensing. Paper presented at the 5th HIL Phonology Conference, University of Potsdam. Handout available as ROA-514 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
79. Karttunen, Lauri (1998). The proper treatment of optimality in computational phonology. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Finite State Methods in Natural Language Processing. Ankara: Bilkent University. 1-12
80. Kaun, Abigail (1995). The typology of rounding harmony: an Optimality Theoretic approach. PhD dissertation, UCLA. Available as ROA-227 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
81. Kenstowicz, Michael (1980). Notes on Cairene Arabic syncope. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 10. 39-54
82. Kenstowicz, Michael (1994). Syllabification in Chukchee: a constraints-based analysis. In Alice Davison, Nicole Maier, Glaucia Silva & Wan Su Yan (eds.) Proceedings of the Formal Linguistics Society of Mid-America 4. Iowa City: Department of Linguistics, University of Iowa. 160-181
83. Kenstowicz, Michael (1996). Base-Identity and Uniform Exponence: alternatives to cyclicity. In Jacques Durand & Bernard Laks (eds.) Current trends in phonology: models and methods. Salford: ESRI. 363-393
84. Kenstowicz, Michael (1997). Uniform exponence: exemplification and extension. In Viola Miglio & Bruce Morén (eds.) University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics 5. Selected Phonology Papers from the Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop 1997/University of Maryland Mayfest 1997. 139-155
85. Kirchner, Robert (1993). Turkish vowel harmony and disharmony: an Optimality Theoretic account. Ms, UCLA. Available as ROA-4 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
86. Kirchner, Robert (1996). Synchronic chain shifts in Optimality Theory. LI 27. 341-350
87. Klein, Thomas (2002). Infixation and segmental constraint effects: UM and IN in Tagalog, Chamorro, and Toba Batak. Ms, University of Manchester. Available as ROA-535 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
88. Legendre, Géraldine (1999). Morphological and prosodic alignment at work: the case of South Slavic clitics. WCCFL 17. 436-450
89. Legendre, Géraldine (2000). Morphological and prosodic alignment of Bulgarian clitics. In Dekkers et al. (2000). 151-189
90. Legendre, Géraldine, Paul Smolensky & Colin Wilson (1998). When is less more? Faithfulness and minimal links in wh-chains. In Pilar Barbosa, Danny Fox, Paul Hagstrom, Martha McGinnis & David Pesetsky (eds.) Is the best good enough? Optimality and competition in syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 249-289
91. Leslau, Wolf (1950). Ethiopic documents: Gurage. New York: Viking Fund
92. Leslau, Wolf (1967). The impersonal in Chaha. In To honor Roman Jakobson. Vol. 2. The Hague: Mouton. 1150-1162
93. Leslau, Wolf (1979). Etymological dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
94. Li, Zhiqiang (2002). Intonational structure in Chaha: declaratives, interrogatives and focus. Ms, MIT
95. Liberman, Mark & Alan Prince (1977). On stress and linguistic rhythm. LI 8. 249-336
96. Lieber, Rochelle (1987). An integrated theory of autosegmental processes. Albany: SUNY Press
97. Lombardi, Linda (1999). Positional faithfulness and voicing assimilation in Optimality Theory. NLLT 17. 267-302
98. Lombardi, Linda (2001a). Why Place and Voice are different: constraint-specific alternations in Optimality Theory. In Lombardi (2001b). 13-45
99. Lombardi, Linda (ed.) (2001b). Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory: constraints and representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
100. McCarthy, John J. (1979). On stress and syllabification. LI 10. 443-465
101. McCarthy, John J. (1983). Consonantal morphology in the Chaha verb. WCCFL 2. 176-188
102. McCarthy, John J. (1994). On coronal 'transparency'. Handout of paper presented to TREND, Santa Cruz
103. McCarthy, John J. (1998). Morpheme structure constraints and paradigm occultation. CLS 32:2. 123-150
104. McCarthy, John J. (2000a). Faithfulness and prosodic circumscription. In Dekkers et al. (2000). 151-189
105. McCarthy, John J. (2000b). The prosody of phase in Rotuman. NLLT 18. 147-197
106. McCarthy, John J. (2002a). Comparative markedness. In Carpenter et al. (2002). 171-246
107. McCarthy, John J. (2002b). A thematic guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
108. McCarthy, John J. (2003a). Comparative markedness. Theoretical Linguistics 29. 1-51
109. McCarthy, John J. (ed.) (2003b). Optimality Theory in phonology: a reader. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell
110. McCarthy, John & Alan Prince (1986). Prosodic morphology. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Brandeis University. (See also McCarthy & Prince 1996.)
111. McCarthy, John J. & Alan Prince (1990). Foot and word in prosodic morphology: the Arabic broken plural. NLLT 8. 209-283
112. McCarthy, John J. & Alan Prince (1993a). Generalized alignment. Yearbook of Morphology 1993. 79-153
113. McCarthy, John J. & Alan Prince (1993b). Prosodic Morphology: constraint interaction and satisfaction. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Rutgers University. Available as ROA-482 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
114. McCarthy, John J. & Alan Prince (1994). The emergence of the unmarked: optimality in prosodic morphology. NELS 24. 333-379
115. McCarthy, John & Alan Prince (1995). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In Beckman et al. (1995). 249-384
116. McCarthy, John & Alan Prince (1996). Prosodic morphology 1986. (Revised version of McCarthy & Prince 1986.) Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Brandeis University. Available July 2003 at http://ling.rutgers.edu/gamma/pm86all.pdf
117. McCarthy, John J. & Alan Prince (1999). Faithfulness and identity in Prosodic Morphology. In René Kager, Harry van der Hulst & Wim Zonneveld (eds.) The prosody-morphology interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 218-309
118. MacEachern, Margaret (1999). Laryngeal cooccurrence restrictions. New York: Garland. Revision of 1997 UCLA PhD dissertation
119. Marsack, C. C. (1962). Teach yourself Samoan. London: Hodder & Stoughton
120. Merchant, Jason (1994). A note on the typology of Alignment: gradient vs. categorical violation. Ms, UCSC. Available July 2003 at http://home.uchicago. edu/merchant/manuscripts.html
121. Merchant, Jason (1995). MCat-PCat alignment and cyclic stress domains. Ms, UCSC
122. Mester, Armin (1994). The quantitative trochee in Latin. NLLT 12. 1-61
123. Mester, Armin & Junko Itô (1989). Feature predictability and underspecification: palatal prosody in Japanese mimetics. Lg 65. 258-293
124. Mester, Armin & Jaye Padgett (1994). Directional syllabification in Generalized Alignment. In Jason Merchant, Jaye Padgett & Rachel Walker (eds.) Phonology at Santa Cruz 3. Santa Cruz: Linguistics Research Center. 79-85
125. Myers, Scott (1987). Tone and the structure of words in Shona. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
126. Myers, Scott (1997). OCP effects in Optimality Theory. NLLT 15. 847-892
127. Myers, Scott & Troi Carleton (1996). Tonal transfer in Chichewa. Phonology 13. 39-72
128. Nelson, Diane & Ida Toivonen (2001). Counting and the grammar: case and numerals in Inari Sami. In Diane Nelson & Paul Foulkes (eds.) Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics. 179-192
129. Nespor, Marina & Irene Vogel (1989). On clashes and lapses. Phonology 6. 69-116
130. Ní Chiosáin, Máire & Jaye Padgett (2001). Markedness, segment realization, and locality in spreading. In Lombardi (2001b). 118-156
131. Noske, Manuela (1999). Deriving cyclicity: syllabification and final devoicing in German. The Linguistic Review 16. 226-252
132. Noyer, Rolf (1993). Mobile affixes in Huave: optimality and morphological wellformedness. WCCFL 12. 67-82
133. Ohala, Manjari (1977). Stress in Hindi. In Larry Hyman (ed.) Studies in stress and accent. Los Angeles: Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California. 327-338
134. Orgun, C. Orhan & Ronald Sprouse (1999). From MPARSE to CONTROL: deriving ungrammaticality. Phonology 16. 191-220
135. Padgett, Jaye (1995a). Feature classes. In Beckman et al. (1995). 385-420
136. Padgett, Jaye (1995b). Partial class behavior and nasal place assimilation. In Keiichiro Suzuki & Dirk Elzinga (eds.) Proceedings of the 1995 Southwestern Workshop on Optimality Theory (SWOT). Tucson: Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona. 145-183
137. Reprinted in McCarthy (2003b). 379-393
138. Padgett, Jaye (2002). Feature classes in phonology. Lg 78. 81-110
139. Parker, Steve (1997). An OT account of laryngealization in Cuzco Quechua. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota 41. 1-11. Available July 2003 at http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/wp/ 1997 parker.pdf
140. Parker, Steve & David Weber (1996). Glottalized and aspirated stops in Cuzco Quechua. IJAL 62. 70-85
141. Pater, Joe (2000). Non-uniformity in English secondary stress: the role of ranked and lexically specific constraints. Phonology 17. 237-274
142. Payne, David L. (1981). The phonology and morphology of Axininca Campa. Arlington, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics
143. Peperkamp, Sharon (1997). Prosodic words. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics
144. Piggott, Glyne L. (2000). Against featural alignment. JL 36. 85-129
145. Poser, William (1982). Phonological representations and action-at-a-distance. In Harry van der Hulst & Norval Smith (eds.) The structure of phonological representations. Part 2. Dordrecht: Foris. 121-158
146. Poser, William (1989). The metrical foot in Diyari. Phonology 6. 117-148
147. Potts, Christopher & Geoffrey K. Pullum (2002). Model theory and the content of OT constraints. Phonology 19. 361-393
148. Prince, Alan (1976). 'Applying' stress. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
149. Prince, Alan (1980). A metrical theory for Estonian quantity. LI 11. 511-562
150. Prince, Alan (1983). Relating to the grid. LI 14. 19-100
151. Prince, Alan (1985). Improving tree theory. BLS 11. 471-490
152. Prince, Alan (1990). Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. CLS 26:2. 355-398
153. Prince, Alan (1998). Two lectures on Optimality Theory. Handout of paper presented at Phonology Forum 1998, Kobe University. Available July 2003 at http://ling.rutgers.edu/gamma/kobe-all.pdf
154. Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky (1991). Connectionism and Harmony Theory in linguistics. Ms, University of Colorado, Boulder. Report CU-CS-533-91
155. Prince, Alan & Paul Smolensky (1993). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Ms, Rutgers University & University of Colorado, Boulder. Available as ROA-537 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
156. Prokosch, Eduard (1939). A comparative Germanic grammar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America
157. Pulleyblank, Douglas (1996). Neutral vowels in Optimality Theory: a comparison of Yoruba and Wolof. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 41. 295-347
158. Raffelsiefen, Renate (1995). Conditions for stability: the case of schwa in German. Arbeitspapiere des Sonderforschungsbereichs 282, 'Theorie des Lexikons' 69. University of Düsseldorf
159. Raffelsiefen, Renate (1999). Constraints on schwa apocope in Middle High German. In Aditi Lahiri (ed.) Analogy, levelling, markedness. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 125-170
160. Rose, Sharon (1997). Theoretical issues in comparative Ethio-Semitic phonology and morphology. PhD dissertation, McGill University
161. Samek-Lodovici, Vieri (1993). A unified analysis of crosslinguistic morphological gemination. Ms, Rutgers University. Available as ROA-149 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
162. Schachter, Paul & Fe T. Otanes (1972). Tagalog reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press
163. Schane, Sanford (1972). Noncyclic English word stress. Ms, UCSD. [Not seen. Cited by Liberman & Prince (1997) from Halle (1973).]
164. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1980). The role of prosodic categories in English word stress. LI 11. 563-605
165. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1984). Phonology and syntax: the relation between sound and structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
166. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1995). The prosodic structure of function words. In Beckman et al. (1995). 439-469
167. Selkirk, Elisabeth (1996). The prosodic structure of function words. In James L. Morgan & Katherine Demuth (eds.) Signal to syntax: bootstrapping from speech to grammar in early acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 187-214
168. Smith, Jennifer (2002). Phonological augmentation in prominent positions. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts
169. Smolensky, Paul (1993). Harmony, markedness, and phonological activity. Paper presented at Rutgers Optimality Workshop 1, Rutgers University
170. Smolensky, Paul (1995). On the internal structure of the constraint component Con of UG. Ms, UCLA. Available as ROA-86 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
171. Spaelti, Philip (1994). Weak edges and final geminates in Swiss German. NELS 24. 573-588
172. Spaelti, Philip (1997). Dimensions of variation in multi-pattern reduplication. PhD dissertation, UCSC. Available as ROA-311 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
173. Spring, Cari (1990). Implications of Axininca Campa for prosodic morphology and reduplication. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona
174. Stemberger, Joseph P. & Barbara H. Bernhardt (1999). Contiguity, metathesis, and infixation. WCCFL 17. 610-624
175. Urbanczyk, Suzanne (1996). Patterns of reduplication in Lushootseed. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
176. Vennemann, Theo (1972). On the theory of syllabic phonology. Linguistische Berichte 18. 1-18
177. Walker, Rachel (1998). Nasalization, neutral segments, and opacity effects. PhD dissertation, UCSC. Available as ROA-405 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
178. Walker, Rachel (2002). Yuhup prosodic morphology and a case of augmentation. NELS 32. 551-562
179. Welden, Ann (1980). Stress in Cairo Arabic. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 10. 99-120
180. Wilson, Colin (2000). Targeted constraints: an approach to contextual neutralization in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University
181. Wilson, Colin (2001). Consonant cluster neutralisation and targeted constraints. Phonology 18. 147-197
182. Zhang, Jie (2000). Non-contrastive features and categorical patterning in Chinese diminutive suffixation: MAX[F] or IDENT[F]? Phonology 17. 427-478
183. Zoll, Cheryl (1996). Parsing below the segment in a constraint-based framework. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. Available as ROA-143 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive
184. Zoll, Cheryl (1997). Conflicting directionality. Phonology 14. 263-286