Beyond statin therapy: Why we need new thinking

Current Medical Research and Opinion, Supplement

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 2005, Pages

  Assmann, Gerd ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular events; Guidelines; High density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lipoprotein (a); PROCAM; Risk factor; Statin

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPOPROTEIN A; NICOTINIC ACID; SIMVASTATIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HUMAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CORONARY DISEASE; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; LIPOPROTEIN(A); RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 25444490726     PISSN: 01419951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1185/030079905X59094     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360(9326):7-22
2. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al.; Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. New Engl J Med 2004;350(15):1495-504
3. NCEP; Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults [Adult Treatment Panel III]. J Am Med Assoc 2001;285(19):2486-97
4. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, et al.; Third Joint Force of European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease and Prevention in Clinical Practice. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease and prevention in clinical practice. Atherosclerosis 2003;171 (1): 145-55
5. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al.; Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(3):720-32
6. Chapman MJ, Assmann G, Fruchart JC, Shepherd J, Sirtori C; European Consensus Panel on HDL-C. Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with reduction of cardiovascular risk: the role of nicotinic acid - a position paper developed by the European Consensus Panel on HDL-C. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20(8):1253-68
7. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Shepherd J, et al. Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. Circulation 2000;102(16):1893-900
8. Pyorala K, Ballantyne CM, Gumbiner B, et al. [Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)]. Reduction of cardiovascular events by simvastatin in nondiabetic coronary heart disease patients with and without the metabolic syndrome: subgroup analyses of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 2004;27(7):1735-40
9. International Task Force for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. Task force guidelines 2004. Implications of emerging risk factors for therapeutic intervention [online]. Available from www.chd-taskforce.com/pdf/ 2004_08_27_munich.pdf [accessed 26 May 2005]
10. Hense HW, Schulte H, Lowel H, Assmann G, Keil U. Framingham risk function overestimates risk of coronary heart disease in men and women from Germany - results from the MONICA Augsburg and the PROCAM cohorts. Eur Heart J 2003;24(10):937-45
11. Assmann G, Buyken A, Cullen P, Schulte H, von Eckardstein A, Wahrburg U. Pocket guide to prevention of coronary heart disease. Grüwald, Germany: Börm Bruckmeier Verlag; 2003
12. Sacks FM, for the Expert Group on HDL Cholesterol. The role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease: Expert Group Recommendations. Am J Cardiol 2002;90(2):139-43
13. UK HDL-C Consensus Group. Role of fibrates in reducing coronary risk: a UK Consensus. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20(2):241-7
14. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Med 1977;62(5):707-14
15. Assmann G, Schulte H, von Eckardstein A, Huang Y. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 1996;124(Suppl):S11-S20
16. Girman CJ, Rhodes T, Mercuri M, et al.; 4S Group and the AFCAPS/TexCAPS Research Group. The metabolic syndrome and risk of major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Am J Cardiol 2004;93(2):136-41
17. Grundy SM, Brewer Jr HB, Cleeman JI, Smith Jr SC, Lenfant C; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004;109(3):433-8
18. Chapman MJ. The potential role of HDL- and LDL-cholesterol modulation in atheromatous plaque development. Curr Med Res Opin 2005:21 (Suppl 6):S17-S22
19. Nofer JR, Kehrel B, Fobker M, Levkau B, Assmann G, von Eckardstein A. HDL and arteriosclerosis: beyond reverse cholesterol transport. Atherosclerosis 2002;161(1):1-16
20. Assmann G, Nofer JR. Atheroprotective effects of high-density lipoproteins. Ann Rev Med 2003;54:321-41
21. Assmann G, Gotto Jr AM. HDL cholesterol and protective factors in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004;109;23(Suppl 1):III8-14
22. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia [West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group]. New Engl J Med 1995;333(20):1301-7
23. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279(20):1615-22
24. Ballantyne CM, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, Mercuri MF, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation 2001;104(25):3046-51
25. Ballantyne CM, Herd JA, Ferlic LL, et al. Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy. Circulation 1999;99(6):736-43
26. Anon. Coronary drug project report on clofibrate and niacin. Atherosclerosis 1978;30(3):239-40
27. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al. Fifteen year mortality in coronary drug project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8(6):1245-55
28. Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand 1988;223(5):405-18
29. Manninen V, Elo MO, Frick MH, et al. Lipid alterations and decline in the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. J Am Med Assoc 1988;260(5):641-51
30. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. New Engl J Med 1990;323(19):1289-98
31. Taylor AJ, Sullenberger LE, Lee HJ, Lee JK, Grace KA. Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation 2004;110(23): 3512-7
32. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group]. New Engl J Med 1999;341(6):410-8
33. Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT, et al.; VA-HIT Study Group. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2001;285(12):1585-91
34. Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML. Evaluation of lipoprotein (a) as a prothrombotic factor: progress from bench to bedside. Curr Opin Lipidol 2003;14(4):361-6
35. Jelakovic B, Laganovic M, Kuzmanic D. Lipoprotein (a) - a mysterious factor in atherogenesis. Lijec Vjesn 2002;124(11-12):366-71
36. von Eckardstein A, Schulte H, Cullen P, Assmann G. Lipoprotein (a) further increases the risk of coronary events in men with high global cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37(2):434-9