Effects of subtle heterosexism on gays, lesbians, and bisexuals

Journal of Homosexuality

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 23-38

  Burn, Shawn M ^a   Kadlec, Kelly ^b   Rexer, Ryan ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO   (United States)

^c California Polytechnic State University ^*

Author keywords

Antigay harassment; Coming out; Hate speech; Heterosexism; Homophobic language

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BISEXUALITY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EXPERIENCE; FEAR; FEMALE; HATE; HETEROSEXUALITY; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; LESBIAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PERCEPTION; PHOBIA; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL HARASSMENT; STRESS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BISEXUALITY; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 25444489598     PISSN: 00918369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J082v49n02_02     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. APA Division 44/Committee on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns Joint Task Force on Guidelines for Psychotherapy with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients. (2000). Guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. American Psychologist, 55, 1440-1451.
2. Bendet, P. (1986, August-September). Hostile eyes: A report on homophobia on American campuses. Campus Voice, pp. 30-37.
3. Blumstein, P. W., & Schwartz, P. (1993). Bisexuality: Some social psychology issues. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 168-184). New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Bourassa, D. M., & Shipton, B. (1991). Addressing lesbian and gay issues in residence hall environments. In N. J. Evans & B. Shipton (Eds.), Beyond tolerance: Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals on campus (pp. 79-96). Alexandria, VA: American College Personnel Association.
5. Bradford, J., Ryan, C., & Rothblum, E. D. (1994). National lesbian health care survey: Implications for mental health care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 228-242.
6. Bridgewater, D. (1997). Effective coming out: Self-disclosure strategies to reduce sexual identity bias. In J. T. Sears & W. L. Williams (Eds.), Overcoming heterosexism and homophobia: Strategies that work (pp. 13-48). New York: Columbia University Press.
7. Brown, L. S. (1986). Confronting internalized oppression in sex therapy with lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, 12, 99-107.
8. Burn, S. M. (2000). Heterosexuals' use of "fag" and "queer" to deride one another: A contributor to heterosexism and stigma. Journal of Homosexuality, 40, 1-11.
9. D'Augelli, A. R. (1989). Lesbians' and gay men's experiences of discrimination and harassment in a university community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 317-321.
10. D'Augelli, A. R. (1992). Lesbian and gay male undergraduates' experiences of harassment and fear on campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 383-395.
11. D'Augelli, A. R., & Rose, M. L. (1990). Homophobia in a university community: Attitudes and experiences of heterosexual freshmen. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 484-491.
12. Davis, P. (1992). The role of disclosure in coming out among gay men. In K. Plummer (Ed.), Modern homosexualities: Fragments of lesbian and gay experience (pp. 75-86). New York: Routledge.
13. DiPlacido, J. (1998). Minority stress among lesbian women, gay men, andbisexuals: A consequence of heterosexism, homophobia, and stigmatization. In G. Herek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (pp. 138-159). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
14. Folkman, S., Chesney, M. A., Pollack, L., & Phillips, C. (1992). Stress, control, coping and depressive mood in human immunodeficiency virus-positive and negative gay men in San Francisco. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 409-416.
15. Friend, R. A. (1998). Heterosexism, homophobia, and the culture of schooling. In S. Books, (Ed.), Invisible children in the society and its schools (pp. 137-166). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. Garnets, L. D., & Kimmel, D. C. (1993). Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences. New York: Columbia University Press.
17. Gonsiorek, J. C., & Weinrich, J. D. (1991). Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
18. Harry, J., & DeVall, W. B. (1978). The social organization of gay men. New York: Prager.
19. Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19-22.
20. Herek, G. M. (1984). Beyond "homophobia": A social psychological perspective on attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. In J. P. DeCecco (Ed.), Homphobia in American society: Bashers, batterers, and bigots (pp. 1-21). New York: Harrington Park Press.
21. Herek, G. M. (1989). Hate crimes against lesbians and gay men: Issues for research and policy. American Psychologist, 44, 948-955.
22. Herek, G. M., Cogan, S. C., & Gillis, J. R. (2002). Victim experiences of hate crimes based on sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 319-399.
23. Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1993). Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men: Results from a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 239-244.
24. Hilton, J. L., & Darley, J. M. (1991). The effects of interaction goals on person perception. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 235-267.
25. Hilton, J. L., & Fein, S. (1989). The role of typical diagnosticity in stereotype-based judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 201-211.
26. Houston, D. A. (1990). Empathy and the self: Cognitive and emotional influences on the evaluation of negative affect in others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 859-868.
27. Klein, F. (1993). The bisexual option. New York: Harrington Park.
28. Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization, measurement, and health implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 439-455.
29. Lord, C. G., Desforges, D. M., Fein, S., Pugh, M., & Lepper, M. R. (1994). Typicality effects in attitudes toward social policies: A concept-mapping approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 658-673.
30. Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 7, 9-25.
31. Morrow, D. F. (1996). Coming-out issues for adult lesbian women: A group intervention. Social Work, 41, 647-656.
32. Plummer, D. C., (2001). The quest for modern manhood: Masculine stereotypes, peer culture and the social significance of homophobia. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 15-23.
33. Rofes, E. E., (1983). I thought people like that killed themselves: Lesbians, gay men and suicide. San Francisco: Grey Fox.
34. Rotheram-Borus, M., Hunter, J., & Rosario, M. (1994). Suicidal behavior and gay-related stress among gay and bisexual male adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 498-508.
35. Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Reid, H., Rosario, M., & Kasen, S. (1995). Determinants of safer sex patterns among gay/bisexual male adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 18, 3-15.
36. Savin-Williams, R. C. (1994). Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution, and suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269.
37. Sears, J. T. (1997). Thinking critically/intervening effectively about heterosexism and homophobia: A twenty-five-year research retrospective. In J. T. Sears, & W. L. Williams (Eds.), Overcoming heterosexism and homophobia: Strategies that work (pp. 13-48). New York: Columbia University Press.
38. Seigel, S., & Castellan, N. J. Jr. (1988). Non-parametric statistics for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
39. Snyder, M. (1992). Motivational foundations of behavioral confirmation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 67-114). San Diego: Academic Press.
40. Thurlow, C., (2001). Naming the "outsider within": Homophobic pejoratives and the verbal abuse of lesbian, gay and bisexual high-school pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 25-38
41. Visser, P. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Lavrakas, P. J. (2000). Survey research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 223-252). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.