Guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: Division 44/committee on lesbian, gay, and bisexual concerns joint task force on guidelines for psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients

American Psychologist

Volumn 55, Issue 12, 2000, Pages 1440-1451

  Hancock, Kristin A ^a,b   Cerbone, Armand R ^a   Haldeman, Douglas C ^a   Browning, Christine M ^a,c   Fox, Ronald C ^a   Gock, Terry S ^a,d   James, Steven E ^a,e   Pytluk, Scott D ^a   Shidlo, Ariel ^a  

^a AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION   (United States)

^b JOHN F KENNEDY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d Asian Pacific Family Center   (United States)

^e Goddard College   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; LESBIAN; MALE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOTHERAPY; UNITED STATES;

FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0034572999     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.12.1440     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Adelman, M. (1990). Stigma, gay lifestyles, and adjustment to aging: A study of later-life gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 20(3-4), 7-32.
2. Allen, M., & Burrell, N. (1996). Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: Meta-analysis of existing research. Journal of Homosexuality, 32(2), 19-35.
3. Allison, K., Crawford, I., Echemendia, R., Robinson, L., & Knepp, D. (1994). Human diversity and professional competence: Training in clinical and counseling psychology revisited. American Psychologist, 49, 792-796.
4. American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. (1991). AAMFT code of ethics. Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Counseling Association. (1996). ACA code of ethics and standards of practice. In B. Herlihy & G. Corey (Eds.), ACA ethical standards casebook (5th ed., pp. 26-59). Alexandria, VA: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1974). Position statement on homosexuality and civil rights. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 497.
7. American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, 1597-1611.
8. American Psychological Association. (1995). Lesbian and gay parenting: A resource for psychologists. Washington, DC: Author.
9. American Psychological Association. (1998). Appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation in the proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 1997. American Psychologist, 53, 882-939.
10. Anderson, J. (1994). School climate for gay and lesbian students and staff members. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 151-154.
11. Anderson, S. (1996). Addressing heterosexist bias in the treatment of lesbian couples with chemical dependency. In J. Laird & R. J. Green (Eds.), Lesbians and gays in couples and families: A handbook for therapists (pp. 316-340). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Bailey, J., Bobrow, D., Wolfe, M., & Mikach, S. (1995). Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers. Developmental Psychology, 31, 124-129.
13. Bass, E., & Kaufman, K. (1996). Free your mind: The book for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth and their allies. New York: Harper Collins.
14. Berger, R. (1996). Gay and gray: The older homosexual man (2nd ed.). New York: Harrington Park Press.
15. Berger, R., & Kelly, J. (1996). Gay men and lesbians grown older. In R. Cabaj & T. Stein (Eds.), Textbook of homosexuality and mental health (pp. 305-316). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
16. Bersoff, D., & Ogden, D. (1991). APA amicus curiae briefs: Furthering lesbian and gay male civil rights. American Psychologist, 46, 950-956.
17. Bigner, J., & Bozett, F. (1990). Parenting by gay fathers. In F. Bozett & M. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 155-176). New York: Harrington Park Press.
18. Bozett, F. (1989). Gay fathers: A review of the literature. In F. Bozett (Ed.), Homosexuality and the family (pp. 137-162). New York: Harrington Park Press.
19. Brown, L. (1989). Lesbians, gay men, and their families: Common clinical issues. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 1(1), 65-77.
20. Browning, C. (1987). Therapeutic issues and intervention strategies with young adult lesbian clients: A developmental approach. Journal of Homosexuality, 14(1/2), 45-52.
21. Buhrke, R. (1989). Female student perspectives on training in lesbian and gay issues. Counseling Psychologist, 17, 629-636.
22. Buhrke, R. A., & Douce, L. G. (1991). Training issues for counseling psychologists in working with lesbians and gay men. Counseling Psychologist, 19, 216-239.
23. Cabaj, R., & Klinger, R. (1996). Psychotherapeutic interventions with lesbian and gay couples. In R. Cabaj & T. Stein (Eds.), Textbook of homosexuality and mental health (pp. 485-502). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
24. Cabaj, R. P., & Stein, T. S. (1996). Textbook of homosexuality and mental health. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
25. Canadian Psychological Association. (1995). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Author. Retrieved November 18, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.cpa.ca/ethics.html
26. Caywood, C. (1993). Reaching out to gay teens. School Library Journal, 39(4), 50.
27. Chan, C. (1992). Asian-American lesbians and gay men. In S. Dworkin & F. Gutierrez (Eds.), Counseling gay men and lesbians: Journey to the end of the rainbow (pp. 115-124). Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.
28. Chan, C. (1995). Issues of sexual identity in an ethnic minority: The case of Chinese American lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people. In A. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the life span: Psychological perspectives (pp. 87-101). New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Coleman, E. (1989). The development of male prostitution activity among gay and bisexual adolescents. In G. Herdt (Ed.), Gay and lesbian youth (pp. 131-149). New York: Haworth Press.
30. Coleman, E., & Remafedi, G. (1989). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: A critical challenge to counselors. Journal of Homosexuality 18(3/4), 70-81.
31. Conger, J. (1975). Proceedings of the American Psychological Association for the year 1974: Minutes of the annual meeting of the Council of Representatives. American Psychologist, 30, 620-651.
32. Corey, G., Schneider-Corey, M., & Callanan, P. (1993). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
33. Coyle, A. (1993). A study of psychological well-being among gay men using the GHQ-30. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 218-220.
34. Cramer, D. (1986). Gay parents and their children: A review of research and practical implications. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 504-507.
35. Cramer, D., & Roach, A. (1988). Coming out to mom and dad: A study of gay males and their relationships with their parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 15(3/4), 79-91.
36. Croteau, J., & Bieschke, K. (1996). Beyond pioneering: An introduction to the special issue on the vocational issues of lesbian women and gay men. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 119-124.
37. D'Augelli, A. (1991). Gay men in college: Identity processes and adaptations. Journal of College Student Development, 32, 140-146.
38. D'Augelli, A. (1998). Developmental implications of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. In G. Herek (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 4. Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (pp. 187-210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. D'Augelli, A., & Garnets, L. (1995). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual communities. In A. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the life span: Psychological perspectives (pp 293-320). New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Davison, G. (1991). Constructionism and morality in therapy for homosexuality. In J. Gonsiorek & J. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for pubic policy (pp. 137-148). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
41. DiPlacido, J. (1998). Minority stress among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: A consequence of heterosexism, homophobia, and stigmatization. In G. Herek (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 4. Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (pp. 138-159). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
42. Dworkin, S. (1992). Some ethical considerations when counseling gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. In S. Dworkin & F. Gutierrez (Eds.), Counseling gay men and lesbians: Journey to the end of the rainbow (pp. 325-334). Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development.
43. Editors of the Harvard Law Review. (1990). Sexual orientation and the law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. Eliason, M. (1997). The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26, 317-325.
45. Esterberg, K. (1996). Gay cultures, gay communities: The social organization of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. In R. Savin-Williams & K. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 337-392). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
46. Falk, P. (1989). Lesbian mothers: Psychosocial assumptions in family law. American Psychologist, 44, 941-947.
47. Fassinger, R. (1995). From invisibility to integration: Lesbian identity in the workplace. Career Development Quarterly, 14, 148-167.
48. Fassinger, R. (1997). Issues in group work with older lesbians. Group, 21, 191-210.
49. Firestein, B. (1996). Bisexuality as a paradigm shift: Transforming our disciplines. In B. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 263-291). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
50. Fox, R. (1996). Bisexuality in perspective: A review of theory and research. In B. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 3-50). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
51. Friend, R. (1990). Older lesbian and gay people: A theory of successful aging. Journal of Homosexuality, 20(3/4), 99-118.
52. Frost, J. (1997). Group psychotherapy with the gay male: Treatment of choice. Group, 21, 267-285.
53. Garnets, L., Hancock, K., Cochran, S., Goodchilds, J., & Peplau, L. (1991). Issues in psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men: A survey of psychologists. American Psychologist, 46, 964-972.
54. Garnets, L., & Kimmel, D. (1993). Lesbian and gay male dimensions in the psychological study of human diversity. In L. Garnets & D. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 1-51). New York: Columbia University Press.
55. Garofalo, R., Wolf, R., Kessel, S., Palfrey, S., & DuRant, R. H. (1998). The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents. Pediatrics, 101, 895-902.
56. Gibbs, E. (1988). Psychosocial development of children raised by lesbian mothers: A review of research. Women and Therapy, 8, 65-75.
57. Glaus, O. (1988). Alcoholism, chemical dependency, and the lesbian client. Women and Therapy, 8, 131-144.
58. Glenn, A., & Russell, R. (1986). Heterosexual bias among counselor trainees. Counselor Education and Supervision, 25, 222-229.
59. Gock, T. (1992). The challenges of being gay, Asian, and proud. In B. Berzon (Ed.), Positively gay (pp. 247-252). Millbrae, CA: Celestial Arts.
60. Gold, R., & Skinner, M. (1992). Situational factors and thought processes associated with unprotected intercourse in young gay men AIDS, 6, 1021-1030.
61. Golombok, S., & Tasker, F. (1994). Children in lesbian and gay families: Theories and evidence. Annual Review of Sex Research, 5, 73-100.
62. Golombok, S., & Tasker, F. (1996). Do parents influence the sexual orientation of their children? Findings from a longitudinal study of lesbian families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 3-11.
63. Gonsiorek, J. (1988). Mental health issues of gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health Care, 9, 114-121.
64. Gonsiorek, J. (1991). The empirical basis for the demise of the illness model of homosexuality. In J. Gonsiorek & J. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 115-136) Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
65. Gonsiorek, J. (1993). Mental health issues of gay and lesbian adolescents. In L. Garnets & D. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 469-485). New York: Columbia University Press.
66. Graham, D., Rawlings, E., Halpern, H., & Hermes, J. (1984). Therapists? Needs for training in counseling lesbians and gay men. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 15, 482-496.
67. Greene, B. (1994a). Ethnic minority lesbians and gay men: Mental health and treatment issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 243-251.
68. Greene, B. (1994b). Lesbian and gay sexual orientations: Implications for clinical training, practice, and research. In B. Greene & G. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1. Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 1-24). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
69. Greene, B. (1994c). Lesbian women of color: Triple jeopardy. In L. Comas-Diaz & B. Greene (Eds.), Women of color: Integrating ethnic and gender identities in psychotherapy (pp. 389-427). New York: Guilford Press.
70. Greene, B., & Croom, G. (Eds.). (2000). Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 5. Education, research, and practice in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered psychology: A resource manual. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Griffin, C., Wirth, M., & Wirth, A. (1996). Beyond acceptance: Parents of lesbians and gays talk about their experiences. New York: St. Martin's Press.
72. Haldeman, D. (1994). The practice and ethics of sexual orientation conversion therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 221-227.
73. Hancock, K. A. (1995). Psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. In A. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the life span: Psychological perspectives (pp. 398-432). New York: Oxford University Press.
74. Harry, J. (1989). Parental physical abuse and sexual orientation in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18, 251-261.
75. Herek, G. (1990). Gay people and government security clearance: A social perspective. American Psychologist, 45, 1035-1042.
76. Herek, G. (1991). Stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. In J. Gonsiorek & J. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 60-80). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
77. Herek, G. (1995). Psychological heterosexism in the United States. In A. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the life span: Psychological perspectives (pp. 321-346). New York: Oxford University Press.
78. Hershberger, S., & D'Augelli, A. (1995). The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Developmental Psychology, 31, 65-74.
79. Ho, M. (1987). Family therapy with ethnic minorities. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
80. Hooker, E. (1957). The adjustment of the male over homosexual. Journal of Projective Techniques, 21, 18-31.
81. Hunter, J. (1990). Violence against lesbian and gay male youths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 295-300.
82. Hutchins, L. (1996). Bisexuality: Politics and community. In B. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 240-259). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
83. Iasenza, S. (1989). Some challenges of integrating sexual orientations into counselor training and research. Journal of Counseling and Development, 68, 73-76.
84. Kimmel, D. (1995). Lesbians and gay men also grow old. In L. Bond, S. Cutler, & A. Grams (Eds.), Promoting successful and productive aging (pp. 289-303). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
85. Kirkpatrick, M. (1989). Lesbians: A different middle age? In J. M. Oldham & R. S. Liebert (Eds.), The middle years: New psychoanalytic perspectives (pp. 135-148). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
86. Klein, F., Sepekoff, B., & Wolf, T. (1985). Sexual orientation: A multivariable dynamic process. Journal of Homosexuality, 11(1/2), 35-49.
87. Klinger, R. (1996). Lesbian couples. In R. Cabaj & T. Stein (Eds.), Textbook of homosexuality and mental health (pp. 339-352). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
88. Kruks, G. (1991). Gay and lesbian homeless/street youth: Special issues and concerns. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, 515-518.
89. Kurdek, L. (1988). Perceived social support in gays and lesbians in cohabiting relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 504-509.
90. Kurdek, L. (1991). Correlates of relationship satisfaction in cohabiting gay and lesbian couples: Integration of contextual, investment, and problem-solving models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 910-922.
91. Kurdek, L. (1995). Lesbian and gay couples. In A. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the life span: Psychological perspectives (pp. 243-261). New York: Oxford University Press.
92. Kweskin, S., & Cook, A. (1982). Heterosexual and homosexual mothers' self-described sex-role behavior and ideal sex-role behavior in children. Sex Roles, 8, 967-975.
93. Laird, J. (1993). Lesbian and gay families. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (2nd ed., pp. 282-328). New York: Norton.
94. Laird, J. (1996). Invisible ties: Lesbians and their families of origin. In J. Laird & R. J. Green (Eds.), Lesbians and gays in couples and families: A handbook for therapists (pp. 89-122). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
95. Laird, J., & Green, R. J. (1996). Lesbians and gays in couples and families: Central issues. In J. Laird & R. J. Green (Eds.), Lesbians and gays in couples and families: A handbook for therapists (pp. 1-12). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
96. Lee, J. (1987). What can homosexual aging studies contribute to theories of aging? Journal of Homosexuality, 13(4), 43-71.
97. Levy, E. (1992). Strengthening the coping resources of lesbian families. Families in Society, 73, 23-31.
98. Liddle, B. (1996). Therapist sexual orientation, gender, and counseling practices as they relate to ratings of helpfulness by gay and lesbian clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 394-401.
99. Liddle, B. (1997). Gay and lesbian clients? Selection of therapists and utilization of therapy. Psychotherapy, 34, 11-18.
100. Lipkin, A. (1992). Project 10: Gay and lesbian students find acceptance in their school community. Teaching Tolerance, 1(2), 25-27.
101. Manalansan, M. (1996). Double minorities: Latino, Black, and Asian men who have sex with men. In R. Savin-Williams & K. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 393-415). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
102. Markowitz, L. (1991, January/February). Homosexuality: Are we still in the dark? Family Therapy Networker, 15, 26-29, 31-35.
103. Markowitz, L. (1995, July). Bisexuality: Challenging our either/or thinking. In the Family, 1, 6-11, 23.
104. Martin, A., & Hetrick, E. (1988). The stigmatization of the gay and lesbian adolescent. Journal of Homosexuality, 15(1/2), 163-183.
105. Matteson, D. (1996). Counseling and psychotherapy with bisexual and exploring clients. In B. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 185-213). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
106. McDaniel, J. (1995). The lesbian couples' guide: Finding the right woman and creating a life together. New York: Harper Collins.
107. McDougal, G. (1993). Therapeutic issues with gay and lesbian elders. Clinical Gerontologist, 14, 45-57.
108. Meyer, I. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 7, 9-25.
109. Meyer, I., & Dean, L. (1998). Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. In G. Herek (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 4. Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (pp. 160-186). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
110. Morales, E. (1996). Gender roles among Latino gay and bisexual men: Implications for family and couple relationships. In J. Laird & R. J. Green (Eds.), Lesbians and gays in couples and families: A handbook for therapists (pp. 272-297). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
111. Morin, S. (1977). Heterosexual bias in psychological research on lesbianism and male homosexuality. American Psychologist, 32, 629-637.
112. Murphy, B. (1994). Difference and diversity: Gay and lesbian couples. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 1(2), 5-31.
113. National Association of Social Workers. (1996). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved November 18, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http:// www.naswdc.org/code.htm
114. Nystrom, N. (1997, February). Mental health experiences of gay men and lesbians. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Houston, TX.
115. Ochs, R. (1996). Biphobia: It goes more than two ways. In B. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 217-239). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
116. O'Toole, C. J., & Bregante, J. (1992). Lesbians with disabilities. Sexuality and Disability, 10, 163-172.
117. Patterson, C. (1996a). Lesbian and gay parenthood. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (pp. 255-274). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
118. Patterson, C. (1996b). Lesbian and gay parents and their children. In R. Savin-Williams & K. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 274-304). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
119. Paul, J. (1996). Bisexuality: Exploring/exploding the boundaries. In R. Savin-Williams & K. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 436-461). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
120. Peplau, L., Veniegas, R., & Campbell, S. (1996). Gay and lesbian relationships. In R. Savin-Williams & K. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 250-273). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
121. Phillips, J., & Fischer, A. (1998). Graduate students? Training experiences with lesbian, gay, and bisexual issues. Counseling Psychologist, 26, 712-734.
122. Pilkington, N., & Cantor, J. (1996). Perceptions of heterosexual bias in professional psychology programs: A survey of graduate students. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 604-612.
123. Pillard, R. (1988). Sexual orientation and mental disorder. Psychiatric Annals, 18, 51-56.
124. Pope, M. (1995). Career interventions for gay and lesbian clients: A synopsis of practice knowledge and research needs. Career Development Quarterly, 44, 191-203.
125. Prince, J. (1995). Influences on the career development of gay men. Career Development Quarterly, 44, 168-177.
126. Quam, J., & Whitford, G. (1992). Adaptation and age-related expectations of older gay and lesbian adults. Gerontologist, 32, 367-374.
127. Reid, J. (1995). Development in late life: Older lesbian and gay lives. In A. D'Augelli & C. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the life span: Psychological perspectives (pp. 215-240). New York: Oxford University Press.
128. Remafedi, G., French, S., Story, M., Resnick, M., Michael, D., & Blum, R. (1998). The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: Results of a population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 57-60.
129. Rolland, J. (1994). In sickness and in health: The impact of illness on couples' relationships. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 20, 327-347.
130. Ross, M. (1990). The relationship between life events and mental health in homosexual men. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 402-411.
131. Rothblum, E. (1994). "I only read about myself on bathroom walls": The need for research on the mental health of lesbians and gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 213-220.
132. Rothblum, E., & Bond, L. (Eds.). (1996). Preventing heterosexism and homophobia. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
133. Rotheram-Borus, M., Hunter, J., & Rosario, M. (1994). Suicidal behavior and gay-related stress among gay and bisexual male adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 498-508.
134. Rotheram-Borus, M., Rosario, M., Van-Rossom, R., Reid, H., & Gillis, R. (1995). Prevalence, course, and predictors of multiple problem behaviors among gay and bisexual male adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 31, 75-85.
135. Rust, P. (1996). Managing multiple identities: Diversity among bisexual women and men. In B. Firestein (Ed.), Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority (pp. 53-83). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
136. Ryan, C., & Futterman, D. (1998). Counseling gay and lesbian youth. New York: Columbia University Press.
137. Saad, C. (1997). Disability and the lesbian, gay man, or bisexual individual. In M. Sipski & S. C. Alexander (Eds.), Sexual function in people with disability and chronic illness: A health professional's guide (pp. 413-427). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
138. Sarason, I., Pierce, G., & Sarason, B. (1990). Social support and interactional processes: A triadic hypothesis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 495-506.
139. Savin-Williams, R. (1989). Parental influences on the self-esteem of gay and lesbian youths: A reflected appraisals model. In G. Herdt (Ed.), Gay and lesbian youth (pp. 93-109). New York: Haworth Press.
140. Savin-Williams, R. (1990). Gay and lesbian youth: Expressions of identity. New York: Hemisphere.
141. Savin-Williams, R. (1994). Verbal and physical abuse as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths: Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution, and suicide. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269
142. Savin-Williams, R. (1996). Self-labeling and disclosure among lesbian gay, and bisexual youths. In J. Laird & R. J. Green (Eds.), Lesbians and gays in couples and families: A handbook for therapists (pp. 153-182). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
143. Savin-Williams, R. (1998). "... and then I became gay": Young men's stories. New York: Routledge.
144. Savin-Williams, R., & Cohen, K. (Eds.). (1996). The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
145. Savin-Williams, R., & Dube, E. (1998). Parental reactions to their child's disclosure of gay/lesbian identity. Family Relations, 47, 1-7.
146. Shapiro, J. P. (1993). No pity: People with disabilities forging a new civil rights movement. New York: Times Books.
147. Shidlo, A. (1994). Internalized homophobia: Conceptual and empirical issues in measurement. In B. Greene & G. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1. Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp 176-205) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
148. Shuster, R. (1987). Sexuality as a continuum: The bisexual identity. In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective (Eds.), Lesbian psychologies: Explorations and challenges (pp. 56-71). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
149. Slater, S. (1995). The lesbian family life cycle. New York: Free Press.
150. Strommen, E. (1993). "You're a what": Family member reactions to the disclosure of homosexuality. In L. Garnets & D. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 248-266). New York: Columbia University Press.
151. Swartz, D. B. (1995). Cultural implications of audiological deficits on the homosexual male. Sexuality and Disability, 13, 159-181.
152. Telljohann, S., & Price, J. (1993). A qualitative examination of adolescent homosexuals' life experiences: Ramifications for secondary school personnel. Journal of Homosexuality, 26(1), 41-56.
153. Thomas, M., & Dansby, P. (1985). Black clients: Family structures, therapeutic issues, and strengths. Psychotherapy, 22, 398-407.
154. Thompson, D. (1994). The sexual experiences of men with learning disabilities having sex with men: Issues for HIV prevention. Sexuality and Disabilities, 12, 221-242.
155. Turk-Charles, S., Rose, T., & Gatz, M. (1996). The significance of gender in the treatment of older adults. In L. Carstensen, B. Adelstein, & L. Dornbrand (Eds.), The handbook of clinical gerontology (pp. 107-128) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
156. Tuttle, G., & Pillard, R. (1991). Sexual orientation and cognitive abilities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 307-318.
157. Weston, K. (1992). Families we choose. New York: Columbia University Press.
158. Winegarten, B., Cassie, N., Markowski, K., Kozlowski, J., & Yoder, J. (1994, August). Aversive heterosexism: Exploring unconscious bias toward lesbian psychotherapy clients. Paper presented at the 102nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.
159. Woog, D. (1995). School's out: The impact of gay and lesbian issues on America's schools. Boston: Alyson.