The interrelationship between atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter

Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 41-56

  Waldo, Albert L ^a,b  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; CAVA VEIN; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EPICARDIUM MAPPING; EXTRASYSTOLE; HEART ATRIUM CONTRACTION; HEART ATRIUM ENLARGEMENT; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART ATRIUM PACING; HEART ATRIUM SEPTUM; HEART CONDUCTION; HEART CYCLE; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; LUNG ARTERY BANDING; NERVE BLOCK; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PERICARDITIS; PULMONARY VEIN; REENTRY ARRHYTHMIA; SINUS VENOSUS; TRICUSPID VALVE REGURGITATION;

ANIMALS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; ATRIAL FLUTTER; COMORBIDITY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TECHNIQUES, CARDIAC; HUMANS; PERICARDITIS;

EID: 25444470540     PISSN: 00330620     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2005.06.015     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. A.L. Waldo Atrial flutter: From mechanism to treatment A.J. Camm Clinical approaches to tachyarrhythmias vol. 14 2001 Futura Publishing Co Armonk, NY 1 64
2. A.L. Waldo, and W.A.H. MacLean Diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias following open heart surgery-emphasis on the use of epicardial wire electrodes 1980 Futura New York
3. D.T. Huang, K.M. Monohan, and P. Zimetbaum Hybrid pharmacologic and ablative therapy: a novel and effective approach for the management of atrial fibrillation J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 9 1998 462 467
4. A. Nabar, L.M. Rodriguez, and C. Timmermans Radiofrequency ablation of "class IC atrial flutter" in patients with resistant atrial fibrillation Am. J. Cardiol. 83 1999 785 787
5. B. Schumacher, W. Jung, and T. Lewalter Radiofrequency ablation of atrial flutter due to administration of class IC antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation Am. J. Cardiol. 83 1999 710 713
6. N. Saoudi, F. Cosio, and A. Waldo Classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiologic mechanism and anatomical bases. A statement from a Joint Expert Group from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Eur. Heart J. 22 2001 1162 1182
7. N. Saoudi, F. Cosio, and A. Waldo Classification of atrial flutter and regular atrial tachycardia according to electrophysiologic mechanism and anatomical bases. A statement from a Joint Expert Group from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Cardiovas Electrophysiol 12 2001 852 866
8. A. Shimizu, A. Nozaki, and Y. Rudy Onset of induced atrial flutter in the canine pericarditis model J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 17 1991 1223 1234
9. J. Ortiz, S. Niwano, and H. Abe Mapping the conversion of atrial flutter to atrial fibrillation and atrial fibrillation to atrial flutter-insights into mechanism Circ. Res. 74 1994 882 894
10. A.L. Waldo Pathogenesis of atrial flutter J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 9 1998 S18 S25
11. A.C. Skanes, R. Mandapati, and O. Berenfeld Spatiotemporal periodicity during atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart Circulation 98 1998 1236 1248
12. R. Mandapati, A. Skanes, and J. Chen Stable microreentrant sources as a mechanism of atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart Circulation 101 2000 194 199
13. K. Matsuo, K. Uno, and C.M. Khrestian Conduction from left-to-right and right-to-left across the crista terminalis Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 280 2001 H1683 H1691
14. J. Sahadevan, K. Ryu, and L. Peltz Epicardial mapping of chronic atrial fibrillation in patients Circulation 110 2004 3293 3299
15. J. Cheng, and M.M. Scheinman Acceleration of typical atrial flutter due to double wave reentry induced by programmed electrical stimulation Circulation 97 1998 1589 1596
16. J.E. Olgin, J.V. Jayachandran, and E. Engelstein Atrial macroreentry involving the myocardium of the coronary sinus: A unique mechanism for atypical atrial flutter J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 9 1998 1094 1099
17. J. Cheng, W.R. Cabeen Jr., and M.M. Scheinman Right atrial flutter due to lower loop reentry: Mechanism and anatomic substrates Circulation 99 1999 1700 1705
18. Y. Yang, J. Cheng, and A. Bochoeyer Atypical right atrial flutter patterns Circulation 103 2001 3092 3098
19. T. Lewis The mechanism and graphic registration of the heart beat 3rd ed. 1925 Shaw and Sons London 295 306
20. A. Rosenblueth, and J. Garcia-Ramos Studies on flutter and fibrillation. II. The influence of artificial obstacles on experimental auricular flutter Am. Heart J. 33 1947 677 684
21. L.H. Frame, R.L. Page, and B.F. Hoffman Atrial reentry around an anatomic barrier with a partially refractory excitable gap. A canine model of atrial flutter Circ. Res. 58 1986 495 511
22. L.H. Frame, R.L. Page, and P.A. Boyden Circus movement in the canine atrium around the tricuspid ring experimental atrial flutter and during reentry in vivo Circulation 76 1987 1155 1175
23. T. Yamashita, H. Inoue, and A. Nozaki Role of anatomic architecture in sustained atrial reentry and double potentials Am. Heart J. 124 1992 938 946
24. G.K. Feld, and F. Shahandeh-Rad Mechanism of double potentials recorded during sustained atrial flutter in the canine right atrial crush-injury model Circulation 86 1992 628 641
25. Y. Tomita, K. Matsuo, and J. Sahadevan Role of functional block extension in lesion related atrial flutter Circulation 103 2001 1025 1030
26. J.K. Triedman, J.P. Saul, and S.N. Weindling Radiofrequency ablation of intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia after surgical palliation of congenital heart disease Circulation 91 1995 707 714
27. G.F. Van Hare, M.D. Lesh, and B.A. Ross Mapping and radiofrequency ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia after the Senning or Mustard procedure for transposition of the great arteries Am. J Cardiol. 77 1996 985 991
28. D. Chan, G.F. Van Hare, and J.A. Mackall Importance of the typical atrial flutter isthmus in post-operative intra-atrial reentry Circulation 98 1998 I-616
29. J.G. Akar, L.C. Kok, and D.E. Haines Coexistence of type I atrial flutter and intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with surgically corrected congenital heart disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38 2001 377 384
30. M. Allessie, W. Lammers, and J. Smeets Total mapping of atrial excitation during acetylcholine-induced atrial flutter and fibrillation in the isolated canine heart H.E. Kulbertus S.B. Olsson M. Schlepper Atrial fibrillation 1982 AB Hanssell Molndal, Sweden 44 59
31. M.A. Allessie, W.J.E.P. Lammers, and F.I.M. Bonke Intraatrial reentry as a mechanism for atrial flutter induced by acetylcholine in rapid pacing in the dog Circulation 70 1984 123 135
32. J.P. Boineau, R.B. Schuessler, and C.R. Mooney Natural and evoked atrial flutter due to circus movement in dogs Am. J. Cardiol. 45 1980 1167 1181
33. P.A. Boyden, and B.F. Hoffman The effects on atrial electrophysiology and structure of surgically induced right atrial enlargement in dogs Circ. Res. 49 1981 1319 1331
34. P.A. Boyden Activation sequence during atrial flutter in dogs with surgically induced right atrial enlargement. I. Observations during sustained rhythms Circ. Res. 62 1988 596 608
35. P. Pagé, V.J. Plumb, and K. Okumura A new model of atrial flutter J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 8 1986 872 879
36. K. Okumura, V.J. Plumb, and P.L. Pagé Atrial activation sequence during atrial flutter in the canine pericarditis model and its effects on the polarity of the flutter wave in electrocardiogram J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 17 1991 509 518
37. A. Shimizu, A. Nozaki, and Y. Rudy Mutiplexing studies of effects of rapid atrial pacing on the area of slow conduction during atrial flutter in canine pericarditis model Circulation 83 1991 983 994
38. J. Ortiz, M. Igarashi, and H.X. Gonzalez Mechanism of spontaneous termination of atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model Circulation 88 1993 1866 1877
39. A. Shimizu, A. Nozaki, and Y. Rudy Characterization of double potentials in a functionally determined reentrant circuit-multiplexing studies during interruption of atrial flutter in the canine pericarditis model J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 22 1993 2022 2032
40. P.L. Pagé, H. Hassanahzadeh, and R. Cardinal Transitions among atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sinus rhythm during procainamide infusion and vagal stimulation in dogs with sterile pericarditis Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 69 1991 15 24
41. W. Schoels, M. Restivo, and E.B. Caref Circus movement atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model Circulation 83 1991 1716 1730
42. J.L. Cox, T.E. Canaven, and R.B. Schuessler The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. II. Intraoperative electrophysiology mapping and description of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 101 1991 406 426
43. P.A. Boyden Studies in animal models of atrial flutter: tricuspid regurgitation model A.L. Waldo P. Touboul Atrial flutter: Advances in mechanisms and management 1966 Futura Publishing Co, Inc Armonk, NY 137 157
44. K. Uno, K. Kumagai, and C. Khrestian New insights regarding the atrial flutter reentrant circuit-studies in the canine sterile pericarditis model Circulation 100 1999 1354 1360
45. N. Matsumoto, C.M. Khrestian, and K. Ryu New insights into the atrial flutter reentry circuit-studies during entrainment J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45 suppl A 2005 122A
46. S.K. Ghandi, B.I. Bromberg, and R.B. Schuessler Left-sided atrial flutter: Characterization of a novel complication of pediatric lung transplantation in an acute canine model J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 112 1996 992 1001
47. S.K. Ghandi, B.I. Bromberg, and G.M. Mallory Atrial flutter: A newly recognized complication of pediatric lung transplantation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 112 1996 984 991
48. F.G. Cosío, A. Goicolea, and M. Lopez-Gil Atrial endocardial mapping in the rare form of atrial flutter Am. J. Cardiol. 66 1990 715 720
49. J. Olgin, J. Kalman, and A. Fitzpatrick The role of right atrial endocardial structures as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter: Activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac echocardiography Circulation 92 1995 1831 1848
50. J.E. Olgin, J.M. Kalman, and M.D. Lesh Conduction barriers in human atrial flutter: Correlation of electrophysiology and anatomy J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 7 1996 1112 1126
51. D.C. Shah, P. Jais, and M. Haissaguerre Three dimensional mapping of the common atrial flutter circuit in the right atrium Circulation 96 1997 3904 3912
52. B. Olshansky, K. Okumura, and R.W. Henthorn Characterization of double potentials in human atrial flutter: Studies during transient entrainment J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 15 1990 833 841
53. F.G. Cosío, F. Arribas, and J. Palacios Fragmented electrograms and continues electrical activity in atrial flutter Am. J. Cardiol. 57 1986 1309 1314
54. F.G. Cosío, F. Arribas, and J.M. Barbero Validation of double-spike electrograms as markers of conduction delay or block in atrial flutter Am. J. Cardiol. 61 1988 775 780
55. F.G. Cosío Endocardial mapping of atrial flutter P. Touboul A.L. Waldo Atrial arrhythmias 1990 Mosby Year Book St Louis, MO 229 240
56. B. Schumacher, W. Jung, and H. Schmidt Transverse conduction capabilities of the crista terminalis in patients with atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34 1999 363 373
57. A. Arenal, J. Almendral, and J.M. Alday Rate-dependent conduction block of the crista terminalis in patients with typical atrial flutter. Influence on evaluation of cavotricuspid isthmus conduction block Circulation 99 1998 2771 2778
58. P.A. Friedman, D. Luria, and A.M. Fenton Global right atrial mapping of human atrial flutter: The presence of posteromedial (sinus venosus region) functional block and double potentials Circulation 101 2000 1568 1577
59. A.L. Waldo, and A.L. Wit Mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disturbances V. Fuster R. Roberts R.W. Alexander Hurt's the heart 11th ed. 2004 McGraw-Hill Companies New York, NY 787 816 [Ch 27]
60. R.M. Watson, and M.E. Josephson Atrial flutter. 1. Electrophysiologic substrates and modes of initiation and termination Am. J. Cardiol. 45 1980 732 741
61. A.L. Waldo, and T.B. Cooper Spontaneous onset of type I atrial flutter in patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 28 1996 707 712
62. F.X. Roithinger, M.R. Karch, and P.R. Steiner Relationship between atrial fibrillation and typical atrial flutter in humans. Activation sequence changes during spontaneous conversion Circulation 96 1997 3484 3491
63. G.K. Moe, and J.A. Abildskov Atrial fibrillation as a self-sustained arrhythmia independent of focal discharge Am. Heart J. 58 1959 59 70
64. G.K. Moe, W.C. Rheinbolt, and J.A. Abildskov A computer model of atrial fibrillation Am. Heart J. 67 1964 200 220
65. M.A. Allessie, W.J.E.P. Lammers, and F.I.M. Bonke Experimental evaluation of Moe's multiple wavelet hypothesis of atrial fibrillation D.P. Zipes J. Jalife Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias 1985 Grune & Stratton Orlando, FL 265 276
66. R.B. Schuessler, T.M. Grayson, and B.I. Bromberg Cholinergically mediated tachyarrhythmias induced by a single extrastimulus in the isolated canine right atrium Circ. Res. 71 1992 1254 1267
67. Ryu K, Shroff SC, Sahadevan J,, et al. Multiple sites of rapid activation as a mechanism of sustained atrial fibrillation in dogs with rapid ventricular pacing induced heart failure. Circulation (submitted for publication).
68. K. Kumagai, C. Khrestian, and A.L. Waldo Simultaneous multisite mapping studies during induced atrial fibrillation in the sterile pericarditis model-insights into the mechanism of its maintenance Circulation 95 1997 511 521
69. K. Kumagai, M. Ogawa, and H. Noguchi Electrophysiological properties of pulmonary veins assessed using a multielectrode basket catheter J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43 2004 2290 2292
70. M. Haissaguerre, P. Jais, and D.C. Shah Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins N. Engl. J. Med. 339 1998 659 666
71. J.L. Cox, T.E. Canaven, and R.B. Schuessler The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. II. Intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping and description of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 101 1991 406 426
72. K.T.S. Konings, C.J.H.J. Kirchhof, and J.L.R.M. Smeets High-density mapping of electricity induced atrial fibrillation in humans Circulation 89 1994 1665 1680
73. N. Wiener, and A. Rosenblueth The mathematical formulation of the problem of conduction of impulses in an network of connected excitable elements, specifically in cardiac muscle Arch. Inst. Cardiol. Mex. 16 1946 205 265
74. L.A. Biblo, Z. Yuan, and K.J. Quan Risk of stroke in patients with atrial flutter Am. J. Cardiol. 87 2001 17 20