The Mozambique belt of East Africa and Madagascar: Significance of zircon and Nd model ages for Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinent formation and dispersal

South African Journal of Geology

Volumn 104, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 151-166

  Kröner, Alfred ^a  

^a JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 25444441224     PISSN: 10120750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/1040151     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Abdelsalam, M.G. and Stern, R.J (1996). Sutures and shear zones in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of African Earth Science, 23, 289-310.
2. Andreoli, M.A.G. (1981). The amphibolite to granulite facies rocks of southern Malawi. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 345 p.
3. Andreoli, M.A.G. (1984). Petrochemistry, tectonic evolution and metasomatic mineralization of Mozambique belt granulites from S. Malawi and Tete, Mozambique. Precambrian Research, 25, 161-186.
4. Appel, P., Möller, A. and Schenk, V. (1998). High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism in the Pan-African belt of eastern Tanzania: P-T-t evidence against granulite formation by continent collision. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 16, 491-509.
5. Ashwal, L.D. and Tucker, R.D. (1999). Geology of Madagascar: A brief outline. Gondwana Research, 2, 335-339.
6. Bailey, D.K. (1992). Episodic alkaline igneous activity across Africa: implications for the causes of continental break-up. In: Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T. and Pankhurst, R.J. (Editors), Magmatism and the causes of continental break-up. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 68, 91-98.
7. Bohlen, S.R. (1987). Pressure-temperature-time paths and a tectonic model for the evolution of granulites. Journal of Geology, 95, 617-632.
8. Bond, G.C., Nickeson, P.A. and Kominz, M.A. (1984). Break-up of a supercontinent between 625 and 555 Ma: new evidence and implications for continental histories. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 70, 325-345.
9. Brewer, T.S., Collins, A.S., Kröner, A., Windley, B.F. and Razakamanana, T. (2001). Multiphase granitoid magmatism in central Madagascar: Evidence for subduction of the Mozambique ocean. Chem. Geol., in press.
10. Burke, K. and Dewey, J.F. (1972). Orogeny in Africa. In: Dessauvagie, T.F.J. and Whiteman, A.J. (Editors), Orogeny in Africa. Departmenrt of Geology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 583-608.
11. Caen-Vachette, M. (1979). Le Précambrian de Madagascar: Radiochronométrie par isochrones Rb/Sr sur roches totales. Rev. Géol. Dyn. Geogr. Phys., 21, 331-338.
12. Cahen, L., Snelling, N.J, Delhal, J. and Vail, J.R. (1984). The geochronology and evolution of Africa. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K., 512 p.
13. Card, K.D. (1990). A review of the Superior Provionce of the Canadian shield, a product of Archaean accretion. Precambrian Research, 48, 99-156.
14. Clifford, T.N. (1974). Review of African granulites and related rocks. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 156, 49 p.
15. Collins, A.S. and Windley, B.F. (2001). The tectonic evolution of central and north Madagascar and its place in the East African orogen. Journal of Geology, still in press.
16. Collins, A. S., Windley, B. F., Kröner, A. and Razakamanana, T. (2000b). The tectonic architecture of central and northern Madagascar: A structural and geochronological perspective. Abstract, 18th Colloquium of African Geology, Graz, Austria. Journal of African Earth Science, 30, 21.
17. Collins, A.S., Windley, B.F. and Razakamanana, T., (2000a). Neoproterozoic crustal-scale extensional detachment in central Madagascar: implications for extensional collapse of the East African Orogen. Geological Magazine, 137, 39-51.
18. Cordani, U.G., Sato, K., Teixeira, W., Tassinari, C.C.G. and Basei, M.A.S. (2000). Crustal evolution of the South American platform.In: Cordani, U.G., Miliani, E.J., Thomaz-Filho, A. and Campos, D.A. (Editors) Tectonic evolution of South America. 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 19-40.
19. Costa, M., Cadoppi, P., Sacchi, R. and Fanning, C.M. (1994). U-Pb -SHRIMP-dating of zircons from Mozambique gneiss. Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 113, 173-178.
20. Cox, K.G. (1992). Karoo igneous activity, and the early stages of the break-up of Gondwanaland. In: Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T. and Pankhurst, R.J. (Editors), Magmatism and the causes of continental break-up. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 68, 137-148.
21. Cox, R. and Ashwal, L.D., Editors (1997). Proceedings of the UNESCO-IUGS-IGCP-348/368 International field workshop on Proterozoic geology of Madagascar. Gondwana Research Group, Miscellaneous Publication, Osaka City University, Japan, 5, 105 p.
22. Dalziel, I.W.D. (1991). Pacific margin of Laurentia and East Antarctica-Australia as a conjugate rift pair: Evidence and implications for an Eo-Cambrian supercontinent. Geology, 19, 598-601.
23. Dalziel, I.W.D. (1992). On the organization of American plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia. GSA Today, 2, 237-241.
24. Dalziel, I.W.D. (1997). Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 109, 26-42.
25. Dalziel, I.W.D., Mosher, S. and Gahagan, L.M. (2000), Laurentia-Kalahari collision and the assembly of Rodinia. Joiurnal of Geology, 108, 499-513.
26. De Wit, M.J., Bowring, S.A., Ashwal, L.D., Randrianasolo, L.G., Morel, V.P.I. and Rambeloson, R.A. (2001). Age and tectonic evolution of Neoproterozoic ductile shear zones in southwestern Madagascar, with implications for Gondwana studies. Tectonics, 20, 1-45.
27. Dirks, P.H.G.M., Kröner, A., Jelsma, H.A., Maneya, C. and Jamal, D.L. (2000). Pb-Pb zircon ages and tectonic framework for the Zambezi belt, Zimbabwe. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 30, 4A, 23-24.
28. Evans, R.J., Ashwal, L.D. and Hamilton, M.A. (1999). Mafic, ultramafic, and anorthositic rocks of the Tete Complex, Mozambique: petrology, age, and significance. South African Journal of Geology, 102, 153-166.
29. Gass, I. G. (1984). Pan-African (upper Proterozoic) plate tectonics of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. In: Kröner, A. (ed.) Precambrian plate tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 387-405.
30. Girdler, R.W. (1983). Processes of planetary rifting as seen in the rifting and break-up of Africa. Tectonophysics, 94, 241-252.
31. Hamilton, W.B. (1979). Tectonics of the Indonesian region. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1078, 345 p.
32. Hamilton, W.B. (1988). Plate tectonics and island arcs. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 100, 1503-1527.
33. Handke, M.J., Tucker, R.D. and Ashwal, L.D. (1999). Neoproterozoic continental arc magmatism in west-central Madagascar. Geology, 27, 351-354.
34. Harley, S.L. (1989). The origins of granulites: a metamorphic perspective. Geological Magazine, 126 215-247.
35. Hofmann, P.F. (1989). Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America. In: Bally, A.W. and Palmer, A.R. (Editors) The geology of North America, volume A, the geology of North America: An overview. Geological Society of America, Boulder, USA, 447-512.
36. Hoffman, P.F. (1991). Did tile breakout of Laurentia turn Gondwana inside-out? Science, 252, 1409-1412.
37. Hoffman, P.F. (1999). The break-up of Rodinia, birth of Gondwana, true polar wander and the snowball Earth. Journal of African Earth Science, 28, 17-33.
38. Holmes, A. (1951). The sequence of Pre-Cambrian orogenic belts in south and central Africa. 18th International Geological Congress, London, 14, 254-269.
39. 39Ar thermochronological constraints on the structural evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Natal meatamorphic province, SE Africa. Precambrian Resesarch, 86, 71-92.
40. Jacobs, J., Fanning, C.M., Henjes-Kunst, F., Oelsch, M. and Paech, H.-J. (1998). Continuation of the Mozambique belt into East Antarctica: Grenville-age metamorphism and polyphase Pan-African high-grade events in central Dronning Maud Land: Journal of Geology, 106, 385-406.
41. Jacobs, J., Hansen, B.T., Henjes-Kunst, F., Thomas, R.J., Weber, K., Bauer, W., Armstrong, R.A. and Cornell, D.H. (1999). New age constraints on the Proterozoic/Lower Palaeozoic evolution of Heimefrontfjella, East Antarctica, and its bearing on Rodinia/Gondwana correlations. Terra Antarctica, 6, 377-389.
42. Jamal, D.L., Zartman, R.E. and De Wit, M.J. (1999). U-Pb single zircon dates from the Lurio Belt, northern Mozambique: Kibaran and Pan-African orogenic events highlighted. Journal of African Earth Science, 28, 32.
43. Johnson, P.R. (2001). Oblique sinistral transpression in the Arabian shield: the timing and kinematics of a neoproterozoic suture zone. Precambrian Research, 107, 117-138.
44. th Colloquium on African Geology, Tervuren, Belgium, 50.
45. Key, R.M., Charsley, T.J., Hackman, B.D., Wilkinson, A.F. and Rundle, C.C. (1989). Superimposed upper Proterozoic collision-controlled orogenies in the Mozambique orogenic belt of Kenya. Precambrian Research, 44, 197-2125.
46. Kröner, A. (1977). The Precambrian geotectonic evolution of Africa: plate accretion versus plate destruction. Precambrian Research, 4, 163-213.
47. Kröner, A. (1985). Ophiolites and the evolution of tectonic boundaries in the late Proterozoic Arabian-Nubian shield of northeast Africa and Arabia. Precambrian Research, 27, 277-300.
48. Kröner, A., Braun, I. and Jaeckel, P. (1996). Zircon geochronology of anatectic melts and residues from a high-grade pelitic assemblage at Ihosy, southern Madagascar: evidence for Pan-African granulite metamorphism. Geologiucal Magazine, 133, 311-323.
49. Kröner, A., Cooray, P.G. and Vitanage, P.W. (1991). Lithotectonic subdivision of the Precambrian basement in Sri Lanka. In: Kröner, A. (Editor), The crystalline crust of Sri Lanka. Part I, Summary of research of the German-Sri Lankan Consortium. Geological Survey Department. Colombo, Sri Lanka, Professional Paper, 5, 5-21.
50. Kröner, A., Dirks, P.H.G.M. and Jamal, D.L. (2000b). Archaean, Kibaran and Pan-African zircon ages for granitoid rocks in northwestern Mozambique. Abstract Volume, Geoluanda 2000, Luanda, Angola, 24-25.
51. Kröner, A., Greiling, R., Reischmann, T., Hussein, I.M., Stern, R.J., Dürr, S., Krüger, J. and Zimmer, M. (1987). Pan-African crustal evolution in the Nubian segment of northeast Africa. In: (Kröner, A. (Editor) Proterozoic lithospheric evolution. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, 17, 235-257.
52. Kröner, A., Hegner, E., Collins, A.S., Windley, B.F., Brewer, T.S., Razakamanana, T. and Pidgeon, R.T. (2000a). Age and magmatic history of the Antananarivo Block, central Madagascar, as derived from zircon geochronology and Nd isotopic systematics. American Journal of Science, 300, 251-288.
53. Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P. and Williams, I.S. (1990 Pb-loss patterns in zircons from a high-grade metamorphic terrain as revealed by different dating methods: U-Pb and Pb-Pb ages for igneous and metamorphic zircons from northern Sri Lanka. Precambrian Research, 66, 151-181.
54. Kröner, A., Jaeckel, P., Windley, B.F., Brewer, T. and Razakamanana, T. (1999). New zircon ages and regional significance for the evolution of the Pan-African orogen in Madagascar: Journal of the Geological Society of London, 156, 1125-1135.
55. Kröner, A., Kehelpannala, W. and Hegner, E. (submitted). Ca. 700-1000 Ma magmatic events and Grenvillian deformation in western Sri Lanka: relevance for Rodinia supercontinent formation and dispersal, and Gondwana amalgamation. Journal of Asian Earth Science,
56. Kröner, A., Linnebacher, P., Stern, R.J., Reischmann, T., Manton, W. and Hussein, I.M. (1991a). Evolution of Pan-African island arc assemblages in the southern Red Sea Hills, Sudan, and in southwestern Arabia as exemplified by geochemistry and geochronology. Precambrian Research, 53, 99-118.
57. Kröner, A., Sacchi, R., Jaeckel, P. and Costa, M. (1997). Kibaran magmatism and Pan-African granulate metamorphism in northern Mozambique: single zircon ages and regional implications. Journal of African Earth Science, 25, 467-484.
58. Kröner, A., Willner, A.P., Hegner, E., Jaeckel, P. and Nemchin, A. (2001). Single zircon ages, PT evolution and Nd isotopic systematics of high-grade gneisses in southern Malawi and their bearing on the extent of the Mozambique belt into southern Africa. Precambrian Research, 109, 257-291
59. Lawver, L.A., Gahagan, L.M. and Dalziel, I.W.D. (1998). A tight fit-early Mesozoic Gondwana, a plate reconstruction perspective. In: Motoyoshi, Y. and Shiraishi, K. (Editors) Origin and evolution of continents. Memoir of the National Insitute For Polar Reseasrch, Tokyo, Japan, Special Issue, 53, 214-229.
60. Maboko, M.A.H. (1995). Neodymium isotopic constraints on the protolith ages of rocks involved in Pan-African tectonism in the Mozambique belt of Tanzania. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 152, 911-916.
61. Maboko, M.A.H. (2000). Nd and Sr isotopic investigation of the Archaean-Proterozoic boundary in north eastern Tanzania: constraints on the nature of Neoproterozoic tectonics in the Mozambnique belt. Precambrian Research, 102, 87-98.
62. Maboko, M.A.H. and Nakamura, E. (2001). Isotopic dating of juvenile Neoproterozoic crust in the Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania: A link between the Mozambique belt and the Arabian-Nubian shield? Precambrian Research, in press.
63. McMenamin, M.O. and McMenamin, D.L.S. (1990). The emergence of animals: The Cambrian breakthrough. Columbia University Press, New York 217pp.
64. McWilliams, M.O. (1981). Palaeomagnetism and Precambrian tectonic evolution of Gondwana. In: Kröner, A. (Editor) Precambrian plate tectonics. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 649-687.
65. Meert, J.G. and Van der Voo, R. (1997). The assembly of Gondwana 800-550 Ma. Journal of Geodynamics, 23, 223-235.
66. Möller, A., Mezger, K. and Schenk, V. (2000). U-Pb dating of metamorphic minerals: Pan-African metamorphism and proponged slow cooling of high pressure granulites in Tanzaqnia, East Africa. Precambrian Research, 104, 123-145.
67. Moores, E.M. (1991). Southwest U.S.-East Antarctic (SWEAT) connection: a hypothesis. Geology, 19, 425-428.
68. Muhongo, S. (1999). Anatomy of the Mozambique belt of eastern and southern Africa: Evidence from Tanzania. Gondwana Research, 2, 369-375.
69. Muhongo, S. and Lenoir, J.C. (1994). Pan-African granulite facies metamorphism in the Mozambique belt of East Africa: evidence from the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania). Journal of the Geological Society of London, 151, 153-168.
70. Muhongo, S., Tuisku, P. and Mtoni, Y. (1999). Pan-African prerssure-temperature evolution of the Merelani area in the Mozambique belt in northeast Tanzania. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 29, 353-365.
71. Muhongo, S., Kröner, A. and Nemchin, A.A. (2001). Zircon ages from granulite facies rocks in the Mozambique belt of Tanzania and implications for Gondwana assembly. Journal of Geology, 109, 171-189.
72. Müller, M.A., Jung, S., Kröner, A., Baumgartner, L.P., Poller, U. and Todt, W, (2001) Pan-African emplacement and granulite-facies metamorphism in the Mavuradonha Mountains, Zambezi belt, NE Zimbabwe. Journal of Conference Abstracts, 6, 564.
73. Nance, R.D., Woeslex, T.R. and Moody, J.B. (1988). The supercontinent cycle. Scientific American, 256, 72-78.
74. Nicollet, C. (1990). Crustal evolution of the granulites of Madagascar. In: Vielzeuf, D. and Vidal, P. (Editors), Granulites and crustal evolution. NATO ASI Ser. 3, Kluwer Dordrecht 311, 291-310.
75. Nielsen, T.F.D. (1987). Tertiary alkaline magmatism in East Greenland: a review. In: Fitton, J.G. and Upton, B.G.J. (Editors), Alkaline igneous rocks. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 30, 489-515.
76. Oberholzer, W.F. (1968). Carta geologica de Moçambique, 1:1 000 000. Published Serv. Geol. Minas Moçambique, Lourenco-Marques (Maputo).
77. Pallister, J.S. (1987). Magmatic history of Red Sea rifting: perspective from the central Saudi Arabia coastal plain. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 98, 400-417,
78. Pallister, J.S., Stacey, J.S., Fischer, L.B. and Premo, W.R. (1988). Precambrian ophiolites of Arabia: geologic settings, U-Pb geochronology, Pb-isotope characteristics, and implications for continental accretion. Precambrian Research, 38, 1-54.
79. Paquette, J.-L. and Nédélec, A. (1998). A new insight into Pan-African tectonics in the East-West Gondwana collision zone by U-Pb zircon dating of granites from central Madagascar: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 155, 45-56.
80. Petterson, M.G., Babbs, T., Neal, C.R., Mahoney, J.J., Saunders, A.D., Duncan, R.A., Tolia, D., Magu, R., Qopoto, C., Mahoa, H. and Natogga, D. (1999). Geologic-tectonic framework of Solomon Islands, SW Pacific: crustal accretion and growth within an intra-oceanic setting. Tectonophysics, 301, 35-60.
81. Pigram, C.J. and Panggabean, H. (1984). Rifting of the northern margin of the Australian continent and the origin of some microcontinents in eastern Indonesia. Tectonophysics, 107, 331-353.
82. Pinna, P., Jourde, G., Calvez, J.Y., Mroz, J.P. and Marques, J.M. (1993). The Mozambique belt in northern Mozambique: Neoproterozoic (1100-850 Ma) crustal growth and tectogenesis, and superimposed Pan-African (800-550 Ma) tectonism. Precambrian Research, 62, 1-59.
83. Powell, C. McA., Li, Z.X., McElhinny, M.W., Meert, J.G. and Park, J.K. (1993). Paleomagnetic constraints on timing of the Neoproterozoic break-up of Rodinia and the Cambrian formation of Gondwana. Geology, 21, 889-892.
84. Powell, C. McA., Jones, D.A., Pisarevsky, S. and Wingate, M.T.D. (2001). Palaeomagnetic constraints on the position of the Kalahari craton in Rodinia. Precambrian Research, 110, 33-46
85. Ramakrishnan, M., Nanda, J.K. and Augustine, P.F. (1998). Geological evolution of the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats mobile belt. Geological Survey of India, Special Publication, 44, 1-21.
86. Reischmann, T. (2000). Ophiolites and island arcs in the late Proterozoic Nubian shield. Ofioliti, 25, 1-13.
87. Ries, A.C., Shackleton, R.M., Graham, R.H. and Fitches, W.R. (1983). Pan-African structures, ophiolites and mélange in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: a traverse at 26°N. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 140, 75-95.
88. Rivers, T., Martignole, J., Gower, C.F. and Davidson, A. (1989). New tectonic divisions of the Grenville Province, southeast Canada. Tectonics, 8, 63-84.
89. Rogers, J.J.W., Unrug, R. and Sultan, M. (1995). Tectonic assembly of Gondwana. Journal of Geodynamics, 19, 1-34.
90. Rudnik, R.L. (1995). Making continental crust. Nature, 378, 571-578.
91. Rudnik, R.L. and Fountain, D.M. (1995). Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 267-309.
92. Sacchi, R., Cadoppi, P. and Costa, M. (2000). Pan-African reactivation of the Lurio segment of the Kibaran belt system: a reappraisal from recent age determinations in northern Mozambique. Journal of African Earth Science, 30, 629-639.
93. Sacchi, R., Marques, J., Costa, M. and Casati, C. (1984). Kibaran events in the southernmost Mozambique belt. Precambrian Research, 25, 141-159.
94. Sampson, D.N. and Wright, A.E. (1961). Geological map 1:125 000, QDS 183 (Morogoro sheet) Geological Survey of Tanganyika, Dodoma, Tanzania.
95. Sengör, A.M.C. and Natal'in, B.A. (1996). Paleotectonics of Asia: fragments of a synthesis. In: Yin, A. and Harrison, M. (eds.) The tectonic evolution of Asia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 486-640.
96. Sengör, A.M.C., Natal'in, B.A. and Burtman, V.S. (1993). Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature, 364, 299-307.
97. Shackleton, R. (1993). Tectonics of the lower crust: a view from the Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania. Journal of Structural Geology, 15, 663-671.
98. Shackleton, R.M. (1996). The final collision zone between East and West Gondwana: where is it? Journal of African Earth Science, 23, 271-287.
99. Shiraishi, K., Ellis, D.J., Hiroi, Y., Fanning, C.M., Motoyoshi, Y. and Nakai, Y. (1994). Cambrian orogenic belt in East Antarctica and Sri Lanka: Implications for Gondwana assembly. Journal of Geology, 102, 47-65.
100. Stern, R.J. (1994). Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: Implications for consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, 22, 319-354.
101. Stoeser, D.B. and Camp, V.E. (1985). Pan African microplate accretion of the Arabian shield. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 96, 817-826.
102. Torsvik, T.H., Smeturst, M.A., Meert, J.G., Van der Voo, R., McKerrow, W.S., Brasier, M.D., Sturt, B.A. and Walderhaug, H.J. (1996). Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic - A tale of Baltica and Laurentia: Earth Science Reviews, 40, 229-258.
103. Tucker, R.D., Ashwal, L.D., Handke, M.J., Hamilton, M.A., LeGrange, M., and Rambeloson, R.A. (1999). U-Pb geochronology and isotope geochemistry of the Archaean granite-greenstone belts of Madagascar: Journal of Geology, 107, 35-153.
104. Unrug, R. (1992). The supercontinent cycle and Gondwanaland assembly: Component cratons and the timing of suturing events. Journal of Geodynamics, 16, 215-240.
105. Unrug, R. (1996). The assembly of Gondwanaland. Episodes, 19, 11-20.
106. Unrug, R. (1997). Rodinia to Gondwana: The geodynamic map of Gondwana supercontinent assembly. GSA Today, 7, 1-6.
107. Weil, A.B., van der Voo, R., MacNiocall, D. and Meert, J.G. (1998). The Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia: paleomagnetically drived reconstructions for 1100 to 800 Ma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 154, 13-24.
108. Williams, L.A.J. (1982). Physical aspects of magmatism in continental rifts. American Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, 8, 193-219.
109. Willner, A.P. (1995). Pressure-temperature evolution of a low-pressure amphibolite facies terrane in central Bushmanland (Namaqua mobile belt, South Africa). Geological Surrey of Namibia, Special Publication, 15, 5-19.
110. Wilson, M. (1989). Igneous petrogenesis. Unwin Hyman, London, U.K., 466 p.
111. Wilson, T.J., Grunow, A.M. and Hanson, R.E. (1997). Gondwana assembly: The view from southern Africa and East Gondwana. Journal of Geodynamics, 23, 263-286.
112. Windley, B.F. (1993). Uniformitarianism today: plate tectonics is the key to the past. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 150, 7-19.
113. Windley, B.F. (1995). The evolving continents, 3rd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K., 526 p.
114. Windley, B.F., Razafiniparany, A., Razakamanana, T. and Ackermand, D. (1994). Tectonic framework of the Precambriasn of Madagascar and its Gondwana connections: a review and reappraisal. Geologische Rundschau, 83, 642-659.