A review of pollutants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML): A unique habitat for marine organisms

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volumn 48, Issue 11-12, 2004, Pages 1016-1030

  Wurl, Oliver ^a   Obbard, Jeffrey Phillip ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Heavy metals; Marine pollution; Persistent organic pollutants; Sea surface microlayer

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BOUNDARY LAYERS; ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING; OCEAN HABITATS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; TOXIC MATERIALS; TOXICITY; WATER POLLUTION;

CRITICAL INTERFACES; FISH EGGS; LARVAE; MARINE BIOTA; SEA-SURFACE MICORLAYER (SML);

MARINE ENGINEERING;

CADMIUM; COPPER; HEAVY METAL; HYDROCARBON; LEAD; MERCURY; ORGANOTIN COMPOUND; PETROLEUM DERIVATIVE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; ZINC;

BIOACCUMULATION; ECOTOXICOLOGY; HEAVY METAL; MARINE POLLUTION; ORGANIC POLLUTANT; SEA SURFACE;

ATMOSPHERE; BIOAVAILABILITY; BIOME; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHLORINATION; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; CONTAMINATION; ECOSYSTEM; ECOTOXICOLOGY; EGG; INDUSTRIALIZATION; LARVA; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; POLLUTANT; REVIEW; SEA; SEA POLLUTION; SEA SURFACE WATERS; SURFACE PROPERTY; TOXICITY;

CELLULAR ORGANISMS;

EID: 2542472422     PISSN: 0025326X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.03.016     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Abd-Allah A.M.A. Organochlorine contaminants in microlayer and subsurface water of Alexandria Coast. Egypt. J. AOAC Int. 82:1999;391-398
2. Anikiyev V.V., Urbanovich M.Yu Organic pollutant distributions in the surface microlayer system in some world ocean regions. Geochem. Int. 26:1989;116-122
3. Bidleman T.F., Olney C.E. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Sargasso Sea atmosphere and surface water. Science. 183:1974;516-518
4. Blackmore G., Wang W. Inter-population differences in Cd, Cr, Se and Zn accumulation in the green mussel perna viridis acclimated at different salinities. Aquat. Toxicol. 62:2003;205-218
5. Bosveld A.T.C., van den Berg M. Reproductive failure and endocrine disruption by organohalogens in fish-eating birds. Toxicology. 27:2002;155-159
6. Brügmann L., Bernard P.C., van Grieken R. Geochemistry of suspended matter from the Baltic Sea. 2. Results of bulk trace metal analysis by AAS. Mar. Chem. 38:1992;303-323
7. Burns K.A., Codi S. Non-volatile hydrocarbon chemistry studies around a production platform on Australiaás Northwest Shelf. Est. Coast Shelf Sci. 49:1999;853-876
8. Burns K.A., Villeneuve J.-P. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the open Mediterranean ecosystem and implications for mass balance calculations. Mar. Chem. 20:1987;337-359
9. Burns K.A., Villeneuve J.-P., Fowler S.W. Fluxes and residence times of hydrocarbons in the coastal Mediterranean: how important are the biota? Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 20:1985;313-330
10. Carlson D.J. A field evaluation of plate and screen microlayer sampling techniques. Mar. Chem. 11:1982;198-208
11. Carlson D.J, Cantey J.L., Cullen J.J. Description of and result from a new surface microlayer sampling device. Deep Sea Res. 35:1988;1205-1213
12. Chernyak S.M., McConell L.L., Clifford P.R. Fate of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in arctic and far eastern ecosystems in the Russian Federation. Sci. Total Environ. 160/161:1995;75-85
13. Chernyak S., Clifford P.R., McConnell L.L. Evidence of currently-used pesticides in air, ice, fog, seawater and surface microlayer in the Bering and Chukchi Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32:1996;410-419
14. Cincinelli A., Stortini A.M., Perugini M., Checchini L., Lepri L. Organic pollutants in sea-surface microlayer and aerosol in the coastal environment of Leghorn (Tyrrhenian Sea). Mar. Chem. 76:2001;77-98
15. Cleary J.J., Stebbing A.R.D. Organotin in the surface microlayer and subsurface waters of Southeast England. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 18:1987;238-246
16. Colombo J.C., Pelletier E., Brochu C., Khalil M. Determination of hydrocarbon sources using n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Rio de La Plata Estuary. Argent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23:1989;888-894
17. Corsolini S., Romeo T., Ademollo N., Greco S., Focardi S. POPs in key species of marine Antarctic ecosystem. Microchem. J. 73:2002;187-193
18. Cross J.N., Hardy J.T., Hose J.E., Hershelman G.P., Antrim L.D., Gossett R.W., Crecelius E.A. Contaminant concentrations and toxicity of sea-surface microlayer near Los Angeles, California. Mar. Environ. Res. 23:1987;307-323
19. Donard O.F.X., Rapsomanikis S., Weber J.H. Speciation of inorganic tin and alkyltin compounds by atomic absorption spectrometry using electrothermal quartz furnace after hybride generation. Anal. Chem. 58:1986;772-777
20. Duce R.A., Quinn J.G., Olney C.E., Piotrowicz S.R., Ray B.J., Wade T.L. Enrichment of heavy metals and organic compounds in the surface microlayer of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Science. 176:1972;161-163
21. Falkowska L. Sea surface microlayer: a field evaluation of teflon plate, glass plate and screen sampling techniques. Part 1: Thickness of microlayer samples and relation to wind speed. Oceanologia. 41:1999;211-221
22. Falkowska L. Sea surface microlayer: a field evaluation of teflon plate, glass plate and screen sampling techniques. Part 2: Dissolved and suspended matter. Oceanologia. 41:1999;223-240
23. Fowler S.W. Critical review of selected heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the marine environment. Mar. Environ. Res. 29:1990;1-64
24. Garabetian F., Romano J.-C., Paul R. Organic matter composition and pollutant enrichment of sea surface microlayer inside and outside slicks. Mar. Environ. Res. 35:1993;323-339
25. Garrett W.D. Collection of stick forming material from the sea surface. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:1965;602-605
26. Gaul H., Ziebarth U. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in seawater of the western Baltic. Investigation methods and results of 1976 and 1978. Dt. Hydrogr. Z. 33:1980;199-209. (in German, abstract in English)
27. GESAMP, The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, 1995. The sea-surface microlayer and its role in global change. Report No. 59, London
28. Grotti M., Soggia F., Abelmoschi M.L., Rivaro P., Magi E., Frache R. Temporal distribution of trace metals in Antarctic coastal waters. Mar. Chem. 76:2001;189-209
29. Gucinski H. The effect of sea surface microlayer enrichment on TBT transport. Proceedings of Oceansá 86 Conference. vol. 4:1986;1266-1274 Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC
30. Hall L.W., Lenkevich M.J., Hall W.S., Pinkney A.E., Bushong S.J. Evaluation of Butyltin compounds in Maryland Waters of Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 18:1987;78-83
31. Hardy J.T. The sea-surface microlayer: biology, chemistry, and anthropogenic enrichment. Prog. Oceanogr. 11:1982;307-328
32. Hardy J.T., Cleary J. Surface microlayer contamination and toxicity in the German Bright. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 91:1992;203-210
33. Hardy, J.T., Word, J.Q., 1986. Sea surface toxicity in Puget Sound. Puget Sound Notes. US EPA Region 10, Seattle, WA, November 3-6
34. Hardy J.T., Apts C.W., Crecelius E.A., Bloom N.S. Sea-surface microlayer metals enrichments in an urban and rural bay. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 20:1985;299-312
35. Hardy J.T., Kiesser S., Antrim L., Stubin A., Kocan R., Strand J. The sea-surface microlayer of Puget Sound: Part I. Toxic effects on fish eggs and larvae. Mar. Environ. Res. 23:1987;227-249
36. Hardy J.T., Crecelius E.A., Antrrim L.D., Broadhurst V.L., Apts C.W., Gurtisen J.M., Fortman T.J. The sea-surface microlayer of Puget Sound: Part II. Concentrations of contaminants and relation to toxicity. Mar. Environ. Res. 23:1987;251-261
37. Hardy J.T., Coley J.A., Antrim L.D., Kiesser S.L. A hydrophobic large-volume sampler for collecting aquatic surface microlayers: characterization and comparison with the glass plate method. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45:1988;822-826
38. Hardy J.T., Crecelius E.A., Antrim L.D., Kiesser S.L., Broadhurst V.L. Aquatic surface microlayer contamination in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Chem. 28:1990;333-351
39. Harvey G.W. Microlayer collection from the sea surface: a new method and initial results. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11:1966;608-613
40. Harvey G.W., Burzell L.A. A simple microlayer method for small samples. Limnol. Oceanogr. 17:1972;156-157
41. Hillebrand M.Th.J., Nolting R.F. Sampling procedures for organochlorines and trace metals in open ocean waters. TRAC. 6:1987;74-77
42. Hoch M. Organotin compounds in the environment - an overview. Appl. Geochem. 16:2001;719-743
43. Hong H., Lin J. Preliminary study on the distribution of nutrients, organic matter, trace metals in sea surface microlayer in Xiamen Bay and Jiulong Estuary. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 9:1990;81-90
44. Huggett R.J., Unger M.A., Seligman P.F., Valkirs A.O. The marine biocide tributyltin: assessing and managing the environmental risk. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26:1992;232-237
45. Hühnerfuss H. On the problem of sea surface film sampling: a comparison of 21 microlayer-, 2 multilayer-, and 4 selected subsurface-samplers- Part 1. Sonderdruck Meerestech. 12:1981;137-142
46. Hühnerfuss H. On the problem of sea surface film sampling: a comparison of 21 microlayer-, 2 multilayer-, and 4 selected subsurface-samplers- Part 2. Sonderdruck Meerestech. 12:1981;170-173
47. Hunter K.A. Processes affecting particulate trace metals in the sea-surface microlayer. Mar. Chem. 9:1980;49-70
48. Hunter K.A. Chemistry of the sea-surface microlayer. Liss P.S., Duce R.A. The Sea Surface and Global Change. 1996;287 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
49. Hunter K.A., Liss P.S. Principles and problems of modeling cation enrichment at natural air-water interfaces. Eisenreich S.J. Atmospheric Pollutants in Natural Waters. 1981;99 Ann Arbor, Press, Ann Arbor
50. IOC, International Oceanographic Commission., 1985. Procedure for sampling the sea-surface microlayer. Report no. 15, UNESCO, Paris
51. Jeminez B. Environmental effects of endocrine disruptors and current methodologies for assessing wildlife health effects. TrAC. 16:1997;596-606
52. Jones K.C., de Voogt P. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): state of the science. Environ. Pollut. 100:1999;209-221
53. Kennish M.J. Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution. 1997;CRC Press, Boca Raton
54. Knap A.H., Burns K.A., Dawson R., Ehrhardt M., Palmork K.H. Dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbons, tar balls and the surface microlayer: experiences from and IOC/UNEP Workshop in Bermuda. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 17:1986;313-319
55. Knulst J., Södergren A. Occurrence and toxicity of persistent pollutants in surface microlayers near an incineration plant. Chemosphere. 29:1994;1339-1347
56. Kjelleberg S., Stenstrom T.A., Odham G. Comparative study of different hydrophobic devices for sampling lipid surface films and adherent microorganisms. Mar. Biol. 53:1979;21-25
57. Kocan R.M., von Westernhagen H., Landolt M.L., Furstenberg G. Toxicity of sea-surface microlayer: effects of hexane extract on Baltic Herring (Clupea harengus) and Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) embryos. Mar. Environ. Res. 23:1987;292-305
58. Kucklick J.R., Bidleman T.F. Organic contaminants in Winyah Bay, South Carolina I: Pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subsurface and microlayer water. Mar. Environ. Res. 37:1994;63-78
59. Larsson K., Odham G., Södergren A. On lipid surface films on the sea. I. A simple method for sampling and studies of composition. Mar. Chem. 2:1974;49-57
60. Lion L.W., Harvey R.W., Leckie J.O. Mechanisms for trace metal enrichment at the surface microlayer in an estuarine marsh. Mar. Chem. 11:1982;235-244
61. Liss P.S., Duce R.A. The Sea Surface and Global Change. 1996;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
62. Liu K., Dickhut R.M. Effects of wind speed and particulate matter source on surface microlayer characteristics and enrichment of organic matter in the southern Chesapeake Bay. J. Geophys. Res. 103:1998;10571-10577
63. Longwell A.C., Sukwoo C., Hebert A., Hughes J.B., Perry D. Pollution and developmental abnormalities of Atlantic fishes. Environ. Biol. Fish. 35:1992;1-21
64. McFadzen I.R.B., Cleary J.J. Toxicity and chemistry of the sea-surface microlayer in the North Sea using a cryopreserved larval bioassay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 103:1994;103-109
65. Marty J.C., Zutic V., Precali R., Saliot A., Cosovic B., Smodlaka N., Cauwet G. Organic matter characterization in the Northern Adriatic Sea with special reference to the sea surface microlayer. Mar. Chem. 25:1988;243-263
66. Matthias C.L., Bellama J.M., Olson G.J., Brinckman F.E. Comprehensive method for determination of aquatic butyltin and butylmethyltin species at ultratrace levels using simultaneous hydridization/extraction with gas-chromatography-flame photometric detection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20:1986;609-615
67. Matthias C.L., Bushong S.J., Hall L.W., Bellama L.M., Brinckman F.E. Simultaneous butyltin determinations in the microlayer, water column and sediment of a northern Chesapeake Bay marina and receiving systems. Appl. Organometall. Chem. 2:1988;547-552
68. Miget R., Kator H., Oppenheimer C., Laseter J.L., Ledet E.J. New sampling device for the recovery of petroleum hydrocarbons and fatty acids from aqueous surface films. Anal. Chem. 46:1974;1154-1157
69. Migon C., Nicolas E. The trace metal recycling component in the north-western Mediterranean. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 36:1998;273-277
70. Mikhaylov V.I. Concentration of some anthropogenic substances in the surface microlayer (exemplified by the northeastern part of the Atlantic). Oceanology. 18:1978;547-549
71. Mikhaylov V.I. Results of determination of petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated organic pesticides in a thin surface microlayer of the Mediterranean Sea. Oceanology. 19:1979;541-543
72. Mohnke M., Rohde K.H., Brügmann L., Franz P. Trace analysis of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in waters by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 364:1986;323-337
73. Pellenberg R.E., Church T.M. The estuarine surface microlayer and trace metal cycling in a salt marsh. Science. 203:1979;1010-1012
74. Picer N., Picer M. Inflow, levels and the fate of some persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Rijeka Bay area of the Adriatic Sea. Water Res. 26:1992;899-909
75. Riznyk R.Z., Hardy J.T., Pearson W., Jabs L. Short-term effects of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons on sea-surface microlayer phytoneuston. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38:1987;1037-1043
76. Rumbold D., Snedaker S. Sea-surface microlayer toxicity off the Florida Keys. Mar. Environ. Res. 47:1999;457-472
77. Sadiq M. Toxic metal chemistry in marine environments. 1992;Marcel Dekker, New York
78. Sauer T.C., Durell G.S., Brown J.S., Redford D., Boehm P.D. Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in microlayer and seawater samples collected in open-ocean waters off the U.S. East Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Chem. 27:1989;235-257
79. Seba D.B., Corcoran E.F. Surface slicks as concentrators of pesticides in the marine environment. Pestic. Monit. J. 3:1969;190-193
80. Sericano J.L., Pucci A.E. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the seawater and surface sediments of Blanca Bay, Argentina. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 19:1984;27-51
81. Södergren A., Larsson P., Knulst J., Bergqvist C. Transport of incinerated organochlorine compounds to air, water, microlayer, and organisms. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 21:1990;18-24
82. Southwood J.M., Muir D.C.G., Mackay D. Modelling agrochemical dissipation in surface microlayers following aerial deposition. Chemosphere. 38:1999;121-141
83. Stadler D.F., Ziebarth U. Beschreibung einer Methode zur Bestimmung von Dieldrin, p, p′-DDT und PCBs in Seewasser und Werte für die Deutsche Bucht. Dt. Hydrogr. Z. 28:1975;263-273. (in German, abstract in English)
84. Stadler D.F., Ziebarth U. p, p′-DDT dieldrin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface water of the western Baltic, 1974. Dt. Hydrogr. Z. 29:1976;25-31. (in German, abstract in English)
85. Stebbing A.R.D., Soria S., Burt G.R., Cleary J.J. Water quality bioassays in two Bermudan harbours using the ciliate Euplotes vannus, in relation to tributyltin distribution. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 138:1990;159-166
86. Takada H., Onda T., Ogura N. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dusts and their source materials by capillary gas chromatography. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24:1990;1179-1185
87. Takada H., Onda T., Harada M., Ogura N. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in street dust from the Tokyo Metropolitan area. Sci. Total Environ. 107:1991;45-69
88. Tanabe S. Contamination and toxic effects of persistent endocrine disrupters in marine mammals and birds. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45:2002;69-77
89. Verslycke T., Vangheluwe H., Heijerick D., de Schamphelaere K., Van Sprang P., Janssen C.R. The toxicity of metal mixtures to the estuarine mysid Neomysis integer (Crustacea: Mysidacea) under changing salinity. Aquat. Toxicol. 64:2003;307-315
90. Von Westernhagen H., Landholt M., Kocan R., Fürstenberg G., Janssen D., Kremling K. Toxicity of sea-surface microlayer: effects on herring and turbot embryos. Mar. Environ. Res. 23:1987;273-290
91. Williams P.M., Robertson K.J. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in sea-surface films and subsurface waters at nearshore stations and in the North Central Gyre. Fish. Bull. 73:1973;445-447
92. Witt G. Occurrence and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water bodies of the Baltic Sea. Mar. Chem. 79:2002;49-66
93. Wu T.L. Atrazine residues in estuarine water and the aerial deposition of atrazine into Rhode River, Maryland. Water Air Soil Poll. 15:1981;173-184
94. Wu T.L., Lambert L., Hastings D., Banning D. Enrichment of the agricultural herbicide atrazine in the microsurface water of an estuary. Bull. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 24:1980;411-414
95. Zeng E.Y., Vista C.L. Organic pollutants in the coastal environment off San Diego, California. 1. Source indentification and assessment by compositional indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:1997;179-188
96. Zhang Z., Liu L., Wu Z., Li J., Ding H. Physiochemical studies of the sea surface microlayer I. Thickness of the sea surface microlayer and its experimental determination. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 204:1998;294-299
97. Zhang Z., Cai W., Liu L., Liu C., Chen F. Direct determination of thickness of sea surface microlayer using a pH microelectrode at original location. Sci. China Ser. B. 46:2003;339-351