Seismic constraints on mechanisms of deep earthquake rupture

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 109, Issue 2, 2004, Pages

  Estabrook, Charles H ^a  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

Deep earthquakes; Mineral physics; Seismology

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; MANTLE; OLIVINE; SEISMIC MOMENT; SUBDUCTION;

EID: 2542429255     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Akaogi, M., A. Navrotsky, T. Yagi, and S. Akimoto (1987), Pyroxenegarnet transformation: Thermochemistry and elasticity of garnet solid solutions, and application to a pyrolite mantle, in High-Pressure Research in Mineral Physics, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 39, edited by M. H. Manghnani and Y. Syono, pp. 251-260, AGU, Washington, D. C.
2. 4: Calorimetric measurements, thermochemical calculation, and geophysical application, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15,671-15,685.
3. Bevis, M. (1986), The curvature of Wadati-Benioff zones and the torsional rigidity of subducting plates, Nature, 323, 52-53.
4. Bijwaard, H., W. Spakman, and E. R. Engdahl (1998). Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 30,055-30,078.
5. Bina, C. R. (1997), Patterns of deep seismicity reflect buoyancy stresses due to phase transitions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3301-3304.
6. Bina, C. R. (1998a), A note on latent heat release from disequilibrium phase transformations and deep seismogenesis, Earth Planets Space, 50, 1029-1034.
7. Bina, C. R. (1998b), Free energy minimization by simulated annealing with applications to lithospheric slabs and mantle plumes, Pure Appl. Geophys., 151, 605-618.
8. Bina, C. R., and G. Helffrich (1994), Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 15,853-15,860.
9. 2O: Implications for volatile transport to the mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9713-9719.
10. Cahill, T., and B. L. Isacks (1992), Seismicity and shape of the subducted Nazca Plate, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17,503-17,529.
11. Cardwell, R. K., B. L. Isacks, and D. E. Karig (1980), The spatial distribution of earthquakes, focal mechanism solutions, and subducted lithosphere in the Philippine and northeastern Indonesian islands, in The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 23, edited by D. E. Hayes, pp. 1-35, AGU, Washington, D. C.
12. Castle, J. C., and K. C. Creager (1997), Seismic evidence against a mantle chemical discontinuity near 660 km depth beneath Izu-Bonin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 241-244.
13. Castle, J. C., and K. C. Creager (1998), Topography of the 660-km discontinuity beneath Izu-Bonin: Implications for tectonic history and slab deformation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12,511-12,528.
14. Collier, J. D., and G. R. Helffrich (1997), Topography of the "410" and "660" km seismic discontinuities in the Izu-Bonin subduction zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1535-1538.
15. Collier, J. D., G. R. Helffrich, and B. J. Wood (2001), Seismic discontinuities and subduction zones, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 127, 35-49.
16. Creager, K. C., and T. H. Jordan (1986), Slab penetration into the lower mantle beneath the Mariana and other island arcs of the northwest Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3573-3589.
17. Creager, K. C., L.-Y. Chiao, J. P. Winchester, and E. R. Engdahl (1995), Membrane strain rates in the subducting plate beneath South America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2321-2324.
18. Däßler, R., D. A. Yuen, S. Karato, and M. R. Riedel (1996), Two-dimensional modeling of thermokinetic coupling and the consequences on the phase boundaries of subducting slabs, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 94, 217-239.
19. Engdahl, E. R., R. D. van der Hilst, and J. Berocal (1995), Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere beneath South America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2317-2320.
20. Engebretson, D. C., and S. H. Kirby (1992), Deep Nazca slab seismicity: Why is it so anomalous? (abstract), Eos, Trans. AGU, 73(43). Fall Meet. Suppl., 379.
21. Estabrook, C. H., (1999), Body wave inversion of the 1970 and 1963 South American large deep-focus earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 28,751-28,768.
22. Estabrook, C. H., and G. Bock (1995), Rupture history of the great Bolivian earthquake: Slab interaction with the 660-km discontinuity?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2277-2280.
23. Forsyth, D. W., S. C. Webb, L. M. Dorman, and Y. Shen (1998), Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in the MELT experiment on the East Pacific Rise, Science, 280, 1235-1238.
24. Frohlich, C. (1989), The nature of deep-focus earthquakes, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet, Sci., 17, 227-254.
25. Frohlich, C. (1998), Does maximum earthquake size depend on focal depth?, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 329-336.
26. Frohlich, C. (2004), Deep Earthquakes, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, in press.
27. Fukao, Y., M. Obayashi, H. Inoue, and M. Nenbai (1992), Subducting slabs stagnant in the mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 4809-4822.
28. Furukawa, Y. (1994). Two types of deep seismicity in subducting slabs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1181-1184.
29. Gasparik, T. (1990), Phase relations in the transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 15,751-15,769.
30. Gasparik, T. (1996a), Diopside-jadeite join at 16-22 GPa, Phys. Chem. Miner., 23, 476-486.
31. Gasparik, T. (1996b), Melting experiments on the enstatite-diopside join at 70-224 kbar, including the melting of diopside, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 124, 139-153.
32. Giardini, D., and J. H. Woodhouse (1984), Deep seismicity and modes of deformation in Tonga subduction zone, Nature, 307, 505-509.
33. Giardini, D., and J. H. Woodhouse (1987), Horizontal shear flow in the mantle beneath the Tonga arc, Nature, 319, 551-555.
34. Gorbatov, A., V. Kostoglodov, and E. Burov (1996), Maximum seismic depth versus thermal parameter of subducted slab: Application to deep earthquakes in Chile and Bolivia, Geofis. Int., 35, 41-50.
35. Goto, K., Z. Suzuki, and H. Hamaguchi (1987), Stress distribution due to olivine-spinel phase transition in descending plate and deep-focus earthquakes, J. Geophys, Res., 92, 13,811-13,820.
36. Green, H. W., and P. C. Burnley (1989), A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes, Nature, 341, 733-737.
37. Green, H. W., and H. Houston (1995), The mechanics of deep earthquakes, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 23, 169-213.
38. Green, H. W., and Y. Zhou (1996), Transformation-induced faulting requires an exothermic reaction and explains the cessation of earthquakes at the base of the mantle transition zone, Tectonophysics, 256, 39-56.
39. Griggs, D. T., and D. W. Baker (1969), The origin of deep-focus earthquakes, in Properties of Matter Under Unusual Conditions, edited by H. Mark and S. Fernbach, pp. 23-42, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N. J.
40. Gudmundsson, O., and M. Sambridge (1998), A regionalized upper mantle (RUM) seismic model, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 7121-7136.
41. Gutenberg, B., and C. F. Richter (1954), Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena, 2nd ed., Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N. J.
42. Helffrich, G., and J. Brodholt (1991), Relationship of deep seismicity to the thermal structure of subducted lithosphere, Nature, 353, 252-255.
43. Helffrich, G. R., S. Stein, and B. J. Wood (1989), Subduction zone thermal structure and mineralogy and their relationship to seismic wave reflections and conversions at the slab/mantle interface, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 753-763.
44. Hobbs, B. E., and A. Ord (1988), Plastic instabilities: Implications for the origin of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 10,521-10,540.
45. Hogrefe, S., D. C. Rubie, T. G. Sharp, and F. Seifert (1994), Metastability of enstatite in deep subducting lithosphere, Nature, 372, 351-353.
46. Huang, W.-C., E. A. Okal, G. Ekström, and M. P. Salganik (1997), Centroid moment tensor solutions for deep earthquakes predating the digital era: The World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network dataset (1962-1976), Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 99, 121-129.
47. Irifune, T., and A. E. Ringwood (1993), Phase transformations in subducted oceanic crust and buoyancy relationships at depths of 600-800 km in the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117, 101-110.
48. 6 at pressures up to 25 GPa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 187-190.
49. Isacks, B., and P. Molnar (1971), Distribution of stresses in the descending lithosphere from a global survey of focal-mechanism solutions of mantle earthquakes, Rev. Geophys., 9, 103-174.
50. Isacks, B., J. Oliver, and L. R. Sykes (1968), Seismology and the new global tectonics, J. Geophys, Res., 73, 5855-5899.
51. Ita, J., and L. Stixrude (1992), Petrology, elasticity and composition of the mantle transition zone, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6849-6866.
52. Ito, E., and H. Sato (1992), Effect of phase transformations on the dynamics of the descending slab, in High-Pressure Research: Application to Earth and Planetary Sciences, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 67, edited by Y. Syono and M. H. Manghnani, pp. 257-262, AGU, Washington, D. C.
53. James, D. E., and J. A. Snoke (1990), Seismic evidence for continuity of the deep slab beneath central and eastern Peru, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 4989-5001.
54. Kanamori, H., D. L. Anderson, and T. H. Heaton (1998), Frictional melting during the rupture of the 1994 Bolivian earthquake, Science, 279, 839-842.
55. Karato, S. (1997a), On the separation of crustal component from subducted oceanic lithosphere near the 660 km discontinuity. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 99, 103-111.
56. Karato, S. (1997b), Phase transformations and rheological properties of mantle minerals, in Earth's Deep Interior, edited by D. Crossley and A. M. Soward, pp. 223-272, Gordon and Breach, Newark, N. J.
57. Karato, S., M. R. Riedel, and D. A. Yuen (2001), Rheological structure and deformation of subducted slabs in the mantle transition zone: Implications for mantle circulation and deep earthquakes, Phys. Earth, Planet. Inter., 127, 83-108.
58. Kikuchi, M., and H. Kanamori (1994), The mechanism of the deep Bolivia earthquake of June 9, 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2341-2344.
59. Kirby, S. H., W. B. Durham, and L. A. Stern (1992), Mantle phase changes and deep earthquake faulting in subducting lithosphere, Science, 252, 216-225.
60. Kirby, S. H., E. A. Okal, and E. R. Engdahl (1995), The 9 June 94 Bolivian deep earthquake: An exceptional event in an extraordinary subduction zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2233-2236.
61. Kirby, S. H., S. Stein, E. A. Okal, and D. C. Rubie (1996), Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere, Rev. Geophys., 34, 261-306.
62. Koper, K. D., D. A. Wiens, L. M. Dorman, J. A. Hildebrand, and S. C. Webb (1998), Modeling the Tonga slab: Can travel time data resolve a metastable olivine wedge?, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 30,079-30,100.
63. Kostoglodov, V. V. (1989), Maximum depth of earthquakes and phase transformation within the lithospheric slab descending in the mantle, in Physics and Internal Structure of the Earth, edited by V. A. Magnitsky, pp. 52-57, Nauka, Moscow.
64. Lomnitz-Adler, J. (1990), Are deep focus earthquakes caused by a Martensitic transformation?, J. Phys. Earth., 38, 83-98.
65. Lu, R., and H. Keppler (1997), Water solubility in pyrope to 100 kbar, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 129, 35-42.
66. Lundgren, P. R., and D. Giardini (1994), Isolated deep earthquakes and the fate of subduction in the mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 15,833-15,842.
67. Marton, F. C., C. R. Bina, S. Stein, and D. C. Rubie (1999), Effects of slab mineralogy on subduction rates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26. 119-122.
68. McGarr, A. (1977). Seismic moments of earthquakes beneath island arcs, phase changes, and subduction velocities, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 256-264.
69. w 7.6), deep Tonga earthquake: Rupture outside the seismically active slab, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15,163-15,182.
70. McKenzie, D. P., and J. N. Brune (1972), Melting on fault planes during large earthquakes, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 29, 65-78.
71. Meade, C., and R. Jeanloz (1991), Deep-focus earthquakes and recycling of water into the Earth's mantle, Science, 252, 68-72.
72. Müller, R. D., W. R. Roest, J.-Y. Royer, L. M. Gahagan, and J. G. Sclater (1997), Digital isochrons of the world's ocean floor, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3211-3214.
73. Nothard, S., J. Haines, J. Jackson, and B. Holt (1996a), Distributed deformation in the subducting lithosphere at Tonga, Geophys. J. Int., 127, 328-338.
74. Nothard, S., D. McKenzie, J. Haines, and J. Jackson (1996b), Gaussian curvature and the relationship between the shape and the deformation of the Tonga slab, Geophys. J. Int., 127, 311-327.
75. Ogawa, M. (1987), Shear instability in a viscoelastic material as the cause of deep focus earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13,801-13,810.
76. Okal, E. A., and C. R. Bina (1994), The deep earthquakes of 1921 - 1922 in northern Peru, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 87, 33-54.
77. Okal, E. A., and C. R. Bina (1998), On the cessation of seismicity at the base of the transition zone, J. Seismol., 2, 65-86.
78. Okal, E. A., and S. H. Kirby (1998), Deep earthquakes beneath the Fiji Basin, SW Pacific: Earth's most intense deep seismicity in stagnant slabs, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 109, 25-63.
79. Okal, E. A., and J. Talandier (1997), T waves from the great 1994 Bolivian deep earthquake in relation to channeling of S wave energy up the slab, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27,421-27,437.
80. Okino, K., M. Ando, S. Kaneshima, and K. Hirahara (1989), The horizontally lying slab, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1059-1062.
81. 2O transport and release in subduction zones: Experimental constraints on basaltic and andesitic systems, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22,299-22,314.
82. Ranken, B., R. K. Cardwell, and D. E. Karig (1984), Kinematics of the Philippine Sea plate, Tectonics, 3, 555-575.
83. Riedel, M. R., and S. Karato (1996), Microstructural development during nucleation and growth, Geophys. J. Int., 125, 397-414.
84. Riedel, M. R., and S. Karato (1997), Grain-size evolution in subducted oceanic lithosphere associated with the olivine-spinel transformation and its effects on rheology, Earth Planet, Sci. Lett., 148, 27-43.
85. Ringwood, A. E. (1982), Phase transformations and differentiation in subducted lithosphere: Implications for mantle dynamics, basalt petrogenesis and crustal evolution, J. Geol., 90, 611-643.
86. Rubie, D. C., and C. R. Ross H (1994), Kinetics of the olivine-spinel transformation in subducting lithosphere: Experimental constraints and implications for deep slab processes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 86, 223-241.
87. Scheirer, D. S., D. W. Forsyth, M.-H. Cormier, and K. C. Macdonald (1998), Shipboard geophysical indications of asymmetry and melt production beneath the East Pacific Rise near the MELT experiment, Science, 280, 1221-1224.
88. Schmeling, H., R. Monz, and D. C. Rubie (1999), The influence of olivine metastability on the dynamics of subduction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 165, 55-66.
89. Sharp, T, G., and D. C. Rubie (1995), Catalysis of the olivine to spinel transformation by high clinoenstatite, Science, 269, 1095-1098.
90. Silver, P. G., S. L. Beck, T. C. Wallace, C. Meade, S. C. Myers, D. E. James, and R. Kuehnel (1995), Rupture characteristics of the deep Bolivian earthquake of 9 June 1994 and the mechanism of deep-focus earthquakes, Science, 268, 69-73.
91. Spera, F. (1999), A slippery problem with explosive consequences, Science, 283, 1275-1276.
92. Spray, J. G. (1993), Viscosity determinations of some frictionally generated silicate melts: Implications for fault zone rheology at high strain rates, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 8053-8068.
93. 3, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 54, 370-377.
94. Thompson, A. B. (1992). Water in the Earth's upper mantle, Nature, 358, 295-302,
95. Tibi, R., C. H. Estabrook, and G. Bock (1999), The 1996 June 17 Flores Sea and 1994 March 09 Fiji-Tonga earthquakes: Source processes and deep earthquake mechanisms, Geophys. J. Int., 138, 625-642.
96. Tibi, R., G. Bock, and D. A. Wiens (2003), Source characteristics of large deep earthquakes: Constraint on the faulting mechanism at great depths, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B2), 2091, doi:10.1029/2001JB001948.
97. Toomey, D. R., W. S. D. Wilcock, S. C. Solomon, W. C. Hammond, and J. A. Orcutt (1998), Mantle seismic structure beneath the MELT region of the East Pacific Rise from P and S wave tomography, Science, 280, 1224-1227.
98. Turcotte, D. L., and G. Schubert (2001), Geodynamics, 2nd ed., 456 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press. New York.
99. Vacher, P., A. Mocquet, and C. Sotin (1998), Computation of seismic profiles from mineral physics: The importance of the non-olivine components for explaining the 660 km depth discontinuity, Phys, Earth Planet, Inter., 106, 275-298.
100. van der Hilst, R. D., E. R. Engdahl, W. Spakman, and G. Nolet (1991), Tomographic imaging of subducted lithosphere below northwest Pacific island arcs, Nature, 353, 37-43.
101. Vassiliou, M. S., and B. H. Hager (1988), Subduction zone earthquakes and stress in slabs, Pure Appl. Geophys., 128, 574-624.
102. Vassiliou, M. S., B. H. Hager, and A. Raefsky (1984), The distribution of earthquakes with depth and stress in subducting slabs, J. Geodyn., 1, 11-28.
103. 3 perovskite and implications for the lower mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 895-898.
104. 3 perovskite, J. Geophys. Res, 101, 661-672.
105. Webb, S. C., and D. W. Forsyth (1998), Structure of the upper mantle under the EPR from waveform inversion of regional events, Science, 280, 1227-1229.
106. Weidner, D. J., and Y. Wang (2000), Phase transformations: Implications for mantle structure, in Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography From the Atomic to the Global Scale, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 117, pp. 215-235, AGU, Washington, D. C.
107. Wessel, P., and W. H. F. Smith (1995), New version of the generic mapping tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 76, 329.
108. Wicks, C. W., Jr., and M. A. Richards (1993), A detailed map of the 660-km kilometer discontinuity beneath the Izu-Bonin subduction zone, Science, 261, 1424- 1427,
109. Widiyantoro, S., and R. van der Hilst (1997), Mantle structure beneath Indonesia inferred from high-resolution tomographic imaging, Geophys. J. Int., 130, 167-182.
110. Wiens, D. A., and H. J. Gilbert (1996), Effect of slab temperature on deep-earthquake aftershock productivity and magnitude-frequency relations, Nature, 384, 153-156.
111. Wortel, M. J. R. (1984), Spatial and temporal variations in the Andean subduction zone, J. Geol. Soc. London, 141, 783-791.
112. Wortel, R. (1982), Seismicity and rheology of subducted slabs, Nature, 296, 553-556.
113. Yoshioka, S., R. Däßler, and D. A. Yuen (1997), Stress fields associated with metastable phase transitions in descending slabs and deep-focus earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 104, 345-361.