Consistency of memory for emotionally arousing events: A review of prospective and experimental studies

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 25, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 935-953

  Van Giezen, Anne E ^a   Arensman, Ella ^a,b   Spinhoven, Philip ^a,c   Wolters, Gezinus ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b NATIONAL SUICIDE RESEARCH FOUNDATION   (Ireland)

^c LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Accuracy; Consistency; Emotional events; Memory; Review; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ABUSE; AROUSAL; ASSAULT; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEPRESSION; DISASTER; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMOTION; EXPERIMENT; FEAR; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; LIFESPAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MEMORY; METHODOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RAPE; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SEXUAL ABUSE; SOLDIER; SYMPTOM; VICTIM; WAR;

EID: 25144488626     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.011     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. M.C. Aalsma, G.D. Zimet, J.D. Fortenberry, M. Blythe, and D.P. Orr Reports of childhood sexual abuse by adolescents and young adults: Stability over time Journal of Sex Research 39 2002 259 263
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. 1994 Author Washington, DC
3. J.N. Bohannon Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories Cognition 29 1988 179 196
4. I. Bramsen, A.J.E. Dirkzwager, S.C.M. van Esch, and H.M. van der Ploeg Consistency of self-reports of traumatic events in a population of Dutch peacekeepers: Reason for optimism Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 2001 733 740
5. J.D. Bremner, and E. Brett Trauma-related dissociative states and long-term psychopathology in posttraumatic stress disorder Journal of Traumatic Stress 10 37 1997 49
6. J.D. Bremner, J.H. Krystal, D.S. Charney, and S.M. Southwick Neural mechanisms on dissociative amnesia for childhood abuse: Relevance to the current controversy surrounding the "false memory syndrome" American Journal of Psychiatry 153 1996 71 82
7. N. Brewer, R. Potter, R.P. Fisher, N. Bond, and M.A. Luszcz Beliefs and data on the relationship between consistency and accuracy of eyewitness testimony Applied Cognitive Psychology 13 1999 297 313
8. C.R. Brewin, T. Dalgleish, and S. Joseph A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder Psychological Review 103 1996 670 686
9. R. Brown, and J. Kulik Flashbulb memories Cognition 5 1977 73 99
10. L. Cahill, and J.L. McGaugh A novel demonstration of enhanced memory associated with emotional arousal Consciousness and Cognition 4 1995 410 421
11. I. Candel, T. Smeets, and H. Merckelbach Accuracy, completeness and consistency of emotional memories American Journal of Psychology 117 2004 595 609
12. S.A. Christianson Flashbulb memories: Special, but not so special Memory and Cognition 17 1989 435 443
13. S.A. Christianson Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review Psychological Bulletin 112 1992 284 309
14. S.A. Christianson, and E. Engelberg Memory and emotional consistency: The MS Estonia Ferry disaster Memory 7 1999 471 482
15. M.A. Conway, S.J. Anderson, S.F. Larsen, C.M. Donnely, M.A. McDaniel, and A.G.R. McClelland The formation of flashbulb memories Memory and Cognition 22 1994 326 343
16. A. Curci, O. Luminet, C. Finkenauer, and L. Gisle Flashbulb memories in social groups: A comparative test-retest study of the memory of French President Mitterand's death in a French and a Belgian group Memory 9 2001 81 101
17. B.S. Dohrenwend Life events as stressors: A methodological inquiry Journal of Health and Social Behavior 14 1973 167 175
18. D.M. Fergusson, L.J. Horwood, and L.J. Woodward The stability of child abuse reports: A longitudinal study of the reporting behaviour of young adults Psychological Medicine 30 2000 529 544
19. R.P. Fisher, and B.L. Cutler The relation between consistency and accuracy of eyewitness testimony G.M. Davies S.M.A. Lloyd-Bostock M. McMurran C. Wilson Psychology, law and criminal justice: International developments in research and practice 1995 De Gruyter Berlin 21 28
20. R. Fivush Developmental perspectives on autobiographical recall G.S. Goodman B.L. Bottoms Child victims, child witnesses: Understanding and improving testimony 1993 Guilford Press New York, NY 1 24
21. E.B. Foa, C. Molnar, and L. Cashman Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic-stress-disorder Journal of Traumatic Stress 8 1995 675 690
22. S. Ghetti, G.S. Goodman, M.L. Eisen, J. Qin, and S.L. Davis Consistency in reports of sexual and physical abuse Child Abuse and Neglect 26 2002 977 995
23. L.A. Goodman, K.M. Thompson, K. Weinfurt, S. Corl, P. Acker, and K.T. Mueser Reliability of reports of violent victimization and posttraumatic among men and women with serious mental illness Journal of Traumatic Stress 12 1999 587 599
24. Health Council of the Netherlands. (2004). Disputed Memories. Health Council of the Netherlands, The Hague, publication no. 2004/02.
25. J. Herlihy, P. Scragg, and S. Turner Discrepancies in autobiographical memories-implications for the assessment of asylum seekers: Repeated interviews study British Medical Journal 324 2002 324 327
26. F. Heuer, and D. Reisberg Vivid memories of emotional events: The accuracy of remembered minutiae Memory and Cognition 18 1990 496 506
27. S.L. Hornstein, A.S. Brown, and N.W. Mulligan Long-term flashbulb memory for learning of Princess Diana's death Memory 11 2003 293 306
28. I.E. Hyman, and E.F. Loftus Errors in autobiographical memory Clinical Psychology Review 18 1998 933 947
29. I.E. Hyman, and J. Pentland The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories Journal of Memory and Language 35 1996 101 117
30. D.W. King, L.A. King, D.J. Erickson, M.T. Huang, E.J. Sharkansky, and J. Wolfe Posttraumatic stress disorder and retrospectively reported stressor exposure: A longitudinal prediction model Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 2000 624 633
31. C. Koopman, C. Classen, and D. Spiegel Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif, firestorm American Journal of Psychiatry 151 1994 888 894
32. E. Krackow, and S.J. Lynn Is there a touch in the game of twister? The effects of innocuous touch and suggestive questions on children's eyewitness memory Law and Human Behavior 27 2003 589 604
33. K.E. Krinsley, J.G. Gallagher, F.W. Weathers, C.J. Kutter, and D.G. Kaloupek Consistency of retrospective reporting about exposure to traumatic events Journal of Traumatic Stress 16 4 2003 399 409
34. P.J. Lee, and N.R. Brown Delay related changes in personal memories for September 11, 2001 Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 2003 1007 1015
35. E.F. Loftus The reality of repressed memories American Psychologist 48 1993 518 537
36. E.F. Loftus Make belief memories American Psychologist 58 2003 867 873
37. E.F. Loftus, and K. Ketcham The myth of repressed memory: False memories and allegations of sexual abuse 1994 St. Martin's Press New York
38. C.R. Marmar, D.S. Weiss, W.E. Schlenger, J.A. Fairbank, B.K. Jordan, and R.A. Kulka Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theatre veterans American Journal of Psychiatry 151 1994 902 907
39. M. McCloskey, C.G. Wible, and N.J. Cohen Is there a special flashbulb-memory mechanism? Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 117 1988 171 181
40. R.J. McNally Remembering trauma 2003 The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
41. M.B. Mechanic, P.A. Resick, and M.G. Griffin A comparison of normal forgetting, psychopathology, and information-processing models of reported amnesia for recent sexual trauma Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 1998 948 957
42. T.P. Melchert, and R.L. Parker Different forms of childhood abuse and memory Child Abuse and Neglect 25 1997 1053 1068
43. C.A. Morgan III, G. Hazlett, A. Doran, S. Garrett, G. Hoyt, and P. Thomas Accuracy of eyewitness memory for persons encountered during exposure to highly intense stress International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 27 2004 265 279
44. U. Neisser, and N. Harsch Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about challenger E. Winograd U. Neisser Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of 'flashbulb' memories 1992 Cambridge University Press New York 9 31
45. U. Neisser, E. Winograd, E.T. Bergman, C.A. Schreiber, S.E. Palmer, and M.S. Weldon Remembering the earthquake: Direct experience vs. hearing the news Memory 1996 337 357
46. B.L. Niles, E. Newman, B.A. Erwin, L.M. Fisher, D.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane Stability and fluctuation of veterans' reports of combat exposure L.M. Williams V.L. Banyard Trauma and memory 1999 Sage Publications Thousand Oaks 311 317
47. F.H. Norris, and K. Kaniasty Reliability of delayed self-reports in disaster research Journal of Traumatic Stress 5 1992 575 588
48. D.B. Pillemer Flashbulb memories of the assassination attempt on President Reagan Cognition 16 1984 63 80
49. S. Porter, L. Spencer, and A.R. Birt Blinded by emotion? Effect of the emotionality of a scene on susceptibility to false memories Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 35 2003 165 175
50. L. Roemer, B.T. Litz, S.M. Orsillo, P.J. Ehlich, and M.J. Friedman Increases in retrospective accounts of war-zone exposure over time: The role of PTSD symptom severity Journal of Traumatic Stress 11 1998 597 605
51. E.T. Rolls A theory of emotion and its application to understanding the neural basis of emotion Cognition and Emotion 4 1990 161 190
52. D.L. Schacter Searching for memory. The brain, the mind, and the past 1996 Basic Books New York
53. H. Schmolck, E.A. Bufffalo, and L.R. Squire Memory distortions develop over time: Recollections of the O.J. Simpson trail verdict after 15 and 32 months Psychological Science 11 2000 39 45
54. E.D. Schwarz, J.M. Kowalski, and R.J. McNally Malignant memories: Post-traumatic changes in memory in adults after a school shooting Journal of Traumatic Stress 6 1993 545 553
55. M.C. Smith, U. Bibi, and D.E. Sheard Evidence for the differential impact of time emotion on personal and event memories for September 11, 2001 Applied Psychology 17 2003 1047 1055
56. S.M. Southwick, C.A. Morgan, A.L. Nicolaou, and D.S. Charney Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm American Journal of Psychiatry 154 1997 173 177
57. J.M. Talarico, and D.C. Rubin Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories Psychological Science 14 2003 455 461
58. A.I. Tekcan, B. Ece, S. Gulgoz, and N. Er Autobiographical and event memory 9/11: Changes across one year Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 2003 1057 1066
59. L.C. Terr Childhood traumas: An outline and overview American Journal of Psychiatry 148 1991 10 19
60. B.A. Van der Kolk, and R. Fisler Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study Journal of Traumatic Stress 8 1995 505 525
61. C.A. Weaver Do you need a "flash" to form a flashbulb memory? Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 122 1993 39 46
62. S. Wessely, C. Unwin, M. Hotopf, L. Huli, K. Ismail, and V. Nicolaou Stability of recall of military hazards over time. Evidence from the Persian Gulf War of 1991 British Journal of Psychiatry 183 2003 314 322
63. R.G. Winningham, I.E. Hyman, and D.L. Dinnel Flashbulb memories? The effects of when the initial memory report was obtained Memory 8 2000 209 216
64. G. Wyshak The relation between change in reports of traumatic events and symptoms of psychiatric distress General Hospital Psychiatry 16 1994 290 297
65. L.A. Zoellner, M.B. Sacks, and E.B. Foa Stability of emotions for traumatic memories in acute and chronic PTSD Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 2001 697 711
66. S.M. Zola Memory, amnesia, and the issue of recovered memory: Neurobiological aspects Clinical Psychology Review 18 1998 915 932