Development poetics

Alternatives

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 335-351

  Sylvester, Christine ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 24944446523     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030437540002500308     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. From "Western Expertriate in Africa," in Nyamubaya's collection On the Road Again (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1986), p. 56.
2. Western Expertriate in Africa On the Road Again Ibid.1986), 56.
3. From "Poetry," in Nyamubaya, note 1, p. 2.
4. Nyamubaya, Poetry Ibid2. .
5. Graham Hancock rhapsodizes cuttingly about the poetics of conventional development thinking and practice in Lords of Poverty (London: Macmillan, 1989).
6. Nyamubaya, note 3, p. 2.
7. Marianne Gronemeyer, "Helping," in The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power, ed. Wolfgang Sachs (London: Zed Books, 1992), p. 53.
8. For a differentiation of sympathy and empathy, see Christine Sylvester, "African and Western Feminisms: World-Traveling the Tendencies and Possibilities," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and in Society 20, no. 4 (1995): 941-969.
9. For a discussion of arrogant perception in cross-cultural settings, see Isabella Gunning, "Arrogant Perception, World-Travelling, and Multicultural Feminisms: The Case of Female Genital Surgeries," Columbia Human Rights Law Review 2, no. 3 (1991-1992): 189-248.
10. From Nyamubaya, note 1, p. 56.
11. Gronemeyer, note 6, p. 58.
12. Maha Mongkut, king of Siam, quoted in Anna Leonowens, The English Governess at the Siamese Court (London: Arthur Barker, 1954), p. vii.
13. Leonowens, note 10, p. 63.
14. Elaborated by Kristina Crnagoj in her Ph.D. thesis in progress: "Rescue: An Undertheorised Concept in International Relations." Graduate Studies in Development Administration, National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University.
15. M. P. Cowen and R. W. Shenton put it plainly: "The nineteenth-century resolution of the development problem was to invoke trusteeship. Those who took themselves to be developed could act to determine the process of development for those who were deemed to be less-developed." See their Doctrines of Development (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 4.
16. Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion: A Romance in Five Acts (London: Longmans, Green, 1957).
17. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 7. Cowen and Shenton put the matter this way: "Now, in the last part of the twentieth century, the logical sleight of hand which justified entrusting the means of development to "developers" is no longer convincing. As doctrine, trusteeship stands condemned as Eurocentrism, an imperial vestige of the post-1945 attempt to improve the living standards of poor colonies and poor nations through state administration." Cowen and Shenton, note 13, p. 4.
18. Leonowens, Siamese Harem Life (New York: Dutton, 1953), p. 28.
19. Generally speaking, the WID (Women in Development) perspective has tended to see women as residing outside the main economic and political activities of their societies; the goal has been to integrate women into the progress planned and heretofore targeted at men. WAD, on the other hand - Women and Development - has been associated with the argument that women are already doing the crucial tasks in any society, such as reproduction, caretaking, and farming. The problematic of women and development is to find ways of valorizing those contributions, in part by working with women to refine their skills into income-generating activities. Assigned to teach women and children English - a high-level skill area - Leonowens might be said to be thrust into a WAD project designed by the biggest beneficiary of development - the king.
20. There is general consensus in the literature that Leonowens fictionalized most of her experiences in the harem, as well as details about her own background See Caren Kaplan, "'Getting to Know You': Travel, Gender, and the Politics of Representation in Anna and the King of Siam and The King and I,"in Roman de la Campa, E. Ann Kaplan, and Michael Sprinker, eds., Late Imperial Culture (London: Verso, 1995). Also, Freya Stark, introduction to Leonowens, note 16, p. xiii.
21. Noumea Simi, from "Experts," in Sustainable Development or Malignant Growth? Perspectives of Pacific Island Women, ed. 'Abu Emberson-Bain (Suva: Marama Publications, 1994), p. 57.
22. Nyamubaya, note 3, p. 2.
23. Ibid.
24. Momoe Malietoa von Reiche, from "Floating Face Down," in Emberson-Bain, note 19, p. 43.
25. Delia Aguilar, "Gender, Nation, and Colonialism: Lessons from the Philippines," in The Women, Gender, and Development Reader, eds. Nalini Visvanathan et al. (London: Zed Books, 1997), p. 313.
26. Arundhati Roy, "The Greater Common Good," Frontline 16 no. 11 (1999): cover essay.
27. Nzenza-Shand, Songs to an African Sunset: A Zimbabwean Story (Melbourne: Lonely Planet, 1997), p. 219.
28. Nzenza-Shand is writing here about the Tonga people of northwestern Zimbabwe. She says of their area: "Hot, dry, and ridden with tsetse flies and mosquitos, Omay combines barren terrain with a thick jungle full of wild animals. Visiting this regions [sic] is like going back in time." Both quotes from her Songs, note 25, pp. 199, 200.
29. Robert Bates writes about peasant rationality in his (by now a neoliberal bible) Markets, States, and Tropical Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981).
30. For a recent discussion of local social movements in Third World countries, see Jonathan Fox and L. David Brown, eds., The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOS, and Grassroots Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
31. Nzenza-Shand, note 25, p. 200.
32. Simi, from "Togi Falls," in Emberson-Bain, note 19, p. 188.
33. Nzenza-Shand, note 25, p. 202.
34. Jan Nederveen Pieterse, "My Paradigm or Yours? Alternative Development, Post-Development, Reflexive Development," Development and Change 29 (1998): 348.
35. See discussions in Faye Benedict, ed., Environmental Education for our Common Future (Norwegian University Press and UNESCO, 1991);
36. R. Kerry Turner, ed., Sustainable Environmental Management: Principles and Practice (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1988);
37. Ken Cole, "Ideologies of Sustainable Development," in Sustainable Development for Democratic South Africa, ed. Ken Cole (New York: St. Martin's, 1994), pp. 227-238;
38. Hartmut Bossel, Earth at a Crossroads: Paths to a Sustainable Future (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
39. For a fascinating discussion of the metaphorical aspects of "sustainable development," see Michael Pretes, "Development and Infinity," World Development 25 no. 9 (1997): 1421-1430.
40. Jully Sipolo, "Politics," in Emberson-Bain, note 19, p. 256.
41. 'Atu Emberson-Bain, "Sustaining the Unsustainable?" in Emberson-Bain, note 19, pp. i-xiii.
42. Emberson-Bain, note 19, introduction, p. i.
43. Neil Smith, "The Satanic Geographies of Globalization: Uneven Development in the 1990s," Public Culture 10, no. 1 (1997): 185.
44. Public Culture Ibid., p. 180.
45. Public Culture Ibid., pp. 175-176.
46. From "Green Power," in Nyamubaya, note 1, p. 7.
47. Smith, note 37, p. 181.
48. Leonowens, note 10, p. 241.
49. See discussion in Paul Burkett and Martin Hart-Landsberg, "East Asia and the Crisis of Development Theory," Journal of Contemporary Asia 28, no. 4 (1998): 435-456.
50. From "The Valley," in Nyamubaya, note 1, p. 47.
51. Raymond Apthorpe hypothesizes that relief and humanitarian help is more effective than longer-term efforts associated with development help See his "Some Relief from Development: Humanitarian Emergency Aid in the Horn of Africa (including Sudan), Rwanda, and Liberia," European Journal of Development Research 9, no. 2 (1997): 83-106.
52. Nzenza-Shand, note 25, p. 18.
53. Emberson-Bain, note 19, introduction, p. iv.
54. Jully Sipolo, from "Development," in Emberson-Bain, note 19, p. 215.
55. Muti is Shona for medicinal magic.
56. From "New Investment," in Nyamubaya, note 1, p. 33.
57. Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
58. Sipolo, note 48, p. 215.
59. See discussion in Christine Sylvester, "'Progress' in Zimbabwe: Is 'It' a 'Woman?'" International Feminist Journal of Politics 1 no. 1 (1999): 89-118.
60. Salman Rushdie, The Ground Beneath Her Feet (London: Cape, 1999);
61. Chenjerai Hove, Bones (Harare: Baobab Books, 1988),
62. Shadows (Harare: Baobab Books, 1991),
63. Ancestors (Harare: College Press, 1996);
64. Yvonne Vera, Without A Name (Harare: Baobab Books, 1994);
65. and Stanley Nyamfukudza, The Non-Believer's Journey (Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1980).
66. See Christine Sylvester, "Development Studies and Postcolonial Studies: Disparate Tales of the 'Third World,'" Third World Quarterly 20, no. 4 (1999): 703-721.
67. Noumea Simi, cited by Emberson-Bain in introduction to Emberson-Bain, note 19, p. i.
68. Nyamubaya, from "The Train Was Over-Booked," p. 5.