메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 499-508

A critique of ancillary tests for brain death

Author keywords

Ancillary tests; Blood flow; Brain death; Confirmatory tests; Criteria; EEG

Indexed keywords

BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN DEATH; BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN STEM; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 24644507109     PISSN: 15416933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/NCC:1:4:499     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (42)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 0032868269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consciousness as a definition of death: Its appeal and complexity
    • Machado C. Consciousness as a definition of death: its appeal and complexity. Clin Electroenceph 1999;30:56-64.
    • (1999) Clin Electroenceph , vol.30 , pp. 56-64
    • Machado, C.1
  • 2
    • 0037039257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain death worldwide: Accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria
    • Wijdicks EFM. Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002;58:20-25.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , pp. 20-25
    • Wijdicks, E.F.M.1
  • 3
    • 0004122818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
    • Wijdicks EFM. Brain Death. Philadelphia:Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 2001, pp 61-90.
    • (2001) Brain Death , pp. 61-90
    • Wijdicks, E.F.M.1
  • 4
    • 0021097274 scopus 로고
    • ABC of brain stem death: Prognostic significance of a dead brain stem
    • Pallis C. ABC of brain stem death: prognostic significance of a dead brain stem. BMJ 1983;286:123-124.
    • (1983) BMJ , vol.286 , pp. 123-124
    • Pallis, C.1
  • 5
    • 0020657681 scopus 로고
    • ABC of brain stem death: The declaration of death
    • Pallis C. ABC of brain stem death: the declaration of death. BMJ 1983;286:39.
    • (1983) BMJ , vol.286 , pp. 39
    • Pallis, C.1
  • 6
    • 0343938544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of clinical evaluation in the determination of brain death
    • Flowers WM Jr, Patel BR. Accuracy of clinical evaluation in the determination of brain death. South Med J 200093:203-206.
    • (2000) South Med J , vol.93 , pp. 203-206
    • Flowers Jr., W.M.1    Patel, B.R.2
  • 8
    • 0026773846 scopus 로고
    • Results of four technical investigations in fifty clinically brain dead patients
    • Nau R, Prange HW, Klinglhofer J, et al. Results of four technical investigations in fifty clinically brain dead patients. Intensive Care Med 1992;18:82-88.
    • (1992) Intensive Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 82-88
    • Nau, R.1    Prange, H.W.2    Klinglhofer, J.3
  • 9
    • 0026024004 scopus 로고
    • The role of xenon CT measurements of cerebral blood flow in the clinical determination of brain death
    • Pistoia F, Johnson DW, Darby JM, et al. The role of xenon CT measurements of cerebral blood flow in the clinical determination of brain death. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:97-103.
    • (1991) AJNR Am J Neuroradiol , vol.12 , pp. 97-103
    • Pistoia, F.1    Johnson, D.W.2    Darby, J.M.3
  • 10
    • 0033985422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tc-99m hexamethypropylamine oxime scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain death and its implications for the harvesting of organs used for transplantation
    • Kurtek RW, Lai KK, Tauxe WN, Eidelman BH, Fung JJ. Tc-99m hexamethypropylamine oxime scintigraphy in the diagnosis of brain death and its implications for the harvesting of organs used for transplantation. Clin Nucl Med 2000;25:7-10.
    • (2000) Clin Nucl Med , vol.25 , pp. 7-10
    • Kurtek, R.W.1    Lai, K.K.2    Tauxe, W.N.3    Eidelman, B.H.4    Fung, J.J.5
  • 11
    • 0014403727 scopus 로고
    • A definition of irreversible coma: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death
    • Ad Hoc Committee on Brain Death. A definition of irreversible coma: report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death. JAMA 1968;205:337-340.
    • (1968) JAMA , vol.205 , pp. 337-340
  • 12
    • 0028249360 scopus 로고
    • Guideline three: Minimum technical standards for EEG recording in suspected cerebral death
    • American Electroencephalographic Society. Guideline three: minimum technical standards for EEG recording in suspected cerebral death. J Clin Neurophysiol 1994, 11:10-13
    • (1994) J Clin Neurophysiol , vol.11 , pp. 10-13
  • 13
    • 0036222021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of brain death onset using bispectral index in severely comatose patients
    • Vivien B, Paqueron X, Le Cosquer P, et al. Detection of brain death onset using bispectral index in severely comatose patients. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:419-425.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 419-425
    • Vivien, B.1    Paqueron, X.2    Le Cosquer, P.3
  • 14
    • 0017718306 scopus 로고
    • Storm. The cortical source of the alpha rhythm
    • Lopes da Silva FH, van Leeuwen W. Storm. The cortical source of the alpha rhythm. Neurosci Lett 1977;6:237-241.
    • (1977) Neurosci Lett , vol.6 , pp. 237-241
    • Lopes Da Silva, F.H.1    Van Leeuwen, W.2
  • 15
    • 0001682088 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of subcortical, cortical and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in man
    • Cooper R, Winter AL, Crow HJ, Walter WG. Comparison of subcortical, cortical and scalp activity using chronically indwelling electrodes in man. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1965;18:217-228.
    • (1965) Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol , vol.18 , pp. 217-228
    • Cooper, R.1    Winter, A.L.2    Crow, H.J.3    Walter, W.G.4
  • 17
    • 0015220029 scopus 로고
    • Neocortical death after cardiac arrest: A clinical, neurophysiological and neuropathological report of two cases
    • Brierley JB, Graham DI, Adams JH, Simpson JA. Neocortical death after cardiac arrest: A clinical, neurophysiological and neuropathological report of two cases. Lancet 1971;2:560-565.
    • (1971) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 560-565
    • Brierley, J.B.1    Graham, D.I.2    Adams, J.H.3    Simpson, J.A.4
  • 18
    • 0022545295 scopus 로고
    • Normal radionuclide angiogram in a child with electrocerebral silence
    • Blend MJ, Oavel DG, Highes JR, et al. Normal radionuclide angiogram in a child with electrocerebral silence. Neuropediatrics 1986;17:168-170.
    • (1986) Neuropediatrics , vol.17 , pp. 168-170
    • Blend, M.J.1    Oavel, D.G.2    Highes, J.R.3
  • 19
    • 0344874432 scopus 로고
    • Brain stem death with persistence of bioelectric activity of the cerebral hemispheres
    • Deliyannakis E, Ioannou F, Davaroukas A. Brain stem death with persistence of bioelectric activity of the cerebral hemispheres. Clin Electroencephalogr 1975;6:75-79.
    • (1975) Clin Electroencephalogr , vol.6 , pp. 75-79
    • Deliyannakis, E.1    Ioannou, F.2    Davaroukas, A.3
  • 20
    • 0010269878 scopus 로고
    • Venous angiography: Importance in the diagnosis of brain death. 125 Cases
    • Picard L, Braun M, Anxionnat R, et al. Venous angiography: importance in the diagnosis of brain death. 125 cases. Bull Acad Natl Med 1995;179:27-37.
    • (1995) Bull Acad Natl Med , vol.179 , pp. 27-37
    • Picard, L.1    Braun, M.2    Anxionnat, R.3
  • 21
    • 0027740123 scopus 로고
    • Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials in brain-dead patients using restricted low filter setting
    • Machado C, Valdes P, Garcia O, et al. Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials in brain-dead patients using restricted low filter setting. J Neurosurg Sci 1993;37:133-140.
    • (1993) J Neurosurg Sci , vol.37 , pp. 133-140
    • Machado, C.1    Valdes, P.2    Garcia, O.3
  • 23
    • 0036848143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of short latency evoked potentials in the diagnosis of brain death
    • Facco E, Munari M, Gallo F, et al. Role of short latency evoked potentials in the diagnosis of brain death. Clin Neurophysiol 2002, 113:1855-1866.
    • (2002) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.113 , pp. 1855-1866
    • Facco, E.1    Munari, M.2    Gallo, F.3
  • 24
    • 0028527423 scopus 로고
    • An early approach to brain death diagnosis using multimodality evoked potentials and eletroretinography
    • Machado C. An early approach to brain death diagnosis using multimodality evoked potentials and eletroretinography. Minerva Anesthesiol 1994;60:573-577.
    • (1994) Minerva Anesthesiol , vol.60 , pp. 573-577
    • Machado, C.1
  • 27
    • 0034055563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional recovery despite prolonged loss of somatosensory evoked potentials: Report on two patients
    • Theilen HJ, Ragaller M, von Kummer R, et al. Functional recovery despite prolonged loss of somatosensory evoked potentials: report on two patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:657-660.
    • (2000) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 657-660
    • Theilen, H.J.1    Ragaller, M.2    Von Kummer, R.3
  • 28
    • 0032894763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Favorable recovery from bilateral loss of somatosensory evoked potentials
    • Schwartz S, Schwab S, Ashoff A, Hacke W. Favorable recovery from bilateral loss of somatosensory evoked potentials. Crit Care Med 1999;27:182-187.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 182-187
    • Schwartz, S.1    Schwab, S.2    Ashoff, A.3    Hacke, W.4
  • 29
    • 0031461242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies on effects of barbiturates on electroencephalgram and auditory evoked responses
    • Saito T, Takeichi S, Tokunaga I, et al. Experimental studies on effects of barbiturates on electroencephalgram and auditory evoked responses. Nippon Hoigaku Zassi 1997;51:388-395.
    • (1997) Nippon Hoigaku Zassi , vol.51 , pp. 388-395
    • Saito, T.1    Takeichi, S.2    Tokunaga, I.3
  • 30
    • 0027979365 scopus 로고
    • Effects of chronic high serum levels of phenobarbital on evoked potentials in epileptic children
    • Brinciotti M. Effects of chronic high serum levels of phenobarbital on evoked potentials in epileptic children. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;92:11-16
    • (1994) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , vol.92 , pp. 11-16
    • Brinciotti, M.1
  • 31
    • 0035984469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia and temperature effects on somatosensory evoked potentials produced by train stimuli
    • Strecker MM, Kent G, Escherich A, Patterson T, Cheung AT. Anesthesia and temperature effects on somatosensory evoked potentials produced by train stimuli. Int J Neurosci 2002;112:349-369.
    • (2002) Int J Neurosci , vol.112 , pp. 349-369
    • Strecker, M.M.1    Kent, G.2    Escherich, A.3    Patterson, T.4    Cheung, A.T.5
  • 32
    • 0032880265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tooth pulp and facial hair mechanoreceptor-evoked responses are attenuated during ketamine anesthesia
    • Cairns BE, McErlane SA, Fragoso MC, Soja PJ. Tooth pulp and facial hair mechanoreceptor-evoked responses are attenuated during ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1999;91:1025-1035.
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.91 , pp. 1025-1035
    • Cairns, B.E.1    McErlane, S.A.2    Fragoso, M.C.3    Soja, P.J.4
  • 33
    • 0034909165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiopental directly depresses lumbar dorsal root neuronal responses to noxious mechanical stimulation in goats
    • Sudo M, Sudo S, Chen XG, et al. Thiopental directly depresses lumbar dorsal root neuronal responses to noxious mechanical stimulation in goats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001;45:823-829.
    • (2001) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.45 , pp. 823-829
    • Sudo, M.1    Sudo, S.2    Chen, X.G.3
  • 34
    • 0141432147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ability of the bispectral index, autoregressive modeling with exogenous input-friven auditory evoked potentials, and predicted propofol concentrations to measure patient responsiveness during anesthesia with propofol and remifentanyl
    • Struys MM, Vereecke H, Moerman A, et al. Ability of the bispectral index, autoregressive modeling with exogenous input-friven auditory evoked potentials, and predicted propofol concentrations to measure patient responsiveness during anesthesia with propofol and remifentanyl. Anesthesiology 2003;99:802-812.
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.99 , pp. 802-812
    • Struys, M.M.1    Vereecke, H.2    Moerman, A.3
  • 35
    • 0037718295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between awarness and middle latency auditory evoked responses during surgical anesthesia
    • Accto P, Valente A, Gorgoglione M, Adducci E, Cosmo G. Relationship between awarness and middle latency auditory evoked responses during surgical anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2003;90:630-635.
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.90 , pp. 630-635
    • Accto, P.1    Valente, A.2    Gorgoglione, M.3    Adducci, E.4    Cosmo, G.5
  • 36
  • 37
    • 0036791780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Auditory- and somatosensory-evoked potentials in cerebral malaria and anesthesia: A comparison
    • Thornton C, Heyderman RS, Thorniley M, et al. Auditory- and somatosensory-evoked potentials in cerebral malaria and anesthesia: a comparison. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002;19:717-726.
    • (2002) Eur J Anaesthesiol , vol.19 , pp. 717-726
    • Thornton, C.1    Heyderman, R.S.2    Thorniley, M.3
  • 38
    • 0025337811 scopus 로고
    • Short latency evoked potentials: New criteria for brain death?
    • Facco E, Casartelli Livero M, et al. Short latency evoked potentials: new criteria for brain death? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:351-353.
    • (1990) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 351-353
    • Facco, E.1    Casartelli Livero, M.2
  • 39
    • 0023673258 scopus 로고
    • Auditory evoked potentials of the brain stem in brain death
    • Desbordes JM, Kremer C, Mesz M, et al. Auditory evoked potentials of the brain stem in brain death. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1988;7:13-16.
    • (1988) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim , vol.7 , pp. 13-16
    • Desbordes, J.M.1    Kremer, C.2    Mesz, M.3
  • 40
    • 0036848143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of short latency evoked potentials in the diagnosis of brain death
    • Facco E, Munari M, Gallo F, et al. Role of short latency evoked potentials in the diagnosis of brain death. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;113:1855-1866.
    • (2002) Clin Neurophysiol , vol.113 , pp. 1855-1866
    • Facco, E.1    Munari, M.2    Gallo, F.3
  • 41
    • 0027740122 scopus 로고
    • Multimodality evoked potentials and electroretinography in a test battery for an early diagnosis of brain death
    • Machado C. Multimodality evoked potentials and electroretinography in a test battery for an early diagnosis of brain death. J Neurosurg Sci 1993;37:125-131.
    • (1993) J Neurosurg Sci , vol.37 , pp. 125-131
    • Machado, C.1
  • 43
    • 0032780705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: A new indication of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death
    • Sonoo M, Tsai-Shozawa Y, Aoki M, et al. N18 in median somatosensory evoked potentials: a new indication of medullary function useful for the diagnosis of brain death. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:374-378.
    • (1999) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 374-378
    • Sonoo, M.1    Tsai-Shozawa, Y.2    Aoki, M.3
  • 44
    • 0027443549 scopus 로고
    • Visual evoked potentials and electroretinography in brain-dead patients
    • Machado C, Santiesteban R, Garcia O, et al. Visual evoked potentials and electroretinography in brain-dead patients. Doc Ophthamol 1993;84:89-96.
    • (1993) Doc Ophthamol , vol.84 , pp. 89-96
    • Machado, C.1    Santiesteban, R.2    Garcia, O.3
  • 45
    • 0141927929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of motor cortex evoked potentials following repetitive motor cortex stimulation during isoflurane or propofol anesthesia
    • Rohde V, Krombach GA, Baumert JH, et al. Measurement of motor cortex evoked potentials following repetitive motor cortex stimulation during isoflurane or propofol anesthesia. Br J Anesth 2003;91:487-492.
    • (2003) Br J Anesth , vol.91 , pp. 487-492
    • Rohde, V.1    Krombach, G.A.2    Baumert, J.H.3
  • 46
    • 0034711664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia and brain necrosis
    • Miyamoto O, Auer RN. Hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia and brain necrosis. Neurology 54: 362-371.
    • Neurology , vol.54 , pp. 362-371
    • Miyamoto, O.1    Auer, R.N.2
  • 48
    • 0343963786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of cerebral blood flow after brain death
    • Flowers WM, Patel BR. Persistence of cerebral blood flow after brain death. South Med J 2000;93:364-370.
    • (2000) South Med J , vol.93 , pp. 364-370
    • Flowers, W.M.1    Patel, B.R.2
  • 49
    • 0029198546 scopus 로고
    • Validity of cerebral angiography via the venous route in the diagnosis of brain death
    • Wilkening M, Lowvier N, D'Athis P, Freysz M. Validity of cerebral angiography via the venous route in the diagnosis of brain death. Bull Acad Natl Med 1995;179:41-48.
    • (1995) Bull Acad Natl Med , vol.179 , pp. 41-48
    • Wilkening, M.1    Lowvier, N.2    D'Athis, P.3    Freysz, M.4
  • 50
    • 0031004706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous angiography in brain death: Report of 140 cases
    • Braun M, Ducrocq X, Huot J-C, et al. Intravenous angiography in brain death: report of 140 cases. Neuroradiology 1997;39:400-405.
    • (1997) Neuroradiology , vol.39 , pp. 400-405
    • Braun, M.1    Ducrocq, X.2    Huot, J.-C.3
  • 51
    • 0024340993 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of angiographic findings in patients with severe brain disorders progressing to brain death
    • Kouji H, Kawahara N, Mii K, Takakura K. Analysis of angiographic findings in patients with severe brain disorders progressing to brain death. No To Shinkei 1989;41:727-735.
    • (1989) No to Shinkei , vol.41 , pp. 727-735
    • Kouji, H.1    Kawahara, N.2    Mii, K.3    Takakura, K.4
  • 52
    • 0032544359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain death and transcranial Doppler: Experience in 130 cases of brain dead patients
    • Ducrocq X, Braun M, Debouverie M, et al. Brain death and transcranial Doppler: experience in 130 cases of brain dead patients. J Neurol Sci 1998, 160:41-46.
    • (1998) J Neurol Sci , vol.160 , pp. 41-46
    • Ducrocq, X.1    Braun, M.2    Debouverie, M.3
  • 53
    • 0028341599 scopus 로고
    • Transcranial Doppler and brain death diagnosis
    • Feri M, Ralli L, Felici M, et al. Transcranial Doppler and brain death diagnosis. Crit Care Med 1994;22:1120-1126.
    • (1994) Crit Care Med , vol.22 , pp. 1120-1126
    • Feri, M.1    Ralli, L.2    Felici, M.3
  • 54
    • 0029058935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice parameters for determining brain death in adults (summary statement)
    • The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameters for determining brain death in adults (summary statement). Neurology 45:1012-1014.
    • Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 1012-1014
  • 56
    • 0035713358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnostic of brain death and transcranial Doppler: Looking for middle cerebral arteries and intracranial vertebral arteries. Agreement with scintigraphic techniques
    • Nebra AC, Virgos B, Santos S, et al. Clinical diagnostic of brain death and transcranial Doppler: looking for middle cerebral arteries and intracranial vertebral arteries. Agreement with scintigraphic techniques. Rev Neurol 2001;33:916-920.
    • (2001) Rev Neurol , vol.33 , pp. 916-920
    • Nebra, A.C.1    Virgos, B.2    Santos, S.3
  • 57
    • 0036143129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing brain death using the transcranial Doppler with a transorbital approach
    • Lampl Y, Gilad R, Eschel Y, Boaz M, Rapoport A, Sadeh M. Diagnosing brain death using the transcranial Doppler with a transorbital approach. Arch Neurol 2002, 59:58-60.
    • (2002) Arch Neurol , vol.59 , pp. 58-60
    • Lampl, Y.1    Gilad, R.2    Eschel, Y.3    Boaz, M.4    Rapoport, A.5    Sadeh, M.6
  • 58
    • 0024609414 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for brain death: Cessation of cerebral circulation demonstrated by Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid arteries
    • Payen D, Lamer C, Raggueneau JL, Copignon K, Houdart R. Criteria for brain death: cessation of cerebral circulation demonstrated by Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. Bull Acad Natl Med 1989;173:149-155.
    • (1989) Bull Acad Natl Med , vol.173 , pp. 149-155
    • Payen, D.1    Lamer, C.2    Raggueneau, J.L.3    Copignon, K.4    Houdart, R.5
  • 61
  • 62
    • 0033964709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in brain death
    • Lovblad KO, Bassetti C, Bassetti C. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in brain death. Stroke 2000;31:539-542.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 539-542
    • Lovblad, K.O.1    Bassetti, C.2    Bassetti, C.3
  • 63
    • 0034202792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in brain death
    • Phan TG, Wijdicks EF. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in brain death. Stroke 2000;31:1459-1460.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 1459-1460
    • Phan, T.G.1    Wijdicks, E.F.2
  • 64
    • 0032231450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of brain death using two-phase spiral CT. AJNR
    • Dupas B, Gayet-Delacroix M, Villers D, et al. Diagnosis of brain death using two-phase spiral CT. AJNR. Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:641-647.
    • (1998) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.19 , pp. 641-647
    • Dupas, B.1    Gayet-Delacroix, M.2    Villers, D.3
  • 65
    • 0038755236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computed tomographic angiography: Principles and clinical applications
    • Foley WD, Karcaaltincaba M. Computed tomographic angiography: principles and clinical applications. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003;27(Suppl 1):S23-S30.
    • (2003) J Comput Assist Tomogr , vol.27 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Foley, W.D.1    Karcaaltincaba, M.2
  • 67
    • 0027474071 scopus 로고
    • Tc-99m HMPAO cerebral scitigraphy. A reliable, noninvasive method for determination of brain death
    • Wieler H, Marohl K, Kaiser KP, Klawki P, Frossler H. Tc-99m HMPAO cerebral scitigraphy. A reliable, noninvasive method for determination of brain death. Clin Nucl Med 1993;18:104-109.
    • (1993) Clin Nucl Med , vol.18 , pp. 104-109
    • Wieler, H.1    Marohl, K.2    Kaiser, K.P.3    Klawki, P.4    Frossler, H.5
  • 68
    • 0026550421 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of brain death: Superiority of perfusion studies with 99mTcm-HMPAO over conventional radionuclide cerebral angiography
    • De la Riva A, Gonzolez FM, Llamas-Elvira JM, et al. Diagnosis of brain death: superiority of perfusion studies with 99mTcm-HMPAO over conventional radionuclide cerebral angiography. Br J Radiol 1992;65:289-294.
    • (1992) Br J Radiol , vol.65 , pp. 289-294
    • De La Riva, A.1    Gonzolez, F.M.2    Llamas-Elvira, J.M.3
  • 69
    • 1842289825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radionuclide angiography as a confirmatory test forbrain death: A review of 229 studies in 219 patients
    • Flowers WM, Patel BR. Radionuclide angiography as a confirmatory test forbrain death: a review of 229 studies in 219 patients. South Med J 1997, 90:1091-1096.
    • (1997) South Med J , vol.90 , pp. 1091-1096
    • Flowers, W.M.1    Patel, B.R.2
  • 71
    • 0024449766 scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability and the reaction of heart rate to atropine in brain dead patients
    • Siemens P, Higler HH, Frowein RA. Heart rate variability and the reaction of heart rate to atropine in brain dead patients. Neurosurg Rev 1989;12(Suppl 1):282-284.
    • (1989) Neurosurg Rev , vol.12 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 282-284
    • Siemens, P.1    Higler, H.H.2    Frowein, R.A.3
  • 72
    • 0034022549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atropine test and circulatory arrest in the fossa posterior assessed by transcranial Doppler
    • Hüttemann E, Schelenz C, Sakka SG Reinhart K. Atropine test and circulatory arrest in the fossa posterior assessed by transcranial Doppler. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:422-425.
    • (2000) Intensive Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 422-425
    • Hüttemann, E.1    Schelenz, C.2    Sakka, S.G.3    Reinhart, K.4
  • 73
    • 0036451607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of venous oxygen saturation in the jugular bulb for the diagnosis of brain death: Report of 118 patients
    • Diaz-Reganon G, Minambres E, Holanda M, et al. Usefulness of venous oxygen saturation in the jugular bulb for the diagnosis of brain death: report of 118 patients. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:1724-1728.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 1724-1728
    • Diaz-Reganon, G.1    Minambres, E.2    Holanda, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.