Stigma, liminality, and chronic pain: Mind-body borderlands

American Ethnologist

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 332-353

  Jackson, Jean E ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic pain; Liminality; Medical anthropology; Mind body dualism; Stigma

Indexed keywords

EID: 24644459445     PISSN: 00940496     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/ae.2005.32.3.332     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Ablon, Joan 1981 Stigmatized Health Conditions. Social Science and Medicine 15B(1):5-9.
2. Ader, Robert 1997 The Role of Conditioning in Pharmacotherapy. In The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration. Anne Harrington, ed. Pp. 138-165. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3. Aquarius Health Care Videos 2003 Pain Management and Coping: Causes of Pain and How to Lessen Suffering. Electronic document, http://www. aquariusproductions.com, accessed February 28, 2005.
4. Arney, William Ray, and Bernard J. Bergen 1983 The Anomaly, the Chronic Patient and the Play of Medical Power. Sociology of Health and Illness 5(1):1-24.
5. Babcock, Barbara B., ed. 1978 The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
6. Baszanger, Isabelle 1998 Inventing Pain Medicine: From the Laboratory to the Clinic. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
7. Bates, Maryann S. 1996 Biocultural Dimensions of Chronic Pain: Implications for Treatment of Multi-Ethnic Populations. Albany: State University of New York Press.
8. Becker, Howard S. 1963 Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
9. Beidelman, Thomas O. 1973 Kaguru Symbolic Classification. In Myth and Cosmos: Readings in Mythology and Symbolism. John Middleton, ed. Pp. 128-166. Austin: University of Texas Press.
10. 1986 Moral Imagination in Kaguru Modes of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
11. Bendelow, Gillian A., and Simon J. Williams 1995 Transcending the Dualisms: Towards a Sociology of Pain. Sociology of Health and Illness 17(2):139-165.
12. Besnier, Niko 1994 Polynesian Gender Liminality through Time and Space. In Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Gilbert Herdt, ed. Pp. 285-328. New York: Zone Books.
13. Bokan, J. A., R. K. Ries, and W. J. Katon 1981 Tertiary Gain and Chronic Pain. Pain 10(3):331-335.
14. Bulmer, Ralph 1967 Why Is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands. Man 2(1):5-25.
15. Cademenos, Stavros 1981 A Phenomenological Approach to Pain. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Brandeis University.
16. Cassell, Eric J. 1999 Diagnosing Suffering: A Perspective. Annals of Internal Medicine 131(7):531-534.
17. Corbett, Kitty 1986 Adding Insult to Injury: Cultural Dimensions of Frustration in the Management of Chronic Back Pain. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.
18. Crocker, J. Christopher 1973 Ritual and the Development of Social Structure: Liminality and Inversion. In The Roots of Ritual. James D. Shaughnessy, ed. Pp. 47-86. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans.
19. Crocker, Jennifer, and Brenda Major 1989 Social Stigma and Self-Esteem: The Self-Protective Properties of Stigma. Psychological Review 96(4):608-630.
20. Crocker, Jennifer, Brenda Major, and Claude Steele 1998 Social Stigma. In The Handbook of Social Psychology. Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds. Pp. 504-553. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
21. Csordas, Thomas J., and Jack A. Clark 1992 Ends of the Line: Diversity among Chronic Pain Clinics. Social Science and Medicine 34(4):383-393.
22. Damasio, Antonio R. 1999 The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace.
23. DeGood, Douglas,and Brian Kiernan 1996 Perception of Fault in Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain 64(1):153-159.
24. Douglas, Mary 1967[1957] Animals in Lele Religious Thought. In Myth and Cosmos: Readings in Mythology and Symbolism. John Middleton, ed. Pp. 231-247. Austin: University of Texas Press.
25. 1970 [1966] Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
26. Eccleston, Chris, Amanda C. de C. Williams, and Wendy Stainton Rogers 1997 Patients' and Professionals' Understandings of the Causes of Chronic Pain: Blame, Responsibility and Identity Protection. Social Science and Medicine 45(5):699-709.
27. Encandela, John A. 1993 Social Science and the Study of Pain since Zborowski: A Need for a New Agenda. Social Science and Medicine 36(6): 783-791.
28. Engel, George L. 1959 "Psychogenic" Pain and the Pain-Prone Patient. American Journal of Medicine 26(6):899-918.
29. Estroff, Sue E. 1993 Identity, Disability, and Schizophrenia: The Problem of Chronicity. In Knowledge, Power, and Practice: The Anthropology of Medicine and Everyday Life. Shirley Lindenbaum and Margaret Lock, eds. Pp. 247-286. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30. Farina, Amerigo 1982 The Stigma of Mental Disorders. In In the Eye of the Beholder. Arthur G. Miller, ed. Pp. 305-363. New York: Praeger.
31. Fields, Howard In press Setting the Stage for Pain: Allegorical Tales from Neuroscience. In Pain and Its Transformations: The Interface of Biology and Culture. Sarah Coakley and Kay Kaufman Shelemay, eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Finerman, Ruthbeth, and Linda A. Bennett 1995 Overview: Guilt, Blame and Shame in Sickness. Social Science and Medicine 40(1):1-3.
33. Fordyce, Wilbert E. 1978 Learning Processes in Pain. In The Psychology of Pain. Richard A. Sternbach, ed. Pp. 49-72. New York: Raven Press.
34. 1988 Pain and Suffering: A Reappraisal. American Psychologist 43(4):276-283.
35. Foss, Jeff 1985 Radical Behaviorism Is a Dead End. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):59.
36. Gamsa, Ann 1994 The Role of Psychological Factors in Chronic Pain. II. A Critical Appraisal. Pain 57(1):17-29.
37. Genest, Myles 1985 On Kicking the Behaviorist; or, Pain Is Distressing. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):59-60.
38. Gluckman, Max 1963 Rituals of Rebellion in South East Africa. In Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa. Max Gluckman, ed. Pp. 110-137. London: Cohen and West.
39. Goffman, Erving 1963 Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
40. Good, Byron J., and Mary-Jo Good 1994 In the Subjunctive Mode: Epilepsy Narratives in Turkey. Social Science and Medicine 38(6):835-842.
41. Gordon, David Paul 1983 Hospital Slang for Patients: Crocks, Gomers, Gorks, and Others. Language in Society 12(2): 173-185.
42. Gordon, Deborah R. 1988 Tenacious Assumptions in Western Medicine. In Biomedicine Examined. Margaret Lock and Deborah R. Gordon, eds. Pp. 19-56. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
43. Grahmann, Paula H., Kenneth C. Jackson II, and Arthur G. Lipman 2004 Clinician Beliefs about Opioid Use and Barriers in Chronic Nonmalignant Pain. Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 18(2):7-28.
44. Greenhalgh, Susan 2001 Under the Medical Gaze: Facts and Fictions of Chronic Pain. Berkeley: University of California Press.
45. Guest, G. H., and P. D. Drummond 1992 Effects of Compensation on Emotional State and Disability in Chronic Back Pain. Pain 48(2):125-130.
46. Haddox, J. David, and Gerald M. Aronoff 1998 Commentary: The Potential for Unintended Consequences for Public Policy Shifts in the Treatment of Pain. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 26(4):350-352.
47. Hahn, Robert A. 1995 Sickness and Healing: An Anthropological Perspective. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
48. Hahn, Robert A., and Arthur M. Kleinman 1983 Belief as Pathogen, Belief as Medicine: "Voodoo Death" and the Placebo Phenomenon in Anthropological Perspective. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14(3):16-19.
49. Hardcastle, Valerie Gray 1999 The Myth of Pain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
50. Harrington, Anne, ed. 1997 The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
51. Hayden, Robert M. 2000 Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States. American Anthropologist 102(1):27-41.
52. Henneberger, Melinda 1994 It Pains a Nation of Stoics to Say "No" to Pain. New York Times, April 3: 3.
53. Hilbert, R. A. 1984 The Acultural Dimensions of Chronic Pain: Flawed Reality Construction and the Problem of Meaning. Social Problems 31(4):365-378.
54. International Association for the Study of Pain, Subcommittee on Taxonomy 1979 Pain Terms: A List with Definitions and Notes for Usage. Pain 6(3):249.
55. Jackson,Jean 1992 "After a While No One Believes You": Real and Unreal Chronic Pain. In Pain as Human Experience: Anthropological Perspectives. Mary-Jo Good, Paul Brodwin, Byron Good, and Arthur Kleinman, eds. Pp. 138-168. Berkeley: University of California Press.
56. 1994a Chronic Pain and the Tension between the Body as Subject and Object. In Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self. Thomas J. Csordas, ed. Pp. 201-228. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. 1994b The Rashomon Approach to Dealing with Chronic Pain. Social Science and Medicine 38(6):823-833.
58. 2000 "Camp Pain": Talking with Chronic Pain Patients. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
59. 2002 Review of Under the Medical Gaze: Facts and Fictions of Chronic Pain. American Ethnologist 29(2):459-461.
60. 2003 Translating the Pain Experience. In Translation and Ethnography: The Anthropological Challenge of Intercultural Understanding. Tullio Maranhão and Bernhard Streck, eds. Pp. 172-194. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
61. 2005 How to Narrate Chronic Pain? The Politics of Representation. In Narrative, Pain and Suffering. John Loeser, Daniel Carr, and David Morris, eds. Pp. 229-242. Progress in Pain Research and Management, 34. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain Press.
62. Jaspers, K. 1963 General Psychopathology. 7th edition. J. Hoenig and M. W. Hamilton, trans. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
63. Jaynes, Julian 1985 Sensory Pain and Conscious Pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):61-63.
64. Jones, Edward E., Amerigo Farina, Albert H. Hastorf, Hazel Markus, Dale T. Miller, and Robert A. Scott 1984 Social Stigma. New York: W. H. Freeman.
65. Kalb, Claudia 2003 Taking a New Look at Pain. Newsweek, May 19: 45-52.
66. Kaufman, Sharon R. 2000 In the Shadow of "Death with Dignity": Medicine and Cultural Quandaries of the Vegetative State. American Anthropologist 102(1):69-83.
67. Keefe, Francis J., and J. Dunsmore 1992 Pain Behavior: Concepts and Controversies. American Pain Society Journal 1:92-100.
68. Keefe, Francis J., Mark Lumley, Timothy Anderson, Thomas Lynch, Jamie L. Studts, and Kimi L. Carson 2001 Pain and Emotion: New Research Directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology 57(12):587-607.
69. Kirmayer, Laurence J. 1988 Mind and Body as Metaphors: Hidden Values in Biomedicine. In Biomedicine Examined. Margaret Lock and Deborah R. Gordon, eds. Pp. 57-93. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
70. Kleinman, Arthur 1988 The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing the Human Condition. New York: Basic.
71. 1992 Pain and Resistance: The Delegitimation and Relegitimation of Local Worlds. In Pain as Human Experience: Anthropological Perspectives. Mary-Jo Good, Paul Brodwin, Byron Good, and Arthur Kleinman, eds. Pp. 169-197. Berkeley: University of California Press.
72. 1995 Writing at the Margin. Berkeley: University of California Press.
73. Kleinman, Arthur, Wen-Zhi Wang, Shi-Chuo Li, Xue-Ming Cheng, Xiu-Ying Dai, Kun-Tun Li, and Joan Kleinman 1995 The Social Course of Epilepsy: Chronic Illness as Social Experience in Interior China. Social Science and Medicine 40 (10):1319-1330.
74. Kolata, Gina 1994 Study Says 1 in 5 Americans Suffers from Chronic Pain. New York Times, October 21: 22.
75. Kotarba, Joseph A. 1981 Chronic Pain Center: A Study of Voluntary Client Compliance and Entrepreneurship. American Behavioral Scientist 24(6):786-800.
76. Kotarba, Joseph A., and John V. Seidel 1984 Managing the Problem Pain Patient: Compliance or Social Control? Social Science and Medicine 19(12):1393-1400.
77. Kugelmann, Robert 1997 The Psychology and Management of Pain: Gate Control as Theory and Symbol. Theory and Psychology 7(1):43-65.
78. 1999 Complaining about Chronic Pain. Social Science and Medicine 49(12):1663-1676.
79. 2000 Pain in the Vernacular: Psychological and Physical. Journal of Health Psychology 5(3):305-313.
80. 2003 Pain as Symptom, Pain as Sign. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 7(1):29-50.
81. Leach, Edmund 1964 Anthropological Aspects of Language: Animal Categories and Verbal Abuse. In New Directions in the Study of Language. Eric H. Lenneberg, ed. Pp. 23-63. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
82. Lennon, Mary Clare, Bruce G. Link, Joseph J. Marbach, and Bruce P. Dohrenwend 1989 The Stigma of Chronic Facial Pain and Its Impact on Social Relationships. Social Problems 36(2):117-134.
83. Lewis, Gilbert A. 1975 Knowledge of Illness in a Sepik Society. London: Athlone.
84. Link, Bruce G., and Jo C. Phelan 2001 Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology 27:363-385.
85. Lipman, Arthur G. 2004 Does Opiophobia Exist among Pain Specialists? Journal of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 18(2):1-4.
86. Lipton, James A., and Joseph J. Marbach 1984 Ethnicity and the Pain Experience. Social Science and Medicine 19(12):1279-1298.
87. Livingston, W. K. 1976 [1943] Pain Mechanisms: A Physiological Interpretation of Causalgia and Its Related States. New York: Plenum.
88. Loeser, John D. 1985 Against Dichotomizing Pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):65.
89. 1991a The Role of Pain Clinics in Managing Chronic Back Pain. In The Adult Spine: Principles and Practice. J. W. Frymoyer, ed. Pp. 211-219. New York: Raven Press.
90. 1991b What Is Chronic Pain? Theoretical Medicine 12(3): 213-215.
91. 1996 Mitigating the Dangers of Pursuing Cure. In Pain Treatment Centers at a Crossroads: A Practical and Conceptual Reappraisal. Mitchell J. M. Cohen and James N. Campbell, eds. Pp. 101-108. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain Press.
92. Malkki, Liisa H. 1992 National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and the Territorialization of National Identity among Scholars and Refugees. Cultural Anthropology 7(1):24-44.
93. 1995 Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
94. Matson, Wallace I. 1985 One Pain Is Enough. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):67.
95. Melzack, Ronald 1985 Pain and Parallel Processing. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):67-68.
96. 1986 Neurophysiological Foundations of Pain. In The Psychology of Pain. Richard A. Sternbach, ed. Pp. 1-24. New York: Raven Press.
97. 1989 Phantom Limbs, the Self and the Brain. Canadian Psychology 30(1):1-16.
98. 1996 Gate Control Theory: On the Evolution of Pain Concepts. Pain Forum 5(2):128-138.
99. Melzack, Ronald, and Patrick Wall 1965 Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory. Science 150(3699): 971-979.
100. Mendelson, G. 1992 Compensation and Chronic Pain. Pain 48(2):121-123.
101. Merskey, Harold 1984 Symptoms that Depress the Doctor: Too Much Pain. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 31(1):63-66.
102. 1985 A Mentalistic View of "Pain and Behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):68.
103. 1987 Pain, Personality and Psychosomatic Complaints. In Handbook of Chronic Pain Management. G. Burrows, E. Elton, and G. Stanley, eds. Pp. 137-146. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Press.
104. 2004 Pain Disorder, Hysteria or Somatization? Pain Research and Management 9(2):67-71.
105. Merskey Harold, and F. G. Spear 1967 Pain: Psychological and Psychiatric Aspects. London: Balliere, Tindall and Cassell.
106. Miles, T. R. 1985 Behavior, Cognition, and Physiology: Three Horses or Two? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):68-69.
107. Moerman, Daniel 2003 Meaning, Medicine and the "Placebo Effect." New York: Cambridge University Press.
108. Morris, Brian 1987 Anthropological Studies of Religion: An Introductory Text. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
109. Morris, David B. 1991 The Culture of Pain. Berkeley: University of California Press.
110. Murphy, Robert F. 1987 The Body Silent. New York: Henry Holt.
111. Osterweis, Marian, Arthur Kleinman, and David Mechanic, eds. 1987 Pain and Disability: Clinical, Behavioral, and Public Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
112. Parsons, Talcott 1958 Definitions of Health and Illness in the Light of American Values and Social Structure. In Patients, Physicians and Illness. E. Gartly Jaco, ed. Pp. 165-187. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
113. Perspectives 1998 Perspectives on Pain-Related Suffering: Presentations and Discussion. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine 14(3):167-203.
114. Porter, Roy 1994 Pain and History in the Western World. In The Puzzle of Pain. Genevieve Levy and Maurice de Vachon, eds. Pp. 98-119. Yverdon, Switzerland: Gordon and Breach.
115. Priel, Beatrice, Betty Rabinowitz, and Richard J. Pels 1991 A Semiotic Perspective on Chronic Pain: Implications for the Interaction between Patient and Physician. British Journal of Medical Psychology 64(1):65-71.
116. Rich, Ben 2002 Moral Conundrums in the Courtroom: Reflections on a Decade in the Culture of Pain. Paper presented at "The Problem of Pain in Medicine, Culture, and Public Policy" conference, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, June 7-8.
117. Rosenthal, Elisabeth 1994 Patients in Pain Find Relief, Not Addiction, in Narcotics. New York Times, March 28: 1, 24.
118. Roy, Ranjan 1985 Engel's Pain-Prone Disorder Patient: 25 Years After. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 43(3):126-135.
119. Satel, Sally L. 1995 When Disability Benefits Make Patients Sicker. New England Journal of Medicine 333(12):794-796.
120. Scarry, Elaine 1985 The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. New York: Oxford University Press.
121. Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, and Margaret M. Lock 1987 The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1(1): 6-41.
122. Scrambler, Graham, and Anthony Hopkins 1990 Generating a Model of Epileptic Stigma: The Role of Qualitative Analysis. Social Science and Medicine 30(11): 1187-1194.
123. Shalinsky, Audrey, and Anthony Glascock 1988 Killing Infants and the Aged in Nonindustrial Societies: Removing the Liminal. Social Science Journal 25(3):277-287.
124. Sontag, Susan 1977 Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Stevens, Phillips, Jr.
125. 1991 Play and Liminality in Rites of Passage: From Elder to Ancestor in West Africa. Play and Culture 4(3):237-257.
126. Sullivan, Mark D. 1986 In What Sense Is Contemporary Medicine Dualistic? Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 10(4):331-350.
127. 1995 Pain in Language: From Sentience to Sapience. Pain Forum 4(1):3-14.
128. 1996 Pain as Emotion. Pain Forum 5(3):208-209.
129. 1998 The Problem of Pain in the Clinicopathological Method. Clinical Journal of Pain 14(3):197-201.
130. 2001 Finding Pain between Minds and Bodies. Clinical Journal of Pain 17(2):146-156.
131. Sullivan, Mark D., and John D. Loeser 1992 The Diagnosis of Disability: Treating and Rating Disability in a Pain Clinic. Archives of Internal Medicine 152(9): 1829-1835.
132. Swanson, David W. 1984 Chronic Pain as a Third Pathologic Emotion. American Journal of Psychiatry 141(2):210-214.
133. Tambiah, Stanley J. 1985[1969] Animals Are Good to Think and Good to Prohibit. In Culture, Thought and Social Action: An Anthropological Perspective. Pp. 169-211. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
134. Taylor, Shelley E. 1995 Health Psychology. 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
135. Thernstrom, Melanie 2001 Pain the Disease: When Chronic Suffering Is More Than a Symptom. New York Times Sunday Magazine, December 16: 66-71.
136. Turk, Dennis C., and Herta Flor 1987 Pain > Pain Behaviors: The Utility and Limitations of the Pain Behavior Construct. Pain 31(3):277-295.
137. Turk, Dennis C., and Thomas E. Rudy 1992 Cognitive Factors and Persistent Pain: A Glimpse into Pandora's Box. Cognitive Therapy and Research 16(2):99-122.
138. Turner, Bryan S. 1992 Regulating Bodies: Essays in Medical Sociology. London: Routledge.
139. Turner, Victor 1964[1967] Betwixt and Between. In The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Pp. 93-111. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
140. 1969 Liminality and Communitas. In The Ritual Process. Pp. 94-130. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
141. Vrancken, Mariet A. E. 1989 Schools of Thought on Pain. Social Science and Medicine 29(3):435-444.
142. Wall, Patrick D. 1985 Not "Pain and Behavior" but Pain in Behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8(1):73.
143. Ware, Norma 1992 Suffering and the Social Construction of Illness: The Delegitimation of Illness Experience in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 6(4):347-361.
144. Weighill, V.E. 1983 Compensation Neurosis: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 27(2):97-104.
145. Werbner, Pnina 2001 The Limits of Cultural Hybridity: On Ritual Monsters, Poetic Licence and Contested Postcolonial Purifications. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 7(1):133-152.
146. Young, Allan 1980 An Anthropological Perspective on Medical Knowledge. Journal of Medical Philosophy 5(2):102-116.
147. Zborowski, Mark 1952 Cultural Components in Responses to Pain. Journal of Social Issues 8(4):16-30.
148. 1969 People in Pain. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
149. Zola, Irving Kenneth 1966 Culture and Symptoms - An Analysis of Patients' Presenting Complaints. American Sociological Review 31(5):615-630.