Rape and rape avoidance in ethno-national conflicts: Sexual violence in liminalized states

American Anthropologist

Volumn 102, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 27-41

  Hayden, Robert M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Genocide; India; Rape; Violence; Yugoslavia Bosnia

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034384097     PISSN: 00027294     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Allen, Beverly 1996 Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Hercegovina and Croatia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2. Amnesty International 1993 Bosnia-Herzegovina: Rape and Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces. New York: Amnesty International EUR 63/01/93.
3. Bakić-Hayden, Milica 1995 Nesting Orientalisms: The Case of Former Yugoslavia. Slavic Review 54:917-931.
4. Blackstone, William 1783 Commentaries on the Laws of England, Book the Fourth. 9th edition. London: W. Strahan, and Oxford: D. Prince.
5. Borneman, John 1998 Toward a Theory of Ethnic Cleansing: Territorial Sovereignty, Heterosexuality and Europe. In Subversions of International Order. John Borneman, ed. Pp. 273-317. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
6. Bourdieu, Pierre 1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bringa, Tone 1995 Being Muslim the Bosnian Way. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
8. Brownmiller, Susan 1975 Against our Will: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon & Schuster.
9. Butalia, Urvashi 1993 Community, State and Gender: On Women's Agency during Partition. Economic & Political Weekly 28(17): WS12-WS24 (April 24).
10. Chatterji, Joya 1994 Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Das, Veena 1990a Introduction: Communities, Riots and Survivors. In Mirrors of Violence: Communities, Riots and Survivors in South Asia. Veena Das, ed. Pp. 1-36. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
12. 1990b Our Work to Cry, Your Work to Listen. In Mirrors of Violence: Communities, Riots and Survivors in South Asia. Veena Das, ed. Pp. 345-398. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
13. 1995 National Honour and Practical Kinship: Of Unwanted Women and Children. In Critical Events. Veena Das, ed. Pp. 55-83. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
14. 1996 Language and Body: Transactions in the Construction of Pain. Daedalus (Winter 1996):67-91.
15. Denich, Bette 1994 Dismembering Yugoslavia: Nationalist Ideologies and the Symbolic Revivals of Genocide. American Ethnologist 21:367-390.
16. 1995 Of Arms, Men and Ethnic War in (Former) Yugoslavia. In Feminism, Nationalism and Militarism. Constance R. Sutton, ed. Pp. 61-71. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
17. Fitamant, D. Serrano 1999 Assessment Report on Sexual Violence in Kosovo. New York: United Nations Population Fund, May.
18. Gal, Susan 1994 Gender in the Post-Socialist Transition: The Abortion Debate in Hungary. East European Politics and Societies 8:256-286.
19. Hayden, Robert M. 1993 The Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1990-1993. RFE/FL Research Report 2, #22:1-14 (May 28).
20. 1995 Recounting the Dead: The Rediscovery and Redefinition of Wartime Massacres in Late- and Post-Communist Yugoslavia. In Memory, History and Opposition under State Socialism. Rubie S. Watson, ed. Pp. 167-184. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
21. 1996a Imagined Communities and Real Victims: Self-Determination and Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia. American Ethnologist 23:783-801.
22. 1996b Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing and Population Transfers. Slavic Review 55:727-778.
23. 1998a Bosnia's Internal War and the International Criminal Tribunal. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 22(1):45-63.
24. 1998b Bosnia: The Contradictions of 'Democracy' without Consent. East European Constitutional Review 7(2):47-51.
25. In press Muslims as 'Others' in Serbian and Croatian Political Rhetoric. In Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture and History. Joel Halpern and David Kideckel, eds. Pp. 116-124. State College: University of Pennsylvania Press.
26. Helms, Elissa N.d.(a) Feminism vs. Nationalism: Representations of Wartime Rape in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Unpublished paper in author's files.
27. N.d.(b) The Nation, Culture and Rape: The Aftermath of Wartime Rapes in the former Yugoslavia. Unpublished paper in author's files.
28. Humanitarian Law Center 1995 Spotlight On: Human Rights Violations in Times of Armed Conflict. Belgrade: Humanitarian Law Center.
29. Human Rights Watch / Helsinki 1994 Human Rights Abuses of Non-Serbs in Kosovo, Sandžak and Vojvodina. New York: Human Rights Watch / Helsinki.
30. Kakar, Sudhir 1995 The Colours of Violence. Delhi: Viking.
31. Kesić, Vesna 1994 A Response to Catherine MacKinnon's Article "Turning Rape into Pornography: Postmodern Genocide." Hastings Women's Law Journal 5:267-280.
32. Khilnani, Sunil 1997 The Idea of India. New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux.
33. Khosla, G. D. 1989 Stern Reckoning: A Survey of the Events Leading Up to and Following the Partition of India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
34. Kligman, Gail 1992 The Politics of Reproduction in Ceausescou's Romania: A Case Study in Political Culture. East European Politics and Societies 6:364-418.
35. Korać, Maja 1996 Ethnic Conflict, Rape and Feminism: The Case of Yugoslavia. Research in Russia and Eastern Europe 2:247-266.
36. Ludden, David, ed. 1996 Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community and the Politics of Democracy in India. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
37. MacKinnon, Catherine 1993 Turning Rape into Pornography: Postmodern Genocide. Ms., July-August:24-30.
38. 1994 Rape, Genocide, and Women's Human Rights. Harvard Women's Law Journal 17:5-16.
39. Malkki, Liisa 1995 Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
40. Menon, Ritu, and Kamla Bhasin 1993 Recovery, Rupture, Resistance: Indian State and Abduction of Women during Partition. Economic & Political Weekly 28(17):WS2-WS11 (April 24).
41. 1998 Borders and Boundaries: Women in India's Partition. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
42. Meznarić, Silva 1994 Gender as an Ethno-Marker: Rape, War and Identity Politics in the Former Yugoslavia. In Identity Politics and Women. V. Moghadam, ed. Pp. 79-97. San Francisco: Westview.
43. Minear, Richard 1971 Victor's Justice: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
44. Mostov, Julie 1995 'Our Women - Their Women': Symbolic Boundaries, Territorial Markers and Violence in the Balkans. Peace and Change 20:515-529.
45. Mujki, Mustafa Spahić 1994 Gore od Silovanja: Zlo Mjesovitih Brakova. Liljan, August 10:22.
46. Nasrin, Taslima 1994 Lajja: Shame. Delhi: Penguin.
47. Nehru, Jawaharlal 1946 The Discovery of India. New York: John Day.
48. Nowrojee, Binaifer 1996 Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence during the Rwandan Genocide and Its Aftermath. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa.
49. Olujic, Marija 1998 Embodiment of Terror: Gendered Violence in Peacetime and Wartime in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 12(1):31-50.
50. OSCE 1999 Kosovo/Kosova As Seen, As Told: The Human Rights Findings of the Kosovo Verification Mission, www.osce.org/Kosovo/reports/hr/part.1.
51. Palmer, Craig 1989 Is Rape a Cultural Universal? A Re-Examination of the Ethnographic Data. Ethnology 28:1-16.
52. Russell, Diana 1990 Rape in Marriage. 2nd edition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
53. Sanday, Peggy Reeves 1981 The Socio-Cultural Context of Rape: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Social Issues 37:5-27.
54. 1990 Fraternity Gang Rape. New York: New York University Press.
55. Sells, Michael 1996 The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
56. Stiglmayer, A., ed. 1994 Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Hercegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
57. Tambiah, Stanley 1992 Buddhism Betrayed? Religion, Politics and Violence in Sri Lanka. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Tilly, Charles 1986 The Contentious French. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59. U.S. Department of State 1999 Erasing History: Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo (report, May).
60. van der Veer, Peter 1994 Religious Nationalism: Hindus & Muslims in India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
61. Varshney, Ashutosh 1993 Contested Meanings: India's National Identity, Hindu Nationalism, and the Politics of Anxiety. Daedalus 122(3): 227-261.
62. Verdery, Katherine 1996 From Parent-State to Family Patriarchs: Gender and Nation in Contemporary Eastern Europe. In What Was Socialism and What Comes Next? Katherine Verdery, ed. Pp. 61-82. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
63. 1999 The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Post-socialist Change. New York: Columbia University Press.
64. Vuković, Željko 1993 Ubijanje Sarajeva. Podgorica: Kron.
65. Wallace, Paul 1996 The Costs of Partition in Europe: A South Asian Perspective. Slavic Review 55:762-766.
66. Žarkov, Dubravka 1997 War Rapes in Yugoslavia: On Masculinity, Femininity and the Power of Rape Victim Identity. Tijschrift voor Criminologie 39(2):140-151.
67. N.d. Sexual Geography of Ethnicity. Part 2 of From Media War to Ethnic War: The Female Body and Nationalist Processes in the Former Yugoslavia, 1986-1994. Unpublished draft of doctoral dissertation, Center for Women's Studies, University of Nijmegen.