Postherpetic neuralgia: What do we know and where are we heading?

Pain Physician

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 239-247

  Niv, David ^a   Maltsman Tseikhin, Alexander ^b   Lang, Eric ^b  

^a TEL AVIV SOURASKY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b Johnson and Johnson   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLOROFORM; CLONAZEPAM; DESIPRAMINE; DICLOFENAC; EMLA; ETHER; FLUPHENAZINE; GABAPENTIN; HYPOPHYSIS EXTRACT; INDOMETACIN; KETAMINE; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MORPHINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PREGABALIN; PRILOCAINE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; SNAKE VENOM; STEROID; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG;

BURNING SENSATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG UPTAKE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; NERVE BLOCK; NEUROSURGERY; PAIN; PARESTHESIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; PRURITUS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; TRANSCUTANEOUS NERVE STIMULATION;

EID: 2442716280     PISSN: 15333159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Bokai J. Das Auftreten der Schafblattern unter be sonderen Umstanden. Ungar Arch Med 1892; 1:159-161.
2. Hope-Simpson RE. The nature of herpes zoster: A long term study and a new hypothesis. Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58:9-20.
3. Mauskopf J, Austin R, Dix LP et al. Estimating the value of a generic quality-of-life measure. Med. Care, 1995; 33:4:AS195-AS202.
4. Burgoon CF, Burgoon JS, Baldridge GD. The natural history of herpes zoster. JAMA 1957; 164:265-269.
5. Weis O, Swiratanakul K, Weintraub M. Treatment of post herpetic neuralgia and acute herpetic pain with amitriptyline and prophenazine. S Afr Med J 1982; 62:274-275.
6. Ragozzino MW, Meltron LJ, Kurland LT et al. Risk of cancer after herpes zoster: A population based study. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:393-397.
7. Ragozzino MW, Meltron LJ, Kurland LT et al. Population based study of herpes zoster and its sequelae. Medicine-Baltimore 1982; 61:310-316.
8. De Moragas JM, Kierland RR. The outcome of patients with herpes zoster. Arch Dermatol 1957; 75:193-196.
9. Hope-Simpson RE. Postherpetic neuralgia. J R Coll Gen Pract 1975; 25:571-575.
10. Molin L. Aspects of the natural history of herpes zoster. A follow-up investigation of outpatient material. Acta Derm Venereol 1969; 49:569-583.
11. Rogers RS III, Tindall JP. Geriatric herpes zoster. J Am Geriair Soc 1971; 19:495-504.
12. Higa K, Mori M, Hirata K et al. Severity of skin lesions of herpes zoster at the worst phase rather than age and involved region most influences the duration of acute herpetic pain. Pain 1997; 69:245-253.
13. Dworkin RH, Perkins FM, Nagasako EM. Prospects for the prevention of postherpetic neuralgia in herpes zoster patients. Clin J Pain 2000; 16:S90-S100.
14. Haanpaa M, Laippala P, Nurmikko T. Pain and somatosensory dysfunction in acute herpes zoster. Clin J Pain 1999; 15:50-58.
15. Decroix J, Partsh H, Gonzalez R et al. Factors influencing pain outcome in herpes zoster observational study with valaciclovir. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000; 14: 22-33.
16. Cupps TR, Silverman GJ, Fauci AS. Herpes zoster in patients with treated Wegener's Granulomatosis. A possible role for cyclophosphamide. Am J Med 1980; 69:881-885.
17. Feld R, Evans WK, De Boer G. Herpes Zoster in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung receiving combined modality treatment. Ann Inter Med 1980; 93:282-283.
18. Mazur M, Dolin R. Herpes zoster at the NIH: A 20-year experience. Am J Med 1978; 65:738-744.
19. McKendell RR, Klawans HI. Nervous system complications of varicella zoster virus. In Vikken PJ, Bruyn GW (eds.) Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam, North Holland 1978; 34:161-183.
20. Moutsopoulos HM, Gallagher JD, Decker JI et al. Herpes Zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21:798-802.
21. Rifkind D. The activation of varicella zoster virus infection by immunosuppressive therapy. J Lab Clin Med 1966; 68:463-474.
22. Schimpff S, Serpick A, Stoler B et al. Varicella Zoster infections in patients with cancer. Ann Intern Med 1972; 76:241-254.
23. Boon R. Efficacy and safety of famciclovir in the treatment of Herpes Zoster. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Varicella Zoster Virus, Paris, 1995.
24. Brown GR. Herpes Zoster: Correlation of age, sex, distribution and associated disorders. South Med J 1976; 69:576-578.
25. McCulloch DK, Fraser DM, Duncan LP. Shingles in diabetes mellitus. Practitioner 1982; 226:531-532.
26. Schmader K, George LK, Burchett BM et al. Race and stress in the incidence of herpes zoster in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:973-977.
27. Watson CPN, Watt VR, Chipman M et al. The prognosis with postherpetic neuralgia. Pain 1991; 46:195-199.
28. Eaglestein WH, Katz R, Brown JA. The effects of early corticosteroid therapy on the skin eruption and pain of herpes zoster. JAMA 1970; 211:1681-1683.
29. Riopelle JM, Naraghi M, Grush KP. Chronic neuralgia incidence following local anesthetic for herpes zoster therapy. Arch Dermatol 1984; 120:747-750.
30. Dworkin RH, Portenoy RK. Proposed classification of herpes zoster pain. Lancet 1994; 343:1648.
31. Desmond RA, Weiss HL, Arani RB et al. Clinical applications for change-point analysis of herpes zoster pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 23:510-516.
32. Johnson RW, Dworkin RH. Treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. BMJ 2003; 326:748-750.
33. Dworkin RH, Schmader KE. Epidemiology and natural history of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. In Watson CPN, Gershon AA (eds.) Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia 2nd ed., New York, Elsevier Press, 2001, pp 39-64.
34. Denny-Brown D, Adams RD, Fitzgerald PJ. Pathologic features of herpes zoster: A note on "geniculate" herpes. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1944; 51:216-231.
35. Head H, Campbell AW. The pathology of herpes zoster and its bearing on sensory localization. Brain 1900; 23:353-523.
36. Juel-Jensen BE, MacCallum OF. Herpes Simple Varicella and Zoster. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1972, pp 127-132.
37. Smith FP. Pathological studies of spinal nerve ganglia in relation to intractable intercostals pain. Surg Neurol 1978; 10:50-53.
38. Esiri MM, Tomlinson AH. Herpes Zoster. Demonstration of virus in trigeminal nerve and ganglion by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. J Neurol Sci 1972; 15: 35-48.
39. Muller SA, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous nerve changes in zoster. J Invest Dermatol 1969; 52:71-77.
40. Watson CPN, Deck JH, Morshead C et al. Post-herpetic neuralgia: further post-mortem studies of cases with and without pain. Pain 1991; 44:105-117.
41. Noordenbos W. Problems pertaining to the transmission of nerve impulses which give rise to pain. Pain (Amsterdam) 1959; 1:4-10, 68-80.
42. Melzac R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science 1965; 1950:971-979.
43. Watson CPN, Morshead C, Van der Kooy D et al. Post herpetic neuralgia: post-mortem analysis of a case. Pain 1988; 34:129-138.
44. Long DM. Pain of peripheral nerve injury. In Youmans JR (ed.) Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1982, pp 3641-3643.
45. Pappagallo M, Campbell JN. Chronic opioid therapy as alternative treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia. Ann Neurol 1994; 35:S54-S56.
46. Morris GC, Gibson SJ, Helme RD. Capsaicin-induced flare and vasodilatation in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 1995; 63:93-101.
47. Mondelli M, Romano C, Della Porta P et al. Electrophysiological findings in peripheral fibers of subjects with and without postherpetic neuralgia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 101:185-191.
48. Rowbotham MC, Fields HL. The relationship of pain, allodynia and thermal sensation in post-herpetic neuralgia. Brain 1996; 119:347-354.
49. Choi B, Rowbotham MC. Effect of adrenergic receptor activation on post-herpetic neuralgia pain and sensory disturbances. Pain 1997; 69:55-63.
50. Baron R, Saguer M. Mechanical allodynia in post-herpetic neuralgia: Evidence for central mechanisms depending on nociceptive C-fiber degeneration. Neurology 1995; 45:S63-S65.
51. Baron R, Saguer M. Postherpetic neuralgia. Are C-nociceptors involved in signaling and maintenance of tactile allodynia? Brain 1993; 116:1477-1496.
52. Abboh KH, Martin AD. Surgical treatment of postherpetic neuralgia by subdermal denervation. Neurology 1951; 1:275-282.
53. Bonica JJ. The Management of Pain. Philadelphia, Lea & Feibiger, 1953, pp 798-800, 861-867.
54. Browder J, Deveer JA. Herpes zoster a surgical procedure for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Ann Surg 1949; 130:622-636.
55. Combes FC, Canizares O, Simunagco S. Herpes zoster: Treatment of pain. J Invest Dermatol 1950; 14:53-56.
56. Russel WR, Espir MLE, Morganstern FS. Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Lancet 1957; 1:242-245.
57. Appleman DH. Treatment of Herpes Zoster with ACTH. N Engl J Med 1955; 253: 693-695.
58. Walsh TD. Antidepressant in chronic pain. Clin Neuropharmacol 1983; 6:171-195.
59. Kost RG, Straus SE. Postherpetic neuralgia - pathogenesis, treatment and prevention. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:32-42.
60. Irani DN, Johnson RT. New approaches to the treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Infectious Medicine 1996; 13:897-902.
61. Woodforde JM, Dwyer B, McEwen BW et al. Treatment of post herpetic neuralgia. Med J Aust 1965; 2:869-872.
62. Kishore-Kumar R, Max MB, Schafer SC et al. Desipramine relieves post herpetic neuralgia. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 47: 305-312.
63. Taub A. Relief of postherpetic neuralgia with psychotropic drugs. J Neurosurg 1973; 39:235-239.
64. Taub A, Collins WF. Observation on the treatment of degeneration of dysesthesia with psychotropic drugs. Adv Neurol 1974; 4:309-315.
65. Watson CPN, Evan RJ, Reed K et al. Amitriptyline vs. placebo in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1982; 32:671-673.
66. Watson CPN. Therapeutic window for amitriptyline analgesia. Canad Med Asso J 1984; 130:105-106.
67. Max MB, Schafer SC, Culnane M et al. Amitriptyline, but not lorazepam, relieves post herpetic neuralgia. Neurology 1988; 38: 1427-1432.
68. Hatangdi VS, Boss RA, Richards EG. Postherpetic neuralgia: Management with antiepileptic and tricyclic drugs. In Bonica JJ, Fessards A (eds.): Advanced Pain Research and Therapy, New York, Raven Press, 1976; 1:583-579.
69. Konduer R. Use of psychotropic drugs for the treatment of chronic severe pain. In Bonica JJ Fessards A (eds.). Advanced Pain Research and Therapy, New York, Raven Press 1976; 10:579-582.
70. Carasso RL, Yehuda S, Strefler M. Clomipramine and amitriptyline in the treatment a severe pain. Int J Neurosci 1979; 9:191-194.
71. Crue BL, Todd EM, Moline DB. Post herpetic neuralgia conservative treatment regimen. In Cure BL (ed.) Pain Research and Treatment. New York, Academic Press, 1975, pp 289-292.
72. Gerson GR, Jones RB, Luscombe DK. Studies on the concomitant use of carbamazepine and clomipramine for the relief of post herpetic neuralgia. Postgrad Med J 1977; 53:104-109.
73. Raftery H. The management of post herpetic pain using sodium valproate and amitriptyline. Ir Med J 1979; 72:399-401.
74. Swerdlow M. Anticonvulsant drugs and chronic pain. Clin Neuropharmacol 1982; 7:51-82.
75. Swerland M. The treatment of shooting pain. Postgrad Med J 1980; 56:159-161.
76. Killian JM, Fromm JH. Carbamazepine for treatment of neuralgia. Lancet 1957; 1: 242-245.
77. Niv D, Ben-Ari S, Rappoport A et al. Post herpetic neuralgia - Clinical experience with a conservative treatment. Clin J Pain 1989; 5:295-300.
78. Rowbotham MC, Hardeb N, Stacey B et al. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280:1837-1842.
79. Watson CPN. The medical treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: antidepressants, anticonvulsants, opioids and practical guidelines for management. In Watson CPN, Gershon AA (eds.) Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia. 2nd ed., New York, Elsevier Press, 2001, pp 243-254.
80. Singh D, Kennedy DH. The use of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Ther 2003; 25:852-889.
81. Pappagallo M, Haldey EJ. Pharmacological management of postherpetic neuralgia. CNS Drugs 2003; 17:771-780.
82. Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young JP Jr. et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2003; 60:1274-1283.
83. Ayres S, Mihan R. Post-herpes zoster neuralgia. Arch Dermatology 1973; 108:855-856.
84. Perkins HM, Hanlon PR. Epidural injections of local anesthetics and steroids for the relief of pain secondary to herpes zoster. Arch Surg 1978; 113:253-254.
85. Colding A. Treatment of shingles (herpes zoster) with sympathetic blocking. Sygeplejersken 1972; 72:8-10.
86. Colding A. Treatment of pain: Organization of pain clinic treatment of acute herpes zoster. Proc R. Soc Lond 1973; 66:541-543.
87. Masud KZ, Forster KJ. Sympathetic block in herpes zoster. Am Fam Physician 1975; 12: 142-143.
88. Forrest JB. Management of chronic dorsal root pain with epidural steroid. Can Anaesth Soc J 1978: 25:218-225.
89. Epstein E. Treatment of zoster and post-zoster neuralgia by the intralesional injection of triamcinolone: A computer analysis of 199 cases. Int J Dermat 1976; 15:762-769.
90. Epstein E. Triamcinolone-Procaine in the treatment of zoster and post zoster neuralgia. Calif Med 1971; 115:6-10.
91. Tio R, Moya F, Vorasaran S. Treatments of post herpetic neuralgia. Anesth Sinica 1978; 16:151-153.
92. Rains C, Bryson HM. Topical capsaicin. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in post herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, and osteoarthritis. Drugs Aging 1995; 7:317-328.
93. Litman SJ, Vitkun SA, Poppers RJ. Use of EMLA cream in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. J Clin Anesth 1996; 8:54-57.
94. De Benedittis G, Besana F, Lorenzetti A. A new topical treatment for acute herpetic neuralgia and post-herpetic neuralgia: the aspirin/diethyl ether mixture. An open-label study plus a double-blind controlled clinical trial. Pain 1992; 48:383-390.
95. De Benedittis G, Lorenzetti A. Topical aspirin/diethyl ether mixture versus indomethacin and diclofenac/diethyl ether mixtures for acute herpetic neuralgia and postherpetic neuralgia: a double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study. Pain 1996; 65:45-51.
96. Sokolowski P. Capsaicin in pain therapy. Wiad Lek 1994; 47:527-532.
97. Rowbotham MC, Davies PS, Fields HL. Topical lidocaine gel relieves postherpetic neuralgia. Ann Neurol 1995; 37:246-253.
98. Rowbotham MC, Davies PS, Verkempinck C et al. Lidocaine patch: double-blind controlled study of a new treatment method for post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 1996; 65:39-44.
99. Jessell TM, Iverson LL, Cuello AC. Capsaicin induced depletion of substance P from primary sensory neurons. Brain Res 1978; 152:132-188.
100. Otsuka M, Konishi S. Release of substance P-like immunoreactivity from isolated spinal cord of newborn rat. Nature 1976; 264: 83-84.
101. Watson N, Evans RJ, Watt VR et al. Post herpetic neuralgia and topical capsaicin. Pain 1988; 33:333-340.
102. Stow PJ, Glynn CJ, Minor B. EMLA cream in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile. Pain 1989; 39:301-305.
103. King RB. Topical aspirin in chloroform and the relief of pain due to herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. Arch Neurol 1993; 50:1046-1053.
104. Moore KC. Laser therapy in post herpetic neuralgia. Presented to the British Medical Laser Association "241" Workshop and AGM, The Royal London Hospital, 1996.
105. Yaksich I, Tan LC and Previn V. Low energy laser therapy for treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1993; 22:441-442.
106. Kageshima K, Wakasugi B, Shiotani M et al. Thoracic and lumbar sympathetic ganglion block for post herpetic neuralgia. Masui 1992; 41:106-110.
107. Eide K, Stubhaug A, Oye I et al. Continuous subcutaneous administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 1995; 61: 221-228.
108. Eide PK, Jorum E, Stubhaug A et al. Relief of post-herpetic neuralgia with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist ketamine: A double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain 1994; 58:347-354.
109. Suzuki T, Kato J, Sacki S et al. Analgesic effect of dextromethorphan for postherpetic neuralgia. Masui 1996; 45:629-633.
110. Taverner D. Alleviation of post herpetic neuralgia. Lancet 1960; 2:671-673.
111. Nathan PD, Wall PD. Treatment of post herpetic neuralgia by prolonged electrical stimulation. Br Med J 1974; 3:645-647.
112. Haas LF. Post herpetic neuralgia, treatment and prevention. Trans Ophthalmol Soc N Z 1977; 29:133-136.
113. Long DM. External electrical stimulation as a treatment of chronic pain. Minn Med 1974; 57:195-198.
114. Friedman AH, Nashold BS. Dorsal root entry zone lesions for postherpetic neuralgia. Neurosurgery 1984; 70:96-97.
115. Payne C. Ultrasound for post herpetic neuralgia. A study to investigate the results of treatment. Physiotherapy 1984; 70:96-97.
116. Lewis AT, Field J, Madim D. Acupuncture compared with placebo in post herpetic pain. Pain 1983; 17:361-368.
117. Erikson DL, Long DM. Ten years follow up of dorsal column irritation. In Bonica JJ, Lindblom U, Iggo A (eds.) Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, New York, Raven, 1983; 5:583-590.
118. Hosobuchi Y. The current status of analgesic brain stimulation. Acta Neurichir 1980; 30:219-227.
119. Siegfried J. Monopolar electrical stimulation of nucleus ventroposteromedialis for postherpetic facial pain. Appl Neurophysiol 1982; 45:179-184.
120. Cushing H. The major trigeminal neuralgias and their surgical treatment based on experience with 332 gasserian operations. Am J Med Sci 1920; 160:157-184.
121. White JC, Sweet WH. Pain and the Neurosurgeon: A Forty Year Experience. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1969, pp 382-384.
122. Tindall GT, Odom GL, Vieth RG. Surgical treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia, results of skin undermining and excision in 14 patients. Arch Neurol 1962; 7:423-426.
123. Richter HP, Seitz K. Dorsal root entry zone lesions for the control of deafferentation pain. Experience in ten patients. Neurosurg 1984; 15:956-959.
124. Saiki M, Kondo A, Kinuta Y et al. Treatment of intractable postherpetic neuralgia and blepharospasm: intraneural injection of adriamycin. No Shinkei Geka 1995; 23: 125-130.
125. Friedman AH, Nashold BS. DREZ lesions for relief of pain related to spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 1986; 65:465-69.
126. Gorecki JP, Nashold BS. The Duke experience with the nucleus caudalis DREZ operation. Acta Neurochir Wien 1995; 64:128-131
127. Rath SA, Braun V, Soliman N et al. Results of DREZ coagulations for pain related to plexus lesions, spinal cord injuries and postherpetic neuralgia. Acta Neurochir Wien 1996; 138:364-369.
128. Balfour HH. Acyclovir therapy for herpes zoster. Advantages and adverse effects JAMA 1986; 255:387-388.
129. McKendrick MW, McGill JI, Wood MJ. Lack of effect of acyclovir on post herpetic neuralgia. BMJ 1989; 298:431.
130. Tyring S, Barbarash RA, Nahlik JE et al. Famciclovir for the treatment of acute herpes zoster: Effects on acute disease and postherpetic neuralgia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:89-96.
131. Morton P, Thomson AN. Oral acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster in general practice. N Z Med J 1989; 102:93-95.
132. DeGreef H. Famciclovir, a new oral antiherpes drug: results of the first controlled clinical study demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the treatment of uncomplicated herpes zoster in immunocompetent patients. Int J Antimicrobial Agents 1995; 4:241-246.
133. Esmann V, Geil JP, Kroon S et al. Prednisolone does not prevent post-herpetic neuralgia. Lancet 1987; 2:126-129.
134. Keczkes K, Basheer AM. Do corticosteroids prevent post herpetic neuralgia? Br J Dermatol 1980; 102:551-555.
135. Clemmensen OJ, Andersen KE. ACTH versus prednisone and placebo in herpes zoster treatment. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984; 9: 557-563.
136. Nakamura T, Yokoo H, Hamakawa T et al. Preemptive analgesia produced with epidural analgesia administered prior to surgery. Masui 1994; 43:1024-1028
137. Winnie AP, Hartwell PW. Relationship between time of treatment of acute herpes zoster with sympathetic blockade and prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia: Clinical support for a new theory of the mechanism by which sympathetic blockade provides therapeutic benefit. Reg Anesth 1993; 18:277-282.
138. Ali NM. Does sympathetic ganglionic block prevent postherpetic neuralgia? Reg Anesth 1995; 20:227-233.
139. Niv D, Devor M. Preemptive analgesia in the relief of postoperative pain. Curr Rev Pain 1996; 1:79-92.
140. Niv D. Intraoperative treatment of postoperative pain. Pain 1996 - An updated review. In Campbell JN (ed): IASP Refresher Course Syllabus. IASP Press, Seattle, pp 173-187.