Terrorism and Criminal Justice: Past, Present and Future

Criminal Law Review

Volumn , Issue MAY, 2004, Pages 311-327

  Walker, Clive ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 2442618447     PISSN: 0011135X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. "The struggle continues": revolutionary slogan used by movements against Portuguese colonialism.
2. Guardian, September 14, 2001, p.5.
3. See J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army (Poolbeg, Dublin, 1990), pp.256-276.
4. See C.P. Walker, The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1992).
5. See J.J. Rowe, "The Terrorism Act 2000" [2001] Crim. L.R. 527; C. Walker, A Guide to the Anti-Terrorism Legislation (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002).
6. See J.J. Rowe, "The Terrorism Act 2000" [2001] Crim. L.R. 527; C. Walker, A Guide to the Anti-Terrorism Legislation (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002).
7. See C. Walker, A Guide to the Anti-Terrorism Legislation, n.5; A. Tomkins, "Legislating against terror" [2002] Public Law 205; H. Fenwick, "The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" (2002) 65 M.L.R. 724.
8. See C. Walker, A Guide to the Anti-Terrorism Legislation, n.5; A. Tomkins, "Legislating against terror" [2002] Public Law 205; H. Fenwick, "The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" (2002) 65 M.L.R. 724.
9. See C. Walker, A Guide to the Anti-Terrorism Legislation, n.5; A. Tomkins, "Legislating against terror" [2002] Public Law 205; H. Fenwick, "The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" (2002) 65 M.L.R. 724.
10. See F. Kitson, Low-Intensity Operations (Faber and Faber, London, 1971).
11. See K. Boyle, T. Hadden and P. Hillyard, Law and State: The Case of Northern Ireland (Martin Robertson, London, 1975); Ten Years On in Northern Ireland (Cobden Trust, London, 1980); G. Hogan and C. Walker, Political Violence and the Law in Ireland (Manchester University Press, Manchester 1989); L.K. Donoghue, Counter-Terrorism Law (Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 2001).
12. See K. Boyle, T. Hadden and P. Hillyard, Law and State: The Case of Northern Ireland (Martin Robertson, London, 1975); Ten Years On in Northern Ireland (Cobden Trust, London, 1980); G. Hogan and C. Walker, Political Violence and the Law in Ireland (Manchester University Press, Manchester 1989); L.K. Donoghue, Counter-Terrorism Law (Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 2001).
13. See K. Boyle, T. Hadden and P. Hillyard, Law and State: The Case of Northern Ireland (Martin Robertson, London, 1975); Ten Years On in Northern Ireland (Cobden Trust, London, 1980); G. Hogan and C. Walker, Political Violence and the Law in Ireland (Manchester University Press, Manchester 1989); L.K. Donoghue, Counter-Terrorism Law (Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 2001).
14. See K. Boyle, T. Hadden and P. Hillyard, Law and State: The Case of Northern Ireland (Martin Robertson, London, 1975); Ten Years On in Northern Ireland (Cobden Trust, London, 1980); G. Hogan and C. Walker, Political Violence and the Law in Ireland (Manchester University Press, Manchester 1989); L.K. Donoghue, Counter-Terrorism Law (Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 2001).
15. Ireland v United Kingdom, App. No. 5310/71, Ser. A, No.25.
16. www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org.uk/.
17. Report of the Commission to consider Legal Procedures to Deal with Terrorist Activities in Northern Ireland (Cmnd. 5185, London, 1972).
18. C. Campbell, "Two steps backwards" [1999] Crim. L.R. 941; C. Walker, "The bombs in Omagh and their aftermath" (1999) 62 M.L.R. 879.
19. C. Campbell, "Two steps backwards" [1999] Crim. L.R. 941; C. Walker, "The bombs in Omagh and their aftermath" (1999) 62 M.L.R. 879.
20. Report of the Operation of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976 (Cmnd. 8803, London, 1983); see C.P. Walker, "The Jellicoe Report on the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976" (1983) 46 M.L.R. 484.
21. Report of the Operation of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976 (Cmnd. 8803, London, 1983); see C.P. Walker, "The Jellicoe Report on the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1976" (1983) 46 M.L.R. 484.
22. Brogan v United Kingdom, App. Nos 11209, 11234, 11266/84, 11386/85, Ser.A, No. 145-B; Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom, App. Nos 14553/89, 14554/89, Ser.A, Vol.258-B.
23. Brogan v United Kingdom, App. Nos 11209, 11234, 11266/84, 11386/85, Ser.A, No. 145-B; Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom, App. Nos 14553/89, 14554/89, Ser.A, Vol.258-B.
24. Reports of the International Body on Decommissioning, www.britainusa.com/nireland/other_show.asp?SarticleType=26&Other_ID=84; Northern Ireland Decommissioning Act 1997.
25. British-Irish Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations, (Cm.3883, London, 1998).
26. Northern Ireland Select Committee, The Financing of Terrorism in Northern Ireland (2001-02 HC 978).
27. Inquiry into Legislation against Terrorism (Cm.3420, London, 1996).
28. Legislation against Terrorism (Cm.4178, London, 1998).
29. See D.E. Denning, Information Warfare and Security (ACM Press, Addison-Wesley, New York, 1999); L. Valeri and M. Knights, "Affecting trust: terrorism, internet and offensive information warfare" (2000) 12 Terrorism and Political Violence 15; J.M. Post, K.G. Ruby, and E.D. Shaw, "From car bombs to logic bombs" (2000) 12 Terrorism and Political Violence 97.
30. See D.E. Denning, Information Warfare and Security (ACM Press, Addison-Wesley, New York, 1999); L. Valeri and M. Knights, "Affecting trust: terrorism, internet and offensive information warfare" (2000) 12 Terrorism and Political Violence 15; J.M. Post, K.G. Ruby, and E.D. Shaw, "From car bombs to logic bombs" (2000) 12 Terrorism and Political Violence 97.
31. See D.E. Denning, Information Warfare and Security (ACM Press, Addison-Wesley, New York, 1999); L. Valeri and M. Knights, "Affecting trust: terrorism, internet and offensive information warfare" (2000) 12 Terrorism and Political Violence 15; J.M. Post, K.G. Ruby, and E.D. Shaw, "From car bombs to logic bombs" (2000) 12 Terrorism and Political Violence 97.
32. See X. Raufer, "New world disorder and new terrorism" (1999) 11 Terrorism and Political Violence, 30; Defence Select Committee, The Threat from Terrorism (2001-02 HC 348-I).
33. See X. Raufer, "New world disorder and new terrorism" (1999) 11 Terrorism and Political Violence, 30; Defence Select Committee, The Threat from Terrorism (2001-02 HC 348-I).
34. See The Times, September 15, 2001, p. 1.
35. See R.V. Ericson and K.D. Haggerty, Policing the Risk Society (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997).
36. U. Beck, Ecological Enlightenment (Humanities Press, New Jersey, 1995), p.2.
37. U. Beck, Risk Society (Sage, London, 1992), p.87.
38. See C. Walker, "Political violence and commercial risk" (2003) 56 C.L.P. 531.
39. See Director of Public Prosecutions, Ex p. Kebilene [1999] 3 W.L.R. 972 at 1000 per Lord Hope.
40. Inquiry into Legislation against Terrorism (Cm.3420, London, 1996), para.3.1.
41. C.P. Walker, "Constitutional governance and special powers against terrorism" (1997) 35 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 1.
42. See M. Dillon, The Dirty War (Hutchinson, London, 1990).
43. See www.homeoffice.gov.uk/oicd/carlirep.pdf.
44. See www.homeoffice.gov.uk/n_story.asp?item_id=743.
45. The Times, February 3, 2004, p.2.
46. See, for example, United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 40/61 of December 9, 1985; and 49/60 of December 9, 1994.
47. See Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976; Drug Trafficking Act 1994; Criminal Justice Act 1987.
48. See Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976; Drug Trafficking Act 1994; Criminal Justice Act 1987.
49. See Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976; Drug Trafficking Act 1994; Criminal Justice Act 1987.
50. Klass v Germany, App. No.5029/71, Ser.A 28, paras 48-49, 59.
51. B. Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1978) p.192.
52. See US Presidential Order, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War against Terrorism (66 Federal Register 57831, 2001), s.4.
53. Human Rights Act 1998 (Designated Derogation) Order 2001 (SI 2001/3644).
54. See Security Council Resolution 1368 (S/RES/1368); General Assembly Resolution 1373 (A/RES/56/1).
55. House of Commons Debates, Vol.375, co1.146, November 19, 2001.
56. Joint Committee on Human Rights, Reports on the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Bill (2001-02 HL 51, HC 420), para.78.
57. House of Commons Defence Select Committee, The Threat from Terrorism (2001-02 HC 348-I), paras 43, 50.
58. He awaits trial in Virginia (http://notablecases.vaed.uscourts.gov/1:01-cr-00455/Index.html).
59. He has been sentenced to life imprisonment: The Times, January 31, 2003, p.1.
60. See R. (Abassi and another) v Secretary of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office [2002] EWCA Civ 1598.
61. House of Commons Debates, Vol.384, col.321, April 24, 2002.
62. The discriminatory nature of the measure convinced Mr Justice Collins, in a Special Immigration Appeals Commission hearing, to declare the derogation to be in breach of Art. 14; Guardian, July 31, 2002, p. 1, but this was reversed by the Court of Appeal-A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 1502. See D. Blum, "The Court of Appeal ruling on the internment of foreign nationals" (2002) 152 N.L.J. 1776.
63. The discriminatory nature of the measure convinced Mr Justice Collins, in a Special Immigration Appeals Commission hearing, to declare the derogation to be in breach of Art. 14; Guardian, July 31, 2002, p. 1, but this was reversed by the Court of Appeal-A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 1502. See D. Blum, "The Court of Appeal ruling on the internment of foreign nationals" (2002) 152 N.L.J. 1776.
64. The discriminatory nature of the measure convinced Mr Justice Collins, in a Special Immigration Appeals Commission hearing, to declare the derogation to be in breach of Art. 14; Guardian, July 31, 2002, p. 1, but this was reversed by the Court of Appeal-A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 1502. See D. Blum, "The Court of Appeal ruling on the internment of foreign nationals" (2002) 152 N.L.J. 1776.
65. For the list of proscribed organisations, see Sch.1; Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Orders 2001 (SI 2001/1261 and SI 2002/2724). Relevant cases include Kurdish Workers' Party and other [2002] EWHC 644; O'Driscoll v SSHD [2002] EWHC 2477 (Admin); Att-Gen's Reference No.4 of 2000) [2003] EWCA Crim 762; Hundal [2004] All E.R. (D) 35.
66. For the list of proscribed organisations, see Sch.1; Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Orders 2001 (SI 2001/1261 and SI 2002/2724). Relevant cases include Kurdish Workers' Party and other [2002] EWHC 644; O'Driscoll v SSHD [2002] EWHC 2477 (Admin); Att-Gen's Reference No.4 of 2000) [2003] EWCA Crim 762; Hundal [2004] All E.R. (D) 35.
67. For the list of proscribed organisations, see Sch.1; Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Orders 2001 (SI 2001/1261 and SI 2002/2724). Relevant cases include Kurdish Workers' Party and other [2002] EWHC 644; O'Driscoll v SSHD [2002] EWHC 2477 (Admin); Att-Gen's Reference No.4 of 2000) [2003] EWCA Crim 762; Hundal [2004] All E.R. (D) 35.
68. For the list of proscribed organisations, see Sch.1; Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Orders 2001 (SI 2001/1261 and SI 2002/2724). Relevant cases include Kurdish Workers' Party and other [2002] EWHC 644; O'Driscoll v SSHD [2002] EWHC 2477 (Admin); Att-Gen's Reference No.4 of 2000) [2003] EWCA Crim 762; Hundal [2004] All E.R. (D) 35.
69. For the list of proscribed organisations, see Sch.1; Terrorism Act 2000 (Proscribed Organisations) (Amendment) Orders 2001 (SI 2001/1261 and SI 2002/2724). Relevant cases include Kurdish Workers' Party and other [2002] EWHC 644; O'Driscoll v SSHD [2002] EWHC 2477 (Admin); Att-Gen's Reference No.4 of 2000) [2003] EWCA Crim 762; Hundal [2004] All E.R. (D) 35.
70. Note that s.76 has ceased to have effect: Terrorism Act 2000 (Cessation of Effect of Section 76) Order 2002 (SI 2002/2141). See further: Lord Carlile's Report on the Operation of Part VII of the Terrorism Act (Northern Ireland Office, Belfast, 2002, 2003).
71. Note that s.76 has ceased to have effect: Terrorism Act 2000 (Cessation of Effect of Section 76) Order 2002 (SI 2002/2141). See further: Lord Carlile's Report on the Operation of Part VII of the Terrorism Act (Northern Ireland Office, Belfast, 2002, 2003).
72. C. Walker, The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law, Ch.5; Home Office and Northern Ireland Office, Legislation against Terrorism, (Cm.4178, London, 1998), para.5.7.
73. C. Walker, The Prevention of Terrorism in British Law, Ch.5; Home Office and Northern Ireland Office, Legislation against Terrorism, (Cm.4178, London, 1998), para.5.7.
74. R.J. Spjut, "Internment and detention without trial in Northern Ireland 1971-75" (1986) 49 M.L.R. 712.
75. House of Lords Debates, Vol.613, col.1054, May 16, 2000, Lord Falconer.
76. See Home Office Consultation Paper (Home Office and Northern Ireland Office), Legislation against Terrorism (Cm.4178, London, 1998), para.7.17.
77. Relatively little money has been seized or scrutinised (see Privy Counsellor Review Committee, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Review, Report (2003-04 HC 100) paras 123, 126, 133) but the scale of reporting is vast and wasteful of security resources (see KPMG, Review of the Regime for Handling Suspicious Activity Reports, www.ncis.co.uk/kpmgsarreport.asp, 2003).
78. Relatively little money has been seized or scrutinised (see Privy Counsellor Review Committee, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Review, Report (2003-04 HC 100) paras 123, 126, 133) but the scale of reporting is vast and wasteful of security resources (see KPMG, Review of the Regime for Handling Suspicious Activity Reports, www.ncis.co.uk/kpmgsarreport.asp, 2003).
79. For details, see Joint Committee on Human Rights, Continuance in Force of Sections 21 to 23 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (2002-03 HC 462, HL 59) (2003-04 HC 381, HL 38); Lord Carlile, Reviews of Pt IV (Home Office, London, 2003 and 2004).
80. For details, see Joint Committee on Human Rights, Continuance in Force of Sections 21 to 23 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (2002-03 HC 462, HL 59) (2003-04 HC 381, HL 38); Lord Carlile, Reviews of Pt IV (Home Office, London, 2003 and 2004).
81. 30 per cent of arrests under the Terrorism Act in 2003 affected British citizens: Privy Counsellor Review Committee, Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Review, Report (2003-04 HC 100) para.193
82. See further: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Strengthening the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (Cm.5484, London, 2002).
83. The Times, May 4, 2002, p.2. See also M.M. Idriss, "Religion and the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" [2002] Crim. L.R. 890; Norwood v DPP [2003] EWHC 1564 (Admin).
84. The Times, May 4, 2002, p.2. See also M.M. Idriss, "Religion and the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" [2002] Crim. L.R. 890; Norwood v DPP [2003] EWHC 1564 (Admin).
85. The Times, May 4, 2002, p.2. See also M.M. Idriss, "Religion and the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001" [2002] Crim. L.R. 890; Norwood v DPP [2003] EWHC 1564 (Admin).
86. Inquiry into Legislation against Terrorism, (Cm.3420, London, 1996), para.16.31.
87. A. Beck and K. Broadhurst, "National identity cards" (1998) 8 Policing and Society 40.
88. Home Office, Identity Cards (Cm.6019, London, 2003).
89. See P. Wilkinson and B.M. Jenkins, Aviation Terrorism and Security (Frank Cass, London, 1999).
90. (1988) 10 Cr.App.R.(S.), 104.
91. McCann, Savage and Farrell v United Kingdom, App. No. 18984/91, Ser.A, Vol.324; Jordan, McKerr, Kelly and Shanaghan v United Kingdom, App. Nos 24746/95, 28883/95, 300054/96, 37715/97, judgment of May 4, 2001.
92. McCann, Savage and Farrell v United Kingdom, App. No. 18984/91, Ser.A, Vol.324; Jordan, McKerr, Kelly and Shanaghan v United Kingdom, App. Nos 24746/95, 28883/95, 300054/96, 37715/97, judgment of May 4, 2001.
93. See www.bloody-Sunday-inquiry.org.uk/. See F. Ni Aolain, The Politics of Force (Blackstaff, Belfast, 2000); D. Walsh, Bloody Sunday and the Rule of Law in Northern Ireland (Gill & MacMillan, Dublin, 2000).
94. See www.bloody-Sunday-inquiry.org.uk/. See F. Ni Aolain, The Politics of Force (Blackstaff, Belfast, 2000); D. Walsh, Bloody Sunday and the Rule of Law in Northern Ireland (Gill & MacMillan, Dublin, 2000).
95. See www.bloody-Sunday-inquiry.org.uk/. See F. Ni Aolain, The Politics of Force (Blackstaff, Belfast, 2000); D. Walsh, Bloody Sunday and the Rule of Law in Northern Ireland (Gill & MacMillan, Dublin, 2000).
96. Home Office, Animal Rights Extremism (London, 2001). See R. Monagahan, "Terrorism in the name of animal rights" (1999) 11 Terrorism and Political Violence 159.
97. Home Office, Animal Rights Extremism (London, 2001). See R. Monagahan, "Terrorism in the name of animal rights" (1999) 11 Terrorism and Political Violence 159.
98. See L. Hickman, "Press freedom and new legislation" (2001) 151 N.L.J. 716.
99. See R. Allason, The Branch: A History of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch 1883-1983 (Secker & Warburg, London, 1983).
100. See Home Affairs Committee, Special Branch (1984-85 HC 71); Home Office, Guidelines on Special Branch Work in Great Britain (London, 1994).
101. See Home Affairs Committee, Special Branch (1984-85 HC 71); Home Office, Guidelines on Special Branch Work in Great Britain (London, 1994).
102. HMIC, A Need to Know: HMIC's Thematic Inspection of Special Branch and Ports Policing (London, 2003).
103. See www.met.police.uk/terrorism/index.htm.
104. See The Times, April 27, 2001, p.2.
105. See www.nationalcrimesquad.police.uk/nhtuc/nhtcu.html.
106. See C. Walker and Y. Akdeniz, "Anti-terrorism laws and data retention: war is over?" (2003) 54 N.I.L.Q. 159-182.
107. Defence Committee, Defence and Security in the United Kingdom (2001-02 HC 518) para.125.
108. House of Commons Debates, Vol.207, col.297, May 8, 1992.
109. See further Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, s.116.
110. G. Zellick, "Spies, subversives, terrorists and the British Government: free speech and other casualties" (1990) 31 William and Mary Law Review 773; Home Affairs Committee, Accountability of the Security Service, (1992-3 HC 265) and reply at Cm.2197.
111. G. Zellick, "Spies, subversives, terrorists and the British Government: free speech and other casualties" (1990) 31 William and Mary Law Review 773; Home Affairs Committee, Accountability of the Security Service, (1992-3 HC 265) and reply at Cm.2197.
112. See Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex p Ruddock [1987] 1 W.L.R. 1482.
113. Fintan O'Farrell, Declan Rafferty and Michael McDonald, The Times, May 3 2002, p.3.
114. www.mi5.gov.uk/threats.htm.
115. M. Matassa and T. Newburn, "Policing and terrorism" in T. Newburn, Handbook of Policing (Willan, Cullompton, 2003).
116. House of Commons Debates, Vol.372, col.940, October 15, 2001.
117. See www.ncis.co.uk/press/46_01.html; http://www.ncis.co.uk/ec.html.
118. See Intelligence and Security Committee, Annual Report 2002-03, (Cabinet Office, London, 2003), para.62.
119. www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html, Washington DC, 2002.
120. See J.P. Sterba, Terrorism and International Justice (Oxford University Press, New York, 2003).
121. A/RES/52/164, (Cm.4662, London, 1997).
122. A/RES/54/109, (Cm.4663, London, 1999).
123. See C. Gueydan, "Co-operation between Member States of the European Community in the fight against terrorism", in R. Higgins and M. Flory (eds), Terrorism and International Law (Routledge, London, 1997); European Union Extradition Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/419) (these regulations only apply to requests).
124. See C. Gueydan, "Co-operation between Member States of the European Community in the fight against terrorism", in R. Higgins and M. Flory (eds), Terrorism and International Law (Routledge, London, 1997); European Union Extradition Regulations 2002 (SI 2002/419) (these regulations only apply to requests).
125. [2000] O.J. C197/1.
126. (Cm.5020, London, 2000)). The extension of the purview of Europol Convention based on Art.K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the Establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention) with Declarations (Cm.3050, London, 1995, Cm.4837, London, 2000) to terrorism was approved by the European Union Justice and Home Affairs Council in 1998 and began to be implemented in 1999. See E. Marotta, "Europol's role in anti-terrorism policing" (1999) 11 Terrorism & Political Violence 15.
127. See F. Reinares (ed.), European Democracies against Terrorism (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2000); S. Peers, "EU responses to terrorism" (2003) 52 I.C.L.Q. 227.
128. See F. Reinares (ed.), European Democracies against Terrorism (Ashgate, Aldershot, 2000); S. Peers, "EU responses to terrorism" (2003) 52 I.C.L.Q. 227.
129. Proposed Commission Framework Decision on Terrorism, COM (2001) 521; Framework Decision [2002] O.J. L164/3.
130. Proposed Commission Framework Decision on Terrorism, COM (2001) 521; Framework Decision [2002] O.J. L164/3.
131. House of Lords Committee on the European Union, UK Participation in the Schengen Acquis (1999-00 HL 34), App.3.
132. Proposed Commission Framework Decision on a European Arrest Warrant, COM (2001) 522; Framework Decision [2002] O.J. L190/1. See House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union, Counter-Terrorism: The European Arrest Warrant Procedure (2001-02 HL 34); Home Office, The Law on Extradition: A Review (London, 2001).
133. Proposed Commission Framework Decision on a European Arrest Warrant, COM (2001) 522; Framework Decision [2002] O.J. L190/1. See House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union, Counter-Terrorism: The European Arrest Warrant Procedure (2001-02 HL 34); Home Office, The Law on Extradition: A Review (London, 2001).
134. Proposed Commission Framework Decision on a European Arrest Warrant, COM (2001) 522; Framework Decision [2002] O.J. L190/1. See House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union, Counter-Terrorism: The European Arrest Warrant Procedure (2001-02 HL 34); Home Office, The Law on Extradition: A Review (London, 2001).
135. Proposed Commission Framework Decision on a European Arrest Warrant, COM (2001) 522; Framework Decision [2002] O.J. L190/1. See House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union, Counter-Terrorism: The European Arrest Warrant Procedure (2001-02 HL 34); Home Office, The Law on Extradition: A Review (London, 2001).
136. See J.B. Knowles, The Extradition Act 2003 (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004).
137. House of Lords Debates, Vol.629, col. 1142, December 10, 2001, Baroness Symons.
138. See SN 4019/01, SN 4019/1/01, 12579/01, 12800/01, and 12800/1/01 REV 1.
139. http://www.eurojust.eu.int/. See Decision 2000/799/JHA setting up a provisional Judicial Co-operation Unit (Eurojust) [2000] O.J. L324/2).
140. http://www.eurojust.eu.int/. See Decision 2000/799/JHA setting up a provisional Judicial Co-operation Unit (Eurojust) [2000] O.J. L324/2).
141. http://www.europol.net/. See [2001] O.J. C362/1.
142. http://www.europol.net/. See [2001] O.J. C362/1.
143. See [2002] O.J. L162/1.
144. See House of Lords Committee on the European Communities, Schengen and the United Kingdom's Border Controls (1998-99 HL 37); House of Lords Committee on the European Union, UK Participation in the Schengen Acquis (1999-00 HL 34).
145. See House of Lords Committee on the European Communities, Schengen and the United Kingdom's Border Controls (1998-99 HL 37); House of Lords Committee on the European Union, UK Participation in the Schengen Acquis (1999-00 HL 34).
146. House of Commons Debates, Vol.327, cols 380-2wa, March 12, 1999, Jack Straw.
147. House of Lords Debates, Vol.363, cols 152-153wa, March 1, 2001.
148. See [2001] O.J. L344/70 and 83 as implemented by Council Decisions 2001/927/EC and 2002/34 EC.
149. ETS 185, Strasbourg, 2001.
150. See http://www.cyber-rights.org/interception/echelon/; www.echelonwatch.org/; http://hermeric.nofadz.com/crypto/echelon/echelon.htm; 2001/2098(INI)) FINAL, A5-0264/2001 Par1.
151. See D. McGoldrick, "The permanent International Criminal Court" [1999] Crim.L.R. 627; International Criminal Court Act 2001.
152. Government Response to the Foreign Affairs Committee, Foreign Policy and Human Rights, (Cm.4299, London, 1999), p.3.
153. See A. Klip and M. Mackarel, "The Lockerbie Trial" (1999) 70 Revue Internationale de Droit Penal 777; Lockerbie Trial Briefing, www.ltb.org.uk/; Lockerbie Trial, www.thelockerbie trial.com/.
154. See A. Klip and M. Mackarel, "The Lockerbie Trial" (1999) 70 Revue Internationale de Droit Penal 777; Lockerbie Trial Briefing, www.ltb.org.uk/; Lockerbie Trial, www.thelockerbie trial.com/.
155. See A. Klip and M. Mackarel, "The Lockerbie Trial" (1999) 70 Revue Internationale de Droit Penal 777; Lockerbie Trial Briefing, www.ltb.org.uk/; Lockerbie Trial, www.thelockerbie trial.com/.
156. See O. Gross and F. Ni Aolain, "To know where we are going we need to know where we are" in A. Hegarty and S. Leonard, Human Rights (Cavendish, London, 1999) p.82.
157. See P. Hillyard, "The normalisation of special powers: from Northern Ireland to Britain" in P. Scraton (ed.), Law, Order and the Authoritarian State (Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1987).
158. Examples of British concern include the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, the most extensive ever (www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org.uk/) and the Stevens Inquiry on UDA/RUC collusion, the longest ever police inquiry (The Times, April 18, 2003, pp.4, 5).
159. Examples of British concern include the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, the most extensive ever (www.bloody-sunday-inquiry.org.uk/) and the Stevens Inquiry on UDA/RUC collusion, the longest ever police inquiry (The Times, April 18, 2003, pp.4, 5).
160. See Council of Europe, Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism (Strasbourg, 2002); C. Gearty, "Terrorism and human rights" (1999) 19 L.S. 366; C. Warbrick, "The principles of the ECHR and the response of states to terrorism" [2002] E.H.R.L.R. 287; P. Roberts, "The presumption of innocence brought home?" (2002) 118 L.Q.R. 41; Re Williamson's Application [2000] N.I. 281; DPP Ex p. Kebilene [2000] 2 A.C. 326; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2002] EWCA Civ 1502.
161. See Council of Europe, Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism (Strasbourg, 2002); C. Gearty, "Terrorism and human rights" (1999) 19 L.S. 366; C. Warbrick, "The principles of the ECHR and the response of states to terrorism" [2002] E.H.R.L.R. 287; P. Roberts, "The presumption of innocence brought home?" (2002) 118 L.Q.R. 41; Re Williamson's Application [2000] N.I. 281; DPP Ex p. Kebilene [2000] 2 A.C. 326; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2002] EWCA Civ 1502.
162. See Council of Europe, Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism (Strasbourg, 2002); C. Gearty, "Terrorism and human rights" (1999) 19 L.S. 366; C. Warbrick, "The principles of the ECHR and the response of states to terrorism" [2002] E.H.R.L.R. 287; P. Roberts, "The presumption of innocence brought home?" (2002) 118 L.Q.R. 41; Re Williamson's Application [2000] N.I. 281; DPP Ex p. Kebilene [2000] 2 A.C. 326; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2002] EWCA Civ 1502.
163. See Council of Europe, Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism (Strasbourg, 2002); C. Gearty, "Terrorism and human rights" (1999) 19 L.S. 366; C. Warbrick, "The principles of the ECHR and the response of states to terrorism" [2002] E.H.R.L.R. 287; P. Roberts, "The presumption of innocence brought home?" (2002) 118 L.Q.R. 41; Re Williamson's Application [2000] N.I. 281; DPP Ex p. Kebilene [2000] 2 A.C. 326; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2002] EWCA Civ 1502.
164. See Council of Europe, Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism (Strasbourg, 2002); C. Gearty, "Terrorism and human rights" (1999) 19 L.S. 366; C. Warbrick, "The principles of the ECHR and the response of states to terrorism" [2002] E.H.R.L.R. 287; P. Roberts, "The presumption of innocence brought home?" (2002) 118 L.Q.R. 41; Re Williamson's Application [2000] N.I. 281; DPP Ex p. Kebilene [2000] 2 A.C. 326; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2002] EWCA Civ 1502.
165. See Council of Europe, Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism (Strasbourg, 2002); C. Gearty, "Terrorism and human rights" (1999) 19 L.S. 366; C. Warbrick, "The principles of the ECHR and the response of states to terrorism" [2002] E.H.R.L.R. 287; P. Roberts, "The presumption of innocence brought home?" (2002) 118 L.Q.R. 41; Re Williamson's Application [2000] N.I. 281; DPP Ex p. Kebilene [2000] 2 A.C. 326; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2002] EWCA Civ 1502.
166. See Council of Europe, Guidelines on Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism (Strasbourg, 2002); C. Gearty, "Terrorism and human rights" (1999) 19 L.S. 366; C. Warbrick, "The principles of the ECHR and the response of states to terrorism" [2002] E.H.R.L.R. 287; P. Roberts, "The presumption of innocence brought home?" (2002) 118 L.Q.R. 41; Re Williamson's Application [2000] N.I. 281; DPP Ex p. Kebilene [2000] 2 A.C. 326; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department, [2002] EWCA Civ 1502.
167. For example, the changes in Terrorism Act 2000 to allow judicial review of s.41 detentions paved the way for doubling the post-review period of detention by the Criminal Justice Act 2003, s.306.
168. Northern Ireland Office, Belfast, 1998.
169. ibid., para.5.37.
170. See "Rights, Safeguards and Equality of Opportunity", paras 6.11-6.13.
171. Tangible measures include £5m allocated to the Victims Liaison Unit of the Northern Ireland Office (with £1m for the Northern Ireland Memorial Fund) (The Times, August 13, 1998, p.2), and the rights of victims to information in s. 15 of the Northern Ireland (Sentence) Act 1998. Under the Northern Ireland (Location of Victims' Remains) Act 1999, s.5(2), relatives may be kept informed by the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains.
172. Aside from actions by the relatives of the Omagh victims (The Times, July 26, 2002, p.8), insurance companies are reported to be considering $300bn suits against several Middle Eastern countries for the attacks of September 11: The Times, September 11, 2003, p.4.
173. Aside from actions by the relatives of the Omagh victims (The Times, July 26, 2002, p.8), insurance companies are reported to be considering $300bn suits against several Middle Eastern countries for the attacks of September 11: The Times, September 11, 2003, p.4.
174. See B. Bowring, "The degradation of international law?" in J. Strawson (ed.), Law After Ground Zero (Glasshouse Press, London, 2002).
175. See Cabinet Office, Draft Civil Contingencies Bill (Cm.5843, London, 2003).
176. See F.A. Allen, The Habits of Legality (Oxford University Press, New York, 1996), pp.37-40.