Trends in the Policing Industry

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Volumn 593, Issue , 2004, Pages 15-41

  Maguire, Edward R ^a   King, William R ^b  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Longitudinal research; Organizational change; Police; Transformation

Indexed keywords

EID: 2442583537     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716204262960     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Aldrich, Howard. 1999. Organizations evolving. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Alex, Nicholas. 1969. Black in blue: A study of the Negro policeman. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
3. American Bar Association. 1998. The federalization of criminal law. Washington, DC: American Bar Association, Criminal Justice Section, Task Force on the Federalization of Criminal Law.
4. Bayley, David H., and Clifford Shearing. 1996. The future of policing. Law and Society Review 30:585-606.
5. -. 2001. The new structure of policing: Description, conceptualization and research agenda. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
6. Boeker, Warren P. 1988. Organizational origins: Entrepreneurial and environmental imprinting at the time of founding. In Ecological models of organizations, edited by Glenn R. Carroll, 33-51. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
7. Brinkerhoff, John R. 2002. The Posse Comitatus Act and Homeland Security. Journal of Homeland Security (February). http://www.homelandsecurity.org/journal/articles/brinkerhoffpossecomitatus.htm/.
8. Brown, Robert A. 2003. Exploring the use of formal authority in police-citizen encounters. Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
9. Buerger, Michael, and Lorraine Green Mazerolle. 1998. Third-party policing: A theoretical analysis of an emerging trend. Justice Quarterly 15 (2): 301-27.
10. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1996. Law enforcement management and administrative statistics, 1993. Computer file, Produced and distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
11. -. 2003a. Census of state and local law enforcement agencies, 2000. Data file. Produced and distributed by Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI.
12. -. 2003b. Local police departments, 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
13. Carter, David L., Allen D. Sapp, and Darrel W. Stephens. 1989. The state of police education: Policy direction for the 21st century. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
14. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. 2003. Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
15. Crank, John P. 1990. Patterns of consolidation among public safety departments, 1987-1988. Journal of Police Science and Administration 17 (4): 277-88.
16. Deflem, Mathieu. 2002. Policing world society: Historical foundations of international police cooperation. New York: Oxford University Press.
17. Donner, Frank. 1990. Protectors of privilege: Red squads and police repression in urban America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
18. Downs, Anthony. 1967. Inside bureaucracy. Boston: Little-Brown.
19. Eck, John, and Edward Maguire. 2000. Have changes in policing reduced violent crime? An assessment of the evidence. In The crime drop in America, edited by A. Blumstein and J. Wallman, 207-65. New York: Cambridge University Press.
20. Ericson, Richard V., and Kevin D. Haggerty. 1997. Policing the risk society. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
21. Finney, Miles. 1997. Scale economies and police department consolidation: Evidence from Los Angeles. Contemporary Economic Policy 15 (1): 121-27.
22. Fogelson, Robert M. 1977. Big city police. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. Forst, Brian. 2000. The privatization and civilianization of policing. In vol. 2 of the National Institute of Justice 2000 series Boundary changes in criminal justice organizations, edited by Charles M. Friel, 19-79. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
24. Fyfe, James J. 2002. Too many missing cases: Holes in our knowledge about police use of force. Justice Research and Policy 4:87-102.
25. Goldstein, Herman. 1990. Problem-oriented policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.
26. Haggerty, Kevin, and Richard Ericson. 1999. The militarization of policing in the information age. The Journal of Military and Political Sociology 27 (Winter): 233-45.
27. Hannan, Michael T., James N. Baron, and M. Diane Burton. 1999. Building the iron cage: Determinants of managerial intensity in the early years of organizations. American Sociological Review 64:527-47.
28. Harring, Sidney L. 1983. Policing a class society: The experience of American cities, 1865-1915. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, Press.
29. Hassell, Kimberly D. 2000. A police probation partnership: One city's response to serious habitual juvenile offending. Master's thesis, University of Nebraska-Omaha.
30. Johnston, Les. 1992. The rebirth of private policing. London: Routledge.
31. Jones, Trevor, and Tim Newburn. 2002, The transformation of policing? Understanding current trends in policing systems. British Journal of Criminology 42:129-46.
32. Katz, Charles M. 2003. Issues in the production and dissemination of gang statistics: An ethnographic study of a large Midwestern police gang unit. Crime & Delinquency 49 (3): 485-516.
33. King, William R. 1999. Notes on the demise of Ohio police departments: 105 disbanded and counting. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Criminal justice Association, Chicago, IL, October.
34. -. 2000. Measuring police innovation: Issues and measurement. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 23 (3): 303-17.
35. -. Forthcoming. Civilianization. In Implementing community policing: Lessons from twelve agencies, edited by E. R. Maguire and W. Wells. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
36. Klinger, David A. 1996. Quantifying law in police-citizen encounters. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 12:391-415.
37. Klinger, David A., and Dave Grossman. 2002. Who should deal with foreign terrorists on U.S. soil? Socio-legal consequences of September 11 and the ongoing threat of terrorist attacks in America. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 25 (2): 815-34.
38. Klockars, Carl B. 1985. The idea of police. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
39. Kopel, David, and Paul Blackman. 1997. Can soldiers be peace officers? The Waco disaster and the militarization of American law enforcement period. Akron Law Review 30:619-59.
40. Kraska, Peter B. 1996. Enjoying militarism: Political/personal dilemmas in studying U.S. police paramilitary units. Justice Quarterly 13 (3): 405-29.
41. Kraska, Peter B., and Louis J. Cubellis. 1997. Militarizing Mayberry and beyond: Making sense of American paramilitary policing. Justice Quarterly 14 (4): 607-29.
42. Kraska, Peter B., and Victor E. Kappeler. 1997. Militarizing American police: The rise and normalization of paramilitary units. Social Problems 44 (1): 1-18.
43. Langan, Patrick A., Lawrence A. Greenfeld, Steven K. Smith, Matthew R. Durose, and David J. Levin. 2001. Contacts between police and the public: Findings from the 1999 national survey. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
44. Langworthy, Robert H. 2002. LEMAS: A comparative organizational research platform. Special issue, Justice Research and Policy 4 (Fall): 21-38.
45. Lott, John R., Jr. 2000. Does a helping hand put others at risk? Affirmative action, police departments, and crime. Economic Inquiry 38 (2): 239-77.
46. Lynch, James P. 2002. Using citizen surveys to produce information on the police: Present and potential uses of the National Crime Victimization Survey. Special issue, Justice Research and Policy 4 (Fall): 61-70.
47. Maguire, Edward R. 2002a. Multiwave establishment surveys of police organizations. Special issue, Justice Research and Policy 4 (Fall): 39-60.
48. -. 2002b. Organizational structure in American police agencies: Context, complexity, and control. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
49. Maguire, Edward R., and Charles M. Katz. 2002. Community policing, loose coupling, and sensemaking in American police agencies. Justice Quarterly 19 (3): 501-34.
50. Maguire, Edward R., and Stephen D. Mastrofski. 2000. Patterns of community policing in the United States. Police Quarterly 3 (1): 4-45.
51. Maguire, Edward R., and Rebecca Schulte-Murray. 2001. Issues and patterns in the comparative international study of police strength. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 42 (1-2): 75-100.
52. Maguire, Edward R., Y. Shin, J. Zhao, and K. D. Hassell. 2003. Structural change in large police agencies during the 1990s. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 26 (2): 251-75.
53. Maguire, Edward R., J. B. Snipes, C. D. Uchida, and M. Townsend. 1998. Counting cops: Estimating the number of police officers and police agencies in the United States. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 21 (1): 97-120.
54. Maguire, Edward R., and Craig D. Uchida. 2000. Measurement and explanation in the comparative study of police organizations. In Measurement and analysis of crime and justice, edited by D. Duffee. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
55. Maguire, Edward R., and William Wells. 2002. Community policing as communication reform. In Law enforcement, communication, and community, edited by Howard Giles, 33-66. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
56. Manning, Peter K. 2003. Policing contingencies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
57. Massachusetts Statistical Analysis Center. 2002. Fact sheet, the Massachusetts Local Law Enforcement Administrative Survey. Terrorism. Boston: Author.
58. Mastrofski, Stephen D., and R. Richard Ritti. 2000. Making sense of community policing: A theoretical perspective. Police Practice and Research 1 (2): 183-210.
59. McCrary, Justin. 2003. The effect of court-ordered hiring quotas on the composition and quality of police. Paper presented at the 25th Annual APPAM Research Conference, Washington, DC, November 6.
60. McCulloch, J. 2001. Blue army: Paramilitary policing in Australia. Carlton South, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
61. McEwen, Tom. 1996. National data collection on police use of force. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, and National Institute of Justice.
62. Meehan, Albert J., and Michael Ponder. 2002. Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists. Justice Quarterly 19 (3): 401-32.
63. Monkkonen, Eric. 1981. Police in urban America: 1860-1920. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
64. Moore, Mark H., Malcolm Sparrow, and William Spelman. 1996. Innovations in policing: From production lines to job shops. In Innovation in American government: Challenges, opportunities, and dilemmas, edited by A. A. Altshuler and R. D. Behn, 274-98. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
65. Moore, Mark H., William Spelman, and Rebecea Young. 1992. Innovations in policing: A test of three different methodologies for identifying important innovations in a substantive field. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
66. Moore, Mark H., David Thacher, Francis X. Hartman, Catherine Coles, and Peter Sheingold. 1999. Case studies of the transformation of police departments: A cross-site analysis. Working Paper 99-05-16, Harvard University.
67. Murphy, Gerard R., and Martha R. Plotkin, 2003. Protecting your community from terrorism: The strategies for local law enforcement series. Vol. 1: Local-federal partnerships. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
68. National Center for Women and Policing. 2002. Equality denied: The status of women in policing: 2001. Arlington, VA: Author.
69. Ostrom, Elinor, Roger B. Parks, and Gordon P. Whitaker. 1973. Do we really want to consolidate urban police forces? A reappraisal of some old assertions. Public Administration Review 33:423-32.
70. -. 1978. Patterns of metropolitan policing. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
71. Owings, Chloe. 1925. Women police: A study of the development and status of the women police movement. New York: Fredrick H. Hitchcock.
72. Rashbaum, William K. 2002. Terror makes all the world a beat for New York police. New York Times, July 22.
73. Reaves, Brian A., and Matthew J. Hickman. 2002. Police departments in large cities, 1990-2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
74. Richman, Daniel C. 2000. The changing boundaries between federal and local law enforcement. In vol. 2 of the National Institute of Justice 2000 series Boundary changes in criminal justice organizations, edited by Charles M. Friel, 81-111. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
75. Riley, Kevin J., and Bruce Hoffman. 1995. Domestic terrorism: A national assessment of state and local preparedness. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.
76. Sherman, Lawrence W., and Barry D. Glick. 1984. Quality of police arrest statistics. Police Foundation Reports, no. 2 (August).
77. Sherman, Lawrence W., and The National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers. 1978. The quality of police education: A critical review with recommendations for improving programs in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
78. Simon, Herbert. 1964. On the concept of organizational goal. Administrative Science Quarterly 9:1-22.
79. Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1965. Social structure and organizations. In Handbook of organizations, edited by James G. March, 142-93. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
80. Surette, Ray. 2001. Public information officers: The civilianization of a criminal justice profession. Journal of Criminal Justice 29 (2): 107-17.
81. Thacher, David. Forthcoming. Interorganizational partnerships as inchoate hierarchies: A case study of the community security initiative. Administration and Society.
82. Tucker, David J., Jitendra Singh, and Agnes Meinhard. 1990. Founding characteristics, imprinting, and organizational change. In Organizational evolution: New directions, edited by Jitendra Singh, 182-200. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
83. Uchida, Craig D., and William R. King. 2002. Police employee data: Elements and validity. Special issue, Justice Research and Policy 4:11-20.
84. U.S. Conference of Mayors. 2002. The cost of heightened security in American cities: A 192 city survey. Washington, DC: Author.
85. U.S. Department of Justice. 2003. Attorney General John Ashcroft announces changes to anti-terrorism task forces. Press release, September 25.
86. Waddington, P. A. J. 1993. The case against paramilitarism considered. British Journal of Criminology 33 (3): 353-73.
87. Walker, Samuel. 1977. A critical history of police reform. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
88. Walker, Samuel, and Charles M. Katz. 1995. Less than meets the eye: Police department bias-crime units. American Journal of Police 14 (1): 29-47.
89. Ward, Richard H. 2000. The internationalization of criminal justice. In vol. 2 of the National Institute of Justice 2000 series Boundary changes in criminal justice organizations, edited by Charles M. Friel, 267-321. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
90. Webber, Alan M. 1991. Crime and management: An interview With New York City Police Commissioner Lee P. Brown. Harvard Business Review 69 (May-June): 111-26.
91. Weber, Diane Cecilia. 1999. Warrior cops: The ominous growth of paramilitarism in American police departments. Cato Institute Briefing Paper 50. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
92. Weisburd, David, Rosann Greenspan, Edwin E. Hamilton, Kellie Bryant, and Hubert Williams. 2001. The abuse of police authority: A national study of issues and attitudes. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
93. Weisburd, David, Stephen Mastrofski, Ann Marie McNally, and Rosann Greenspan. 2001. Compstat and organizational change: Findings from a national survey. Report to the National Institute of Justice.
94. Wenger, Dennis, E. L. Quarantelli, and Russell R. Dynes. 1989. Disaster analysis: Police and fire departments. Newark: University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center.
95. Zhao, Jihong, and Nicholas Lovrich. 1998. Determinants of minority employment in American municipal police agencies: The representation of African American officers. Journal of Criminal Justice 26 (4): 267-77.